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For other persons named John Wayne, see John Wayne (disambiguation).
John Wayne

John Wayne in Wake of the Red Witch (1948). Wake of the Red Witch is a 1948 Drama film starring John Wayne and Gail Russell, directed by Edward Ludwig.
Born Marion Robert Morrison
May 26, 1907(1907-05-26)
Winterset, Iowa
Died June 11, 1979 (aged 72)
Los Angeles, California
Other name(s) Marion Michael Morrison; Duke
Occupation actor
Years active 1926–1976
Spouse(s) Josephine Alicia Saenz (1933–1945)
Esperanza Baur (1946–1953)
Pilar Pallete (1954–1979)
Official website

John Wayne (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979) was an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award-winning American film actor. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the play by Maxwell Anderson see Winterset Winterset is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Events August - Warner Brothers debuts the first Vitaphone film Don Juan. The year 1976 in film involved some significant events Events March 22 - Filming begins on George Lucas ' Josephine Alicia Saenz Morrison (1909 - 24 June 2003 was the first wife of American Film Actor John Wayne, and was the mother of the Actor Esperanza Baur Díaz (c 1924 - March 11 1955) was a Mexican Actress who was the second wife of American Film Pilar Pallete ( September 3, 1936) is a former Peruvian Actress and third wife of the American film star John Wayne. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and Television programs given out each year during a formal dinner The United States of America —commonly referred to as the An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works He epitomized rugged masculinity, and has become an enduring American icon. He is famous for his distinctive voice, walk and physical presence. He was also known for his conservative political views and his support in the 1950s for anti-communist positions. Conservatism in the United States includes a variety of political ideologies including Fiscal conservatism, Supply-side economics, Social conservatism

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Wayne thirteenth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time. The American Film Institute ( AFI) is an independent Non-profit organization created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was established in 1967 Part of the AFI 100 Years series, AFI's 100 Years 100 Stars is a list of the top 50 stars of American cinema A Harris Poll released in 2007 placed Wayne third among America's favorite film stars,[1] the only deceased star on the list and the only one who has appeared on the poll every year.

His career began in silent movies in the 1920s and he was a major star from the 1940s to the 1970s. He is closely associated with Westerns and war movies, but he also made a wide range of films from various genres - biographies, romantic comedies, police dramas, and more. The Western is a fiction Genre seen in Film, Television, Radio, Literature, Painting and other Visual arts.

Contents

Early life

Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison in Winterset, Iowa,[2] but his name was changed to Marion Michael Morrison when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. For the play by Maxwell Anderson see Winterset Winterset is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States. His family was Presbyterian. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity His father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884–1937), was of Irish and Scots-Irish and English descent,[3] and the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (20 January 1845–05 December 1915). The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Marion Mitchell was born in Cherry Fork, Adams, Ohio as the son of Robert Morrison and Mary Mitchell. Wayne's mother, Mary Alberta Brown, was also of Irish descent. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate

Wayne's family moved to Palmdale, California, and then to Glendale, California in 1911, where his father worked as a pharmacist in a drug store. Palmdale, the first community within the Antelope Valley to incorporate as a city (on August 24, 1962 Glendale ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Pharmacists are Health professionals who practice the art and science of Pharmacy. A local fireman at the firehouse on his route to school in Glendale started calling him "Little Duke", because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier dog, Duke. The Airedale Terrier (often shortened to "Airedale" is a Terrier Dog breed originating from Airedale in Yorkshire [4][5] He preferred "Duke" to "Marion", and the name stuck for the rest of his life.

As a teen, Wayne worked in an ice cream shop for a person who shoed horses for local Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth organization associated with the Freemasons, that he joined when he came of age. DeMolay International (Also known as the Order of DeMolay) founded in Kansas City Missouri in 1919 is an international youth fraternity for young men He attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. He played football for the 1924 champion Glendale High School team.

John Wayne's birthplace in Winterset
John Wayne's birthplace in Winterset

Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was not accepted. The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States He instead attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly He was a member of the Trojan Knights and joined the Sigma Chi fraternity. The Trojan Knights are the "Guardians of Tradition" for the University of Southern California. Sigma Chi ( ΣΧ) is one of the largest and oldest all-male college Greek-letter social fraternities and a Secret society. Wayne also played on the USC football team under legendary coach Howard Jones. American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with Howard Harding Jones ( August 23 1885 - July 27 1941) was an American College football coach at Syracuse (1908 An injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted he was too terrified of Jones' reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, which was bodysurfing at the “Wedge” at the tip of the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach. Bodysurfing is the art and sport of riding a wave without the assistance of any buoyant device such as a Surfboard or Bodyboard. The Wedge is a world-famous bodyboarding surfing & bodysurfing spot located at the extreme south end of the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach California. The Balboa Peninsula (also referred to as "Balboa" is a subsection of the city of Newport Beach, Orange County, California. He lost his athletic scholarship and without funds had to leave school. [6]

While at the university, Wayne began working at the local film studios. Western star Tom Mix got him a summer job in the prop department in exchange for football tickets, and Wayne soon moved on to bit parts, establishing a long friendship with director John Ford, who provided most of those bit parts. The Western is a fiction Genre seen in Film, Television, Radio, Literature, Painting and other Visual arts. Thomas Edwin Mix (born Thomas Hezikiah Mix; January 6, 1880 &ndash October 12, 1940) was an American film Actor Early in this period, Wayne appeared with his USC teammates playing on-screen football in The Dropkick, Brown of Harvard, and Salute, and was one of the featured football players in Columbia Pictures' Maker of Men (filmed in 1930 and released in 1931). The Drop Kick (also known as Glitter in the UK) was a 1927 Silent film directed Brown of Harvard ( 1926) is a Silent film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring William Haines. Salute is a 1929 in film Motion picture directed by John Ford, starring George O’Brien Helen Chandler, William Janney Stepin }} Columbia Pictures Industries Inc is an American Film production and distribution company Maker of Men (a k a Makers Of Men Yellow is a 1931 American Melodrama Sports film directed by Edward Sedgwick and [7]

Film career

See: John Wayne filmography (1926-1940), (1941-1960) and (1961-1976)

After two years working as a prop man at the Fox Film Corporation for $75 a week, his first starring role was in the 1930 movie The Big Trail. The filmography of John Wayne from 1926 to 1940. John Wayne also acted in many films from 1941-1960 and 1961-1976 The filmography of John Wayne from 1941 to 1960. John Wayne also acted in many films from 1926-1940 and 1961-1976 The filmography of John Wayne from 1961 to 1976. John Wayne also acted in many films from 1926-1940 and 1941-1960 The Big Trail ( 1930) is a lavish early Widescreen movie shot on location across the American West starring John Wayne in his first The first western epic sound motion picture established his screen credentials, although it was a commercial failure. Before this film, Wayne had only been given on-screen credit once (in Words and Music), as "Duke Morrison". Words and Music is a 1929 American musical Comedy Motion picture, directed by James Tinling, and starring The director Raoul Walsh, who "discovered" Wayne, suggested giving him the stage name "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. Raoul Walsh (born March 11, 1887 in New York City, died December 31, 1980 in Simi Valley CA) was an American In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Anthony Wayne (January 1 1745–December 15 1796 was a United States Army general and statesman Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected "Anthony Wayne" as sounding "too Italian. " Walsh then suggested "John Wayne. " Sheehan agreed and the name was set. Wayne himself was not even present for the discussion. [8] His pay was raised to $105 a week.

Wayne continued making westerns, most notably at Monogram Pictures, and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation, including The Three Musketeers (1933), a French Foreign Legion tale with no resemblance to the novel which inspired its title. Monogram Pictures Corporation was a Hollywood studio that produced and released films most on low budgets between 1931 and The Mascot Pictures Corporation was a minor film company of the 1920s and 1930s best known for producing Film serials and B-westerns. The Three Musketeers is a 1933 serial film produced by Mascot Pictures which updates Dumas' The Three Musketeers Coincidentally, he also appeared in some of the Three Mesquiteers westerns whose title was a play on the Alexandre Dumas, père classic. The Three Mesquiteers is the umbrella title for a series of 51 western B-movies released between 1936 and 1943 including 8 films starring John Wayne. He was tutored by stuntmen in riding and other western skills. [7] He and famed stuntman Yakima Canutt developed and perfected stunts still used today. Yakima Canutt ( November 29, 1895 – May 24, 1986) was an American rodeo rider, Actor, stuntman

Beginning in 1928 and extending over the next 35 years, Wayne appeared in more than twenty of John Ford's films, including Stagecoach (1939), She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), The Searchers (1956), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962). Stagecoach is a Western film directed by John Ford, starring Claire Trevor and John Wayne in his breakthrough role She Wore a Yellow Ribbon is a 1949 western film directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne. The Quiet Man is a American film starring John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara, Victor McLaglen, and Barry Fitzgerald, and directed The Searchers is a 1956 Epic Western film directed by John Ford, based on the 1954 novel by Alan Le May, which tells the story The Wings of Eagles is a 1957 film about Frank "''Spig''" Wead and US Naval Aviation from its inception through World War II The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance is a classic Western movie made in 1962, directed by John Ford and starring James Stewart, His performance in Stagecoach made him a star.

His first color film was Shepherd of the Hills (1941), in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry Carey. The Shepherd of the Hills is a 1941 film starring John Wayne. This page is about the actor Harry Carey For the baseball broadcaster with a similar name see Harry Caray. The following year he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind, in which he co-starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard; it was one of the rare times he played a character with questionable values. Cecil Blount DeMille ( August 12, 1881 – January 21, 1959) was an Academy Award -winning American Film director Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation Reap the Wild Wind is a serialized story written by Thelma Strabel in 1940 for The Saturday Evening Post. Ray Milland ( January 3, 1907 - March 10, 1986) was a Welsh Actor and director who worked primarily in the Paulette Goddard ( June 3, 1910 – April 23, 1990) was an Oscar -nominated American Film and Theatre

In 1949, director Robert Rossen offered the starring role of All the King's Men to Wayne. Robert Rossen ( March 16, 1908 &ndash February 18, 1966) was an American Screenwriter, Film director, and All the King's Men is a 1949 drama Film based on the Robert Penn Warren novel of the same name. Wayne refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways. Broderick Crawford, who eventually got the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima. William Broderick Crawford ( December 9, 1911 - April 26, 1986) was an American Academy Award -winning actor Sands of Iwo Jima is a 1950 War film which follows a group of Marines from training to the Battle of Iwo Jima during World

He lost the leading role in The Gunfighter to Gregory Peck because of his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures after Columbia chief Harry Cohn had mistreated him years before as a young contract player. Gregory Peck (April 5 1916 &ndash June 12 2003 was an Academy Award -winning and four-time Golden Globe Award-winning American Film }} Columbia Pictures Industries Inc is an American Film production and distribution company Harry Cohn ( July 23, 1891 &ndash February 27, 1958) was president and production director of Columbia Pictures. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted but refused to bend for.

One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout William Augustus Wellman (29 February &ndash19 December) was an American Movie director, noted for directing the film which received the first Academy Award Ernest Kellogg Gann ( October 13, 1910 - December 19, 1991) was an Aviator, Author, filmmaker, Sailor His portrayal of a heroic airman won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in The Flying Tigers, Island in the Sky, Flying Leathernecks and The Wings of Eagles and Jet Pilot. The Wings of Eagles is a 1957 film about Frank "''Spig''" Wead and US Naval Aviation from its inception through World War II Jet Pilot is a 1957 Cold War Romantic comedy film starring John Wayne and Janet Leigh.

John Wayne in The Searchers (1956)
John Wayne in The Searchers (1956)

The Searchers continues to be widely regarded as perhaps Wayne's finest and most complex performance. The Searchers is a 1956 Epic Western film directed by John Ford, based on the 1954 novel by Alan Le May, which tells the story In 2006 Premiere Magazine ran an industry poll in which his portrayal of Ethan Edwards was rated the 87th greatest performance in film history. He named his youngest son Ethan after the character.

John Wayne won a Best Actor Oscar for True Grit (1969). Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. True Grit is a 1969 western film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring John Wayne as U Wayne was also nominated as the producer of Best Picture for The Alamo, one of two films he directed. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working The Alamo was released in 1960 by United Artists, starring John Wayne as Davy Crockett, Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie The other was The Green Berets (1968), the only major film made during the Vietnam War to support the war. The Green Berets is a 1968 film featuring John Wayne, George Takei, David Janssen, Jim Hutton, and Aldo Ray, The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia [6] During the filming of Green Berets, the Degar or Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent films. The Degar (referred to by French colonists as Montagnard) are the Indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

According to the Internet Movie Database, Wayne played the lead in 142 of his film appearances.

John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn in 1975
John Wayne as Rooster Cogburn in 1975

Batjac, the production company co-founded by Wayne, was named after the fictional shipping company Batjak in Wake of the Red Witch. Rooster Cogburn (also Rooster Cogburn ( and the Lady) is a 1975 sequel to the 1969 western film, True Grit Batjac Productions is an independent production company founded by John Wayne that produced many of his films in the latter part of the late actor's career Wake of the Red Witch is a 1948 Drama film starring John Wayne and Gail Russell, directed by Edward Ludwig. (A spelling error by Wayne's secretary was allowed to stand, accounting for the variation. ) Batjac (and its predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) was the arm through which Wayne produced many films for himself and other stars. Its best-known non-Wayne production was the highly acclaimed Seven Men From Now, which started the classic collaboration between director Budd Boetticher and star Randolph Scott. Seven Men from Now is a 1956 Western film directed by Budd Boetticher and produced by John Wayne 's Batjac Productions. Oscar "Budd" Boetticher Jr ( July 29, 1916 - November 29, 2001) was a film director during the classical period in Hollywood most Randolph Scott ( January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American motion picture actor whose career spanned from 1928

In later years, Wayne was recognized as a sort of American natural resource, and his various critics, political and film, looked on him with more respect. Abbie Hoffman, the radical of the 1960s, paid tribute to Wayne's singularity. Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30 1936 &ndash April 12 1989 was a radical social and political activist in the United States who co-founded the Reviewing The Cowboys, made in 1972, Vincent Canby, film critic of the New York Times, who did not particularly care for the film, wrote, "Wayne is, of course, marvelously indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure. The Cowboys is a 1972 western motion picture starring John Wayne, Roscoe Lee Browne, Slim Pickens, Vincent Canby ( July 27 1924 &ndash September 15 2000) was an American film critic. " But years before he became anything close to a father figure, Wayne had become a symbolic male figure, a man of impregnable virility and the embodiment of simplistic, laconic virtues, packaged in a well-built 6-foot-4-inch, 225- pound frame (1. 93 m, 102 kg).

He had a handsome and hearty face, with crinkles around eyes that gave the impression of a man of action, an outdoor man who chafed at a settled life. He was laconic on screen. And when he shambled into view, audiences sensed the arrival of coiled vigor awaiting only provocation to be sprung. His demeanor and his roles were those of a man who did not look for trouble but was relentless in tackling it when it affronted him. This screen presence emerged particularly under the ministrations of directors John Ford and Howard Hawks. Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30, 1896 &ndash December 26, 1977) was an American Film director, producer and

1964 illness

In 1964, Wayne was diagnosed with lung cancer, and underwent successful surgery to remove his entire left lung and four ribs. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive In Vertebrate Anatomy, ribs ( Latin costae) are the long curved Bones which form the ribcage. Despite efforts by his business associates to prevent him from going public with his illness (for fear it would cost him work), Wayne announced he had cancer and called on the public to get preventive examinations. Five years later, Wayne was declared cancer-free. Despite the fact that Wayne's diminished lung capacity left him incapable of prolonged exertion and frequently in need of supplemental oxygen, within a few years of his operation he chewed tobacco and began smoking cigars.

Politics

from The Challenge of Ideas (1961)
from The Challenge of Ideas (1961)

Wayne was a Republican. He took part in creating the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals in 1943 and was elected president of that organization in 1947. The Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals ( MPA) was an American organization of politically conservative movie workers who wanted He was an ardent anti-communist, and vocal supporter of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The House Committee on Un-American Activities ( HUAC or HCUA 1938–1975 was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1951, he made Big Jim McLain to show his support for the anti-communist cause. Big Jim McLain ( Warner Brothers, 1952) was a John Wayne film starring Wayne and James Arness as HUAC investigators hunting He also claimed to have been instrumental in having Carl Foreman blacklisted from Hollywood after the release of the anti-McCarthyism western High Noon, and later teamed up with Howard Hawks to make Rio Bravo as a right-wing response. Carl Foreman CBE ( July 23, 1914 – June 26, 1984) was an American Screenwriter and Film producer McCarthyism is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s High Noon is a 1952 Western film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly. Howard Winchester Hawks ( May 30, 1896 &ndash December 26, 1977) was an American Film director, producer and Rio Bravo is a 1959 Western Film, directed by Howard Hawks. The script was written by Jules Furthman and Leigh Wayne used his iconic status to support conservative causes, including rallying support for the Vietnam War by producing, co-directing, and starring in the critically panned The Green Berets (1968). Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined The Green Berets is a 1968 film featuring John Wayne, George Takei, David Janssen, Jim Hutton, and Aldo Ray, In 1978 however, he enraged conservatives by supporting liberal causes such as the Panama Canal Treaty and the innocence of Patty Hearst. The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (sometimes referred to in the singular as the Torrijos-Carter Treaty) are two treaties signed by the United States Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954) now known as Patricia Hearst Shaw, is an American newspaper Heiress, [9][10]

Due to his enormous popularity, and his status as the most famous Republican star in Hollywood, wealthy Texas Republican Party backers asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968, as had his friend and fellow actor, Senator George Murphy. George Lloyd Murphy ( July 4, 1902 – May 3, 1992) was an American Dancer, Actor, and Politician. He declined, joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence However, he did support his friend Ronald Reagan's runs for Governor of California in 1966 and 1970. He was also asked to be the running mate for Democratic Alabama Governor George Wallace in 1968. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for Wayne vehemently rejected the offer. [11] Wayne actively campaigned for Richard Nixon,[12] and addressed the Republican National Convention on its opening day in August 1968. The Republican National Convention is the presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States. Wayne also was a member of the conservative and anti-communist John Birch Society. The John Birch Society is a political education and action organization founded by Robert W [13]

Wayne's strong anti-communist politics led to a particularly unnerving situation. Information from Soviet archives, reported in 2003, indicates that Joseph Stalin ordered Wayne's assassination, but died before the killing could be accomplished. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party His successor, Nikita Khrushchev, reportedly told Wayne during a 1958 visit to the United States that he had personally rescinded the order. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following [14][15]

In an interview with Playboy magazine in May 1971, Wayne made infamous remarks. Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy One disclaimed a personal sense of guilt for the historical treatment of Native Americans, the second claimed that African-Americans had been denied educational opportunities and resented that fact, "possibly rightfully so. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa " He went on to say that did not justify turning over the country "to the leadership of the blacks. I believe in white supremacy until the blacks are educated to a point of responsibility. I don't believe in giving authority and positions of leadership and judgment to irresponsible people. "[16]

Military service controversy

Visiting Brisbane, Australia in December, 1943
Visiting Brisbane, Australia in December, 1943

America's entry into World War II resulted in a deluge of support for the war effort from all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Established stars such as Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. (USN, Silver Star), Henry Fonda (USN, Bronze Star), and Clark Gable (USAAC) as well as emerging actors such as Eddie Albert (USN, Bronze Star) and Tyrone Power (USMC) rushed to sign up for military service. Douglas Elton Fairbanks Jr, KBE, DSC ( December 9, 1909 &ndash May 7, 2000) was an American Actor Henry Jaynes Fonda ( May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American Academy Award -winning Film and Clark Gable (February 1 &ndashNovember 16) was an iconic American Actor nicknamed "The King of Hollywood" in his heyday Edward Albert Heimberger ( April 22, 1906 &ndash May 26, 2005) better known as Eddie Albert, was an American Actor Tyrone Edmund Power Jr (May 5 1914 – November 15 1958 usually credited simply as Tyrone Power and known sometimes as " Ty Power " was an Most notably, James Stewart (USAAC, Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross, Croix de Guerre) had already enlisted in the US Army Air Corps, surmounting great obstacles in order to do so. James Maitland Stewart (20 May 1908 – 2 July 1997 popularly known as Jimmy Stewart, was an American Film and stage Actor

As the majority of male leads left Hollywood to serve overseas, John Wayne saw his just-beginning stardom at risk. Despite enormous pressure from his inner circle of friends, he put off enlisting. Wayne was exempted from service due to his age (34 at the time of Pearl Harbor) and family status, classified as 3-A (family deferment). Wayne's secretary recalled making inquiries of military officials on behalf of his interest in enlisting, "but he never really followed up on them. "[17] He repeatedly wrote to John Ford, asking to be placed in Ford's military unit, but continually postponed it until "after he finished one more film. "[18] Republic Studios was emphatically resistant to losing Wayne, especially after the loss of Gene Autry to the army. Orvon Gene Autry ( September 29 1907 &ndash October 2 1998) was an American performer who gained fame as The Singing Cowboy [19] Correspondence between Wayne and Herbert J. Yates (the head of Republic) indicates that Yates threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he walked away from his contract, though the likelihood of a studio suing its biggest star for going to war was minute. Herbert John Yates (1880-1966 was the founder and president of Republic Pictures, famous for being the home of John Wayne, Gene Autry, and Roy Rogers [20] The threat was real, but whether Wayne took it seriously or not, he did not test it. Selective Service Records indicate he did not attempt to prevent his reclassification as 1-A (draft eligible), but apparently Republic Pictures intervened directly, requesting his further deferment. [21] In May, 1944, Wayne was reclassified as 1-A (draft eligible), but the studio obtained another 2-A deferment (for "support of national health, safety, or interest"). [22] He remained 2-A until the war's end. John Wayne did not "dodge" the draft, but he never took direct positive action toward enlistment. Wayne was in the South Pacific theatre of the war for three months in 1943–44, touring U. S. bases and hospitals as well as doing some "undercover" work for OSS commander William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan, who thought Wayne's celebrity might be good cover for an assessment of the causes for poor relations between General Douglas MacArthur and Donovan's OSS Pacific network. The Office of Strategic Services ( OSS) was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. "Wild Bill Donovan" redirects here For the Baseball Pitcher and manager see William Edward Donovan. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Wayne filed a report and Donovan gave him a plaque and commendation for serving with the OSS, but Wayne dismissed it as meaningless. [23]

The foregoing facts influenced the direction of Wayne's later life. By all accounts, Wayne's failure to serve in the military during World War II was the most painful experience of his life. [24] There were some other stars who, for various reasons, did not enlist. But Wayne, by virtue of becoming a celluloid war hero in several patriotic war films, as well as an outspoken supporter of right-wing political causes and the Vietnam War, became the focus of particular disdain from both himself and certain portions of the public, particularly in later years. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia While some hold Wayne in contempt for the paradox between his early actions and his later attitudes, his widow suggests that Wayne's rampant patriotism in later decades sprang not from hypocrisy but from guilt. Pilar Wayne wrote, "He would become a 'superpatriot' for the rest of his life trying to atone for staying home. "[25]

Personal life

Roadside sign on the way to John Wayne Island
Roadside sign on the way to John Wayne Island

Wayne was married three times and divorced twice. His wives, all of them Hispanic women, were Josephine Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Baur, and Pilar Pallete. Josephine Alicia Saenz Morrison (1909 - 24 June 2003 was the first wife of American Film Actor John Wayne, and was the mother of the Actor Esperanza Baur Díaz (c 1924 - March 11 1955) was a Mexican Actress who was the second wife of American Film Pilar Pallete ( September 3, 1936) is a former Peruvian Actress and third wife of the American film star John Wayne. He had four children with Josephine and three with Pilar, including the producer Michael Wayne and actor Patrick Wayne. Michael Anthony Morrison ( November 23, 1934 – April 2, 2003) was an American Film producer and Actor Patrick John Wayne (born July 15, 1939, in Los Angeles California) is an American Actor and second son of movie star John Wayne Wayne is also the great-uncle of boxing heavyweight Tommy Morrison. Amateur career From the age of 13 to 19 Tommy entered every toughman contest he could winning 49 fights out of the 50 with 49 by Ko that he participated in [26] Wayne's son Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in a few films and played one of the leads in the 90's update of the Adam-12 television series. Ethan Wayne (born February 22, 1962 in Los Angeles California) is a American Actor, son of actor John Wayne. Ethan Wayne (born February 22, 1962 in Los Angeles California) is a American Actor, son of actor John Wayne. Adam-12 is a Television program which ran from September 21, 1968 until August 30, 1975 on NBC for 175

John Wayne's hair began thinning in the 1940s and he began wearing a hairpiece by the end of that decade (though his receding hairline is quite evident in Rio Grande). He was occasionally seen in public without the hairpiece (notably, according to Life Magazine photos, at Gary Cooper's funeral). Frank James “Gary” Cooper (May 7 &ndashMay 13) was an American film actor and iconic star The only time he unintentionally appeared on film without it was for a split second in North to Alaska. On the first punch of the climactic fistfight, Wayne's hat flies off, revealing a brief flash of his unadorned scalp. Wayne also has several scenes in The Wings of Eagles where he is without his hairpiece. The Wings of Eagles is a 1957 film about Frank "''Spig''" Wead and US Naval Aviation from its inception through World War II (During a widely noted appearance at Harvard University, Wayne was asked by a student, "Is your hair real?" Wayne responded in the affirmative, then added "It's not mine, but it's real!")

Wayne had several high-profile affairs, including one with Marlene Dietrich that lasted for three years. Marlene Dietrich maɐˈleːnə ˈdiːtrɪç (December 27 &ndashMay 6) was a German -born American Actress, Singer and Entertainer [27] In the years prior to his death, Wayne was romantically involved with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941–1995). [6] She wrote a biography of her life with him, DUKE: A Love Story (1983).

During the early 1960s John Wayne traveled extensively to Panama. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. During this time, the actor reportedly purchased the island of Taborcillo off the main coast of Panama. Isla Taborcillo (aka John Wayne Island is a small private island off the coast of Panama which was once owned by American Film Actor John Wayne It was sold by his estate at his death and changed hands many times before being opened as a tourist attraction.

Death

John Wayne died of stomach cancer on June 11, 1979, at the UCLA Medical Center, and was interred in the Pacific View Memorial Park cemetery in Corona del Mar. Stomach or gastric cancer can develop in any part of the Stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs particularly the Esophagus and Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Corona del Mar ( Spanish for "Crown of the Sea" is a neighborhood in Newport Beach California. According to his son Patrick, he converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before his death. [28] He requested his tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y Formal", a Spanish epitaph meaning "ugly, strong and serious". [29] However, the grave, unmarked for twenty years, is now marked with a quotation from his controversial 1971 Playboy interview: "Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy Comes into us at midnight very clean. It's perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands. It hopes we've learned something from yesterday. "

A relatively large number of the cast and crew of Wayne's 1956 film The Conqueror developed various forms of cancer. The Conqueror is a 1956 Epic film produced by Howard Hughes and starring John Wayne as the Mongol conqueror Genghis The film was shot in Southwestern Utah, east and generally downwind of where the U. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. S. Government had tested nuclear weapons in Southeastern Nevada, and many contend that radioactive fallout from these tests contaminated the film location and the film crew working there. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. Despite the suggestion that Wayne’s 1964 lung cancer and his 1979 stomach cancer resulted from this nuclear contamination, he himself believed his lung cancer to have been a result of his six-pack-a-day cigarette habit. [30] The effect of nuclear fallout on The Conqueror's cast and crew, and particularly on Wayne, is the subject of James Morrow's science-fiction short story Martyrs of the Upshot Knothole. James Morrow (born 1947 is an award-winning Fiction Author. A self-described "scientific humanist" his work not only satirises organized religion but also [31]

Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom

John Wayne's enduring status as an iconic American was formally recognized by the United States Congress on May 26, 1979 when he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Not to be confused with the Medal of Honor, sometimes called the "Congressional Medal of Honor" which is the highest military decoration of the United States Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum, including Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Mike Frankovich, Katharine Hepburn, General and Mrs. Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE (born 27 February 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -winning English-American actress Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra (December 12 1915 &ndash May 14 1998 was an American singer and actor Mitchell John "Mike" Frankovich ( 29 September 1909 – 1 January 1992) was a Film producer and husband of the late actress Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12 1907 – June 29 2003 was an American actress of film television and stage Omar Bradley, Gregory Peck, Robert Stack, James Arness, and Kirk Douglas, testified to Congress of the merit and deservedness of this award, most notably Robert Aldrich, then president of the Directors Guild of America, who stated, "It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat and, to my knowledge, share none of the political views espoused by Duke. Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U Gregory Peck (April 5 1916 &ndash June 12 2003 was an Academy Award -winning and four-time Golden Globe Award-winning American Film Robert Langford Modini Stack ( January 13, 1919 &ndash May 14, 2003) was an Emmy Award -winning and Academy Award - nominated James Arness (born as James Aurness on May 26 1923, Minneapolis Minnesota) is an Emmy -nominated American Actor Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, Robert Aldrich (August 9 1918 – December 5 1983 was an American Film director, writer and producer, notable for such films as Kiss Me Deadly Directors Guild of America ( DGA) is the labor union which represents the interests of film and television directors in the United States However, whether he is ill disposed or healthy, John Wayne is far beyond the normal political sharp shooting in this community. Because of his courage, his dignity, his integrity, and because of his talents as an actor, his strength as a leader, his warmth as a human being throughout his illustrious career, he is entitled to a unique spot in our hearts and minds. In this industry, we often judge people, sometimes unfairly, by asking whether they have paid their dues. John Wayne has paid his dues over and over, and I'm proud to consider him a friend, and am very much in favor of my Government recognizing in some important fashion the contribution that Mr. Wayne has made. " Maureen O'Hara, Wayne's close friend, initiated the petition for the medal and requested the words that would be placed onto the medal: "It is my great honor to be here. Maureen O'Hara (born Maureen FitzSimons on 17 August 1920 in Ranelagh, County Dublin, Ireland) is an Irish film actress I beg you to strike a medal for Duke, to order the President to strike it. And I feel that the medal should say just one thing, 'John Wayne, American. '"[32] The medal crafted by the United States Mint has on one side John Wayne riding on horseback, and the other side has a portrait of Wayne with the words, "John Wayne, American. The United States Mint primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its Trade and Commerce. " This Congressional Gold Medal was presented to the family of John Wayne in a ceremony held on March 6, 1980 at the United States Capitol. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) This medal is now at the John Wayne Museum in Winterset, Iowa. Copies were made and sold in large numbers to the public.

On June 9, 1980, Wayne was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Jimmy Carter (at whose inaugural ball Wayne had appeared "as a member of the loyal opposition", as Wayne described it in his speech to the gathering). Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Thus Wayne received the two highest civilian decorations awarded by the United States government.

American icon

Statue of John Wayne at John Wayne Airport, California
Statue of John Wayne at John Wayne Airport, California

John Wayne rose beyond the typical recognition for a famous actor to that of an enduring icon who symbolized and communicated American values and ideals. John Wayne Airport is an Airport in an unincorporated area in Orange County California, with its mailing address in Santa Ana, hence the IATA code California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. By the middle of his career, Wayne had developed a larger-than-life image, and as his career progressed, he selected roles that would not compromise his off-screen image. By the time of his last film The Shootist (1976), Wayne refused to allow his character to shoot a man in the back as was originally scripted. The Shootist is a Novel written by Glendon Swarthout and published in 1975. [33]

Wayne's rise to being the quintessential movie war hero began to take shape four years after World War II when Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) was released. Sands of Iwo Jima is a 1950 War film which follows a group of Marines from training to the Battle of Iwo Jima during World His footprints at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood were laid in cement that contained sand from Iwo Jima. Iwo Jima ( 硫黄[[wikt 島|島]] officially Iōtō,also frequently Iōjima: “ Sulfur island” is an island of the Japanese [34] His status grew so large and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, the symbolic representation of his country's former enemy. also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death

Wayne was a popular visitor to the war zones in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. By the 1950s, perhaps in large part due to the military aspect of films such as the Sands of Iwo Jima, Flying Tigers, They Were Expendable, and the Ford cavalry trilogy, Wayne had become an icon to all the branches of the U.S. Military, even in light of his actual lack of military service. Sands of Iwo Jima is a 1950 War film which follows a group of Marines from training to the Battle of Iwo Jima during World Flying Tigers is a 1942 black-and-white War film, starring John Wayne and John Carroll as mercenary fighter pilots fighting the They Were Expendable is a war film released in 1945. The movie was directed by John Ford and starred Robert Montgomery, John Wayne The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States Many veterans have said their reason for serving was in some part related to watching Wayne's movies. His name is attached to various pieces of gear, such as the P-38 "John Wayne" can-opener, so named because "it can do anything", paper towels known as "John Wayne Toilet Paper" because "it's rough and it's tough and don't take shit off no one", and C-Ration crackers are called "John Wayne crackers" because presumably only someone as tough as Wayne could eat them. The P-38 is a small Can opener issued in the canned Field rations of the United States Armed Forces from World War II to the 1980s The Type C or C-Ration was an individual canned pre-cooked or prepared wet ration intended to be issued to U A rough and rocky mountain pass used by army tanks and jeeps at Fort Irwin in San Bernardino County, California is aptly named "John Wayne Pass. "

Various public locations have been named in memory of John Wayne. They include John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, where his life-size statue graces the entrance; the John Wayne Marina near Sequim, Washington; John Wayne Elementary School (P.S. 380) in Brooklyn, NY, which boasts a 38 foot mosaic mural commission by New York artist Knox Martin entitled "John Wayne and the American Frontier";[35] and a 100-plus mile trail named the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" in Washington state's Iron Horse State Park. John Wayne Airport is an Airport in an unincorporated area in Orange County California, with its mailing address in Santa Ana, hence the IATA code Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. Sequim (skwɪm is a city in Clallam County, Washington, United States. John Wayne Elementary School, PS 380, located at 370 Marcy Avenue Williamsburg, Brooklyn. John Wayne Elementary School, PS 380, located at 370 Marcy Avenue Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic A mural is a Painting on a wall ceiling or other large permanent surface Knox Martin is an American painter, Sculptor and Muralist. Born in 1923 in Barranquilla, Colombia, he studied at the Iron Horse State Park, part of the Washington State Park System, is a State park located in the Cascade Mountains and Yakima River Valley A larger than life-size bronze statue of Wayne atop a horse was erected at the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California at the former offices of the Great Western Savings & Loan Corporation, for whom Wayne had done a number of commercials. (The building now houses Larry Flynt Enterprises. Larry Claxton Flynt Jr (born November 1, 1942) is an American Publisher and the head of Larry Flynt Publications (LFP )

On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Wayne into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( German ˌaɐnɔlt aloʏs ˈʃvaɐtsənɛɡɐ born July 30 1947 is an Austrian American Bodybuilder, Actor Maria Owings Shriver ( born November 6 1955 is an award-winning American journalist a prolific author and First Lady of California. Conceived by First Lady Maria Shriver, the California Hall of Fame was established with The California Museum for History Women and the Arts to honor legendary individuals The California Museum for History Women and the Arts – home of the California Hall of Fame – is housed in the State Archives Building in Sacramento, one block [36]

Celebrations and landmarks

Several celebrations took place on May 26, 2007, the centenary of John Wayne's birth. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

In his birthplace of Winterset, Iowa, the John Wayne Birthday Centennial Celebration was held on May 25-27, 2007. The celebration included chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky, a Wild West Revue in the style of Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, symposia with John Wayne co-stars, cavalry and trick horse demonstrations as well as many of John Wayne's films. Michael Martin Murphey (born March 14, 1945) is a writer and performer of American Music. This article is about the group For the song see (Ghost Riders in the Sky A Cowboy Legend. This event also included the ground-breaking for the John Wayne Museum and Learning Center at his birthplace house.

In 2006, friends of Wayne's and his former Arizona business partner, Louis Johnson, inaugurated the "Louie and the Duke Classics" events benefiting the John Wayne Cancer Foundation and the American Cancer Society. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to [37][38] The weekend long event each fall in Casa Grande, Arizona includes a golf tournament, an auction of John Wayne memorabilia and a team roping competition". Casa Grande is a rapidly growing city in Pinal County, approximately halfway between Phoenix and Tucson in the U Team roping also known as heading and heeling is a Rodeo event that features a Steer (typically a Corriente) and two mounted Cowboys [37]

Missed roles

Famous movie quotes

Awards
Preceded by
Cliff Robertson
for Charly		 Academy Award for Best Actor
1969
for True Grit		 Succeeded by
George C. Scott
for Patton

See also

Notes and sources

  1. ^ The Harris Poll: Denzel Washington: America’s Favorite Movie Star - Harris Interactive
  2. ^ Madison County, Iowa, birth certificate
  3. ^ WorldConnect Project - Connecting the World One GEDCOM at Time
  4. ^ Roberts, Randy, and James S. Clifford Parker "Cliff" Robertson III (born September 9, 1925) is an Academy Award - winning American Actor with a Charly (poster title CHAЯLY) is a 1968 Film which tells the fictional story of a mentally retarded Bakery Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize True Grit is a 1969 western film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring John Wayne as U George Campbell Scott (October 18 1927 - September 22 1999 was an American stage and film Actor, director, and producer. Patton (UK Patton Lust for Glory) is a 1970 biography drama War film, which tells the story of General George S Film directors frequently choose to work with the same Actor or Actress across several projects Olson (1995). - John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press. p. 37. - ISBN 0029238370
  5. ^ Munn, Michael (2003). - John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth. London: Robson Books. p. 7. - ISBN 0451212444
  6. ^ a b c Biography - JWayne. com]
  7. ^ a b Biography of John Wayne. - Think Quest: Library
  8. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 84
  9. ^ Warner, Edwin. - "That Troublesome Panama Canal Treaty". - TIME. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and - October 31, 1977
  10. ^ Lithwick, Dahlia. - "The Brainwashed Defense". - Slate. Slate is an English-language online current affairs and culture Magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael - January 28, 2002
  11. ^ Jim Beaver, "John Wayne". James Norman Beaver Jr (born August 12, 1950) is an American stage film and television actor a playwright screenwriter and film historian who uses Films in Review, Volume 28, Number 5, May 1977, pp. 265-284
  12. ^ Judis, John. - "Kevin Phillips, Ex-Populist: Elite Model". - The New Republic. The New Republic ( TNR) is an American Magazine of politics and the arts - (c/o Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) - May 22, 2006
  13. ^ Dowell, Pat. - "John Wayne, Man and Myth". - The Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D - September 25, 1995
  14. ^ Montefiore, Sebag (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 1842127268
  15. ^ "Why Stalin loved Tarzan and wanted John Wayne shot". - Daily Telegraph. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. - 6 April 2004
  16. ^ Playboy, May, 1972
  17. ^ Roberts & Olson, John Wayne: American, p. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 211
  18. ^ Roberts & Olson, John Wayne: American, p. 212
  19. ^ Gene Autry, who was also Wayne's age, gave an interview in 1942 that seemed to later biographers to chastise Wayne for his refusal to enlist and provide an example for younger actors in Hollywood: "I think the He-men in the movies belong in the Army, Marine, Navy or Air Corps. Orvon Gene Autry ( September 29 1907 &ndash October 2 1998) was an American performer who gained fame as The Singing Cowboy All of these He-men in the movies realize that right now is the time to get into the service. Every movie cowboy ought to devote time to the Army winning, or to helping win, until the war is over - the same as any other American citizen. The Army needs all the young men it can get, and if I can set a good example for the young men I'll be mighty proud. " Source: Wills, Gary, John Wayne's America, pp. 221-223
  20. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 220
  21. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 213
  22. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 213
  23. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 253
  24. ^ Roberts & Olson, p. 212
  25. ^ Wayne, Pilar, John Wayne, pp. 43-47
  26. ^ The Great White Hope climbs back between the ropes
  27. ^ Olson & Roberts, John Wayne: American, pp. 195-197
  28. ^ The religion of John Wayne, actor
  29. ^ Candelaria, Nash. John Wayne, Person and Personal The love affairs of an American legend in Hopscotch: A Cultural Review - Volume 2, Number 4, 2001, pp. 2-13, Duke University Press
  30. ^ Bacon, James. - John Wayne: The Last Cowboy. - US Magazine. Us Weekly is a celebrity magazine originally founded in 1977 by The New York Times Company, and acquired by Wenner Media in 1986 - (c/o JWayne. com). - June 27, 1978
  31. ^ Morrow, James (2004). The Cat's Pajamas and Other Stories. Tachyon Publications. ISBN 1892391155
  32. ^ Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs of the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, 96th Congress, First Session, on H. R. 3767, A Bill to Authorize the President of the United States to Present on Behalf of the Congress a Specially Struck Gold Medal to John Wayne, May 21, 1979, Serial 96-10
  33. ^ Trivia - The Shootist (1976) - IMDb
  34. ^ Endres, Stacey and Robert Cushman. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Hollywood At Your Feet. Beverly Hills: Pomegranate Press, 1993 ISBN 0-938817-08-6
  35. ^ Exhibitions. - Knox Martin
  36. ^ Wayne inducted into California Hall of Fame, California Museum, Accessed 2007
  37. ^ a b Olson, Jim. - "Louie and the Duke Classics 2006". - Grande Living. - October 2006. - (Adobe Acrobat *. PDF document)
  38. ^ News and Events: 2006 Archive - John Wayne Cancer Foundation
  39. ^ Gunsmoke - Snopes. com - 6 August 2007
  40. ^ Interview: Mel Brooks. Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky; June 28, 1926) is an American director, Writer, Composer, Lyricist Blazing Saddles (DVD). Blazing Saddles ( 1974) is a satiric Western Comedy film directed by Mel Brooks. Burbank, California: Warner Brothers Pictures/Warner Home Video, 2004. ISBN 0790757354

Further reading

External links


Persondata
NAME Wayne, John Wayne
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Morrison, Marion Robert; Morrison, Marion Michael
SHORT DESCRIPTION American film actor
DATE OF BIRTH 26 May 1907(1907-05-26)
PLACE OF BIRTH Winterset, Iowa, United States
DATE OF DEATH 11 June 1979
PLACE OF DEATH
Turner Classic Movies ( TCM) is a cable television channel featuring commercial -free classic movies mostly from the Turner Entertainment and Warner Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For the play by Maxwell Anderson see Winterset Winterset is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
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