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John Peckham
Archbishop of Canterbury


Interior of part of Canterbury Cathedral where Peckham was buried in the north transept.

Enthroned unknown
Ended December 8, 1292
Predecessor Robert Burnell
Successor Robert Winchelsey
Consecration January 25, 1279
Died December 8, 1292
Mortlake
Buried Canterbury Cathedral

John Peckham or Pecham (circa 1230–December 8, 1292), was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Robert Burnell (died 25 October 1292 was an English bishop who served as Lord Chancellor of England in the years 1274&ndash1292 Robert Winchelsey or Winchelsea ( c. 1245&ndash1313 was an English Christian theologian and Archbishop of Canterbury. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Mortlake is a district of London, England and part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the He was a native of Sussex who was educated at Lewes Priory and became a Franciscan monk about 1250. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. Lewes Priory ( St Pancras Priory Lewes) was a Cluniac Priory established in the valley of the river Ouse in the eleventh century The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic He studied at Paris under Bonaventure, where he later taught theology. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (San Bonaventura (1221 &ndash July 15, 1274) born John of Fidanza (Giovanni di Fidanza was the eighth Minister From his teaching, he came into conflict with Saint Thomas Aquinas, whom he debated on two occasions. Known as a conservative theologian, he opposed Aquinas' views on the nature of the soul. Peckham also studied optics and astronomy, and his studies in those subjects were influenced by Roger Bacon. For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O

In around 1270, he returned to England, where he taught at Oxford University, and was elected the Franciscan provincial minster of England in 1275. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the After a brief stint in Rome, he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1279. His time as archbishop was marked by efforts to improve discipline in the clergy as well as reorganize the estates of his see. Pluralism, or holding more than one clerical benefice, was one of the abuses that Peckham combated. Originally a benefice was a gift of land ( Precaria) for life as a reward for services rendered He served King Edward I of England in Wales, where he formed a low opinion of the Welsh people and laws. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost Before and during his time as archbishop, he wrote a number of works on optics, philosophy, and theology, as well as writing hymns. Numerous manuscripts of his works survive. On his death, his body was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, but his heart was given to the Franciscans for burial. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a

Contents

Early Life

Peckham came from a humble family, possibly from Patchem in Sussex. Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. [1] He was born about 1230 and received his early education from the Cluniac monks of Lewes. The town and commune of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région Lewes (ˈluːɨs Lewis) is the County town of East Sussex, England and gives its name to the Local government district in which it [2] About 1250, he joined the Franciscan order and studied in their Oxford convent. Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Shortly afterwards he proceeded to the University of Paris, where he took his degree under St Bonaventura and became regent master, or official lecturer, in theology. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (San Bonaventura (1221 &ndash July 15, 1274) born John of Fidanza (Giovanni di Fidanza was the eighth Minister Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective [3][4]

For years Peckham taught at Paris, coming into contact with the greatest scholars of the day, among others St Thomas Aquinas. [3] He famously debated Aquinas on at least two occasions during 1269 and 1270, during which Peckham defended the conservative theological position, and Thomas put forth his views on the soul. [5] The Thomist doctrine of the unity of form was condemned after these debates. [6] His theological works later were used by his pupil Roger Marston who in turn inspired Duns Scotus. Roger Marston (Rogerus de Marston (died c1303 was an English Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian [2]

Peckham also studied other fields, however; and was guided by Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon's views on the value of experimental science. Robert Grosseteste (c 1175 &ndash October 9, 1253) English statesman scholastic philosopher, Theologian and Bishop of [7] Where Peckham met Bacon is not known, but it would have been at either Paris or Oxford. Bacon's influence can be seen in Peckham's works on optics (the Perspectiva communis) and astronomy. [2]

Return to England

A manuscript of Roger Bacon's work on optics, which influenced Peckham's own works
A manuscript of Roger Bacon's work on optics, which influenced Peckham's own works

Reorganization of the archdiocese

About 1270, he returned to Oxford and taught there, being elected in 1275 provincial minister of the Franciscans in England,[8] but he was soon afterwards called to Rome as lector sacri palatii, or theological lecturer in the schools of the papal palace. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 [9] In 1279 he returned to England as Archbishop of Canterbury, being appointed by Pope Nicholas III on the rejection of Robert Burnell, Edward I's preferred candidate. Pope Nicholas III ( Rome, 1210/1220 &ndash August 22, 1280) born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, Pope from November 25, Robert Burnell (died 25 October 1292 was an English bishop who served as Lord Chancellor of England in the years 1274&ndash1292 Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost He was provided (appointed by the pope to the see) on January 25, 1279 and consecrated on February 19, 1279. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum [10]

Peckham's insistence on discipline offended contemporaries. His first act on arrival in England was to call a council at Reading, which met in July of 1279. Reading (ˈrɛdɪŋ as Redding) is a town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, midway between Its main object was ecclesiastical reform, but the provision that a copy of Magna Carta should be hung in all cathedral and collegiate churches seemed to the king a political action. Magna Carta ( Latin for Great Charter, literally " Great Paper " also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Great Charter of Freedoms This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the Daily office of worship is maintained by a College of canons; a non-monastic or Another ruling was on non-residence of clergy in their livings. The only exception Peckham was prepared to make on non-residence was if the clerk needed to go abroad to study. [11] At the Parliament of Winchester in 1279, the archbishop compromised and the parliament declared void any action of this council touching on the royal power. The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The copies of Magna Carta were taken down. [12] One reason the archbishop may have backed down was that he was in debt to the Italian banking family of the Riccardi, who also were bankers to Edward and the pope, and Peckham was under threat of excommunication from the pope unless he repaid the loans. Riccardi is a surname and may refer to Andrea Riccardi Arturo Riccardi Luigi Riccardi Marcos Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community [13]

However, Peckham worked hard to reorganize the estates of the diocese, and held an inquiry in 1283 through 1285 into the revenues of the see. He set up administrative structures in the manors that divided them into seven administrative groups. [14] Peckham, though, was almost continually in debt, and because he was a Franciscan, he had no personal property to help with his living expenses. He had inherited the diocesan debts that his predecessor had allowed to accumulate, and never managed to clear them. [15]

Visits to Wales

Nevertheless Peckham's relations with the king were generally good, and Edward called on him for help in bringing order into conquered Wales, sending him on a diplomatic mission to Llywelyn the Last. Genealogy and early life Llywelyn was the second of the four sons of Gruffydd, the eldest son of Llywelyn the Great, and Senena ferch Rhodri In 1282 he attempted to mediate between the Welsh and King Edward, but given that Edward would not budge on the main issues, it was a hopeless mission. [16] In the end, Peckham excommunicated some of the Welsh who were resisting Edward, not unsurprising given Peckham's views of the Welsh. [16][17] Peckham visited the Welsh dioceses as part of his tour of all his subordinate dioceses. While there, Peckham criticised the Welsh clergy for their unchaste lives, conspicuous consumption, and heavy drinking. He also found the Welsh clergy to be uneducated, although he did order a Welsh-speaking suffragan bishop to be appointed to help with pastoral duties in the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield. [18]

Peckham also had problems with his subordinate Thomas Bek, who was Bishop of St David's in Wales. The Bishop of Saint David's is the Ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of St David's. Bek tried to revive a scheme to make St David's independent from Canterbury, and to elevate it to metropolitan status. This had originally been put forth by Gerald of Wales around 1200, but had been defeated by the actions of Hubert Walter, then the Archbishop of Canterbury. Gerald of Wales (c 1146 &ndash c 1223 also known as Gerallt Gymro in Welsh or Giraldus Cambrensis in Latin, Hubert Walter ( c 1160&ndash13 July 1205 was an influential royal adviser in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries in the positions of Bek did not manage even the four-year fight that Gerald had managed, for Peckham routed him quickly. [19]

Ecclesiastical matters

Skirmishes with Edward over clerical privileges, royal power, Peckham's use of excommunication, and ecclesiastical taxation continued, but in October of 1286, Edward issued a writ entitled Circumspecte Agatis which specified what types of cases the ecclesiastical courts could hear. In Law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial Jurisdiction. These included moral issues, matrimonial issues, disputes about wills and testiments, the correction of sins, and slander and physical attacks on the clergy. [20]

Peckham was very strict in his interpretations of canon law, and once wrote to Queen Eleanor that her use of loans from Jewish moneylenders to acquire lands was usury and a mortal sin. For others known sometimes by same name see Leonora of Castile For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Usury (ˈjuːʒəri comes from the Medieval Latin usuria, "interest" or "excessive interest" from the Latin usura "interest" Mortal sin, according to the beliefs of Roman Catholicism, and some Protestant denominations is a Sin that unless confessed and absolved (or at least [21] He also felt that Welsh laws were illogical and conflicted with Biblical teachings. [22] He also mandated that the clerical tonsure worn by the clergy should not just include the top of the head, but also have the nape and over the ears shaved, which allowed the clergy to be easily distinguished from the laity. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches mystics Buddhist novices and Monks and some Hindu temples of cutting the Hair from the To help with this, the archbishop also forbade the clergy from wearing secular clothing, especially military garb. [23] He also forbade an effort by the Benedictine order in England to reform their monastic rule, to allow more time for study and for more education for the monks. Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in Peckham's reason was that they were against custom, but he may also have had concerns that these reforms would have drawn recruits away from the Franciscans. [24]

At an ecclesiastical council held at Lambeth in 1281, Peckham ordered the clergy to instruct their congregations in doctrine at least four times a year. They were to explain and teach the Articles of Faith, the Ten Commandments, the Works of Mercy, the Seven Deadly Sins, the Seven Virtues and the Sacraments. [25] This command was issued as a canon, or law, of the council, and the group is known as the Lambeth Constitutions. [26] Even later these constitutions were collected as the Ignorantia sacerdotum. Ignorantia Sacerdotum are the first words and also the more well-known title of De Informatione Simplicium, a Catechetical manual drafted by Archbishop [25] The six doctrines comprised the minimum theological knowledge the archbishop considered necessary for the laity to know. [27] The constitutions, which were originally in Latin, were the basis and inspiration for pastoral and devotional works throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages, and were eventually translated into English in the 15th century. [26]

The crime of "plurality," or pluralism, which was the holding by one cleric of two or more benefices, was one of Peckham's targets,[28] as were clerical absenteeism and laxity in the monastic life. Originally a benefice was a gift of land ( Precaria) for life as a reward for services rendered His main instrument was a system of "visitation," which he used with an unprecedented frequency. Disputes resulted, and on some points Peckham gave way, but his powers as papal legate complicated matters, and he did much to strengthen the court of Canterbury at the expense of the lower courts. Canterbury ( ˈkæntəbɹ̩i is a City in eastern Kent in the South East region of England. [29] The quarrel with Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, arose from similar causes. Thomas de Cantilupe (c 1218 &ndash 25 August 1282) was an English Saint and Prelate. The Bishop of Hereford is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Hereford in the Province of Canterbury. It involved an appeal over the jurisdiction of the archbishop, that Thomas sent to Rome in 1281, but Thomas died before the case could be decided. [30] He also decreed that the clergy should preach to their flocks at least four times a year. [31]

Peckham often was in conflict with his subordinate bishops, mainly because of his efforts to reform them, but Peckham's own attitude and handling of his clergy contributed to the problem. [32] He once wrote to Roger de Meyland, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield "These things need your attention, but you have been absent so long that you seem not to care. Roger de Meyland (or Roger de Longespée, Roger de Meuland, Roger Longespee or Roger de Molend) was a medieval Bishop of Coventry and The Bishop of Lichfield is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury. We therefore order you, on receipt of this letter, to take up residence in your diocese, so that -- even if you are not competent to redress spiritual evils -- you may at least minister to the temporal needs of the poor. "[33] The historian Richard Southern says that Peckham's disputes with his suffragan bishops were "conducted in an atmosphere of bitterness and perpetual ill-will",[34] which probably owed something to a "petulant strain in Peckham's character". Sir Richard William Southern (1912-2001 was a notable English medieval Historian, based at the University of Oxford. [34] Peckham's conflicts started because his own ideals were those of a Franciscan, but most of his clergy were concerned with more mundane and materialistic affairs. These strains between the archbishop and his subordinates were intensified by clashes over ecclesiastical and secular authority, as well as Edward's great need for income. [35]

Death and legacy

The numerous manuscripts of Peckham's works to be found in the libraries of Italy, England and France, testify to his industry as a philosopher and commentator. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Queen Eleanor persuaded him to write for her a scholarly work in French, which was later described as "unfortunately rather a dull and uninspired little treatise. "[36] His poem Philomena is considered one of the finest poems written in its time. [37]

Peckham died on December 8, 1292[10] at Mortlake and was buried in the north transept, or the Martyrdom, of Canterbury Cathedral. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Mortlake is a district of London, England and part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England and forms part of a His heart, however, was buried with the Franciscans. His tomb still survives. [2] He founded a college at Wingham, Kent in 1286, probably a college of canons serving a church. Wingham (pronounced /ˈwɪŋəm/ is a Civil parish and English Kent Village situated along the ancient coastal road now the A257 from Richborough A canon (from the Latin canonicus, itself derived from the Greek κανωνικος 'relating to a rule' is a priest who is a member of certain bodies of the [38]

Works

A number of his works have survived, and some have appeared in print in various times:

  • Summa de esse et essentia[2]
  • Quaestiones disputatae[2]
  • Quodlibeta[44]
  • Tractatus contra Kilwardby[43]
  • Tractatus de anima[45]
  • Canticum pauperis[2]
  • De aeternitate mundi[46]
  • Defensio fratrum mendicantium[43]

Peckham is the earliest of the Archbishops of Canterbury to have his registers, the principal records of archiepiscopal administration, held in at Lambeth Palace Library. Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. [47]

Notes

  1. ^ Moorman Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century p. 159
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Thompson "Pecham , John (c. 1230–1292)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  3. ^ a b Lawrence "The Thirteenth Century" in Lawrence (ed. ) The English Church & the Papacy in the Middle Ages p. 146-147
  4. ^ Leff Paris and Oxford Universities p. 183
  5. ^ Knowles The Evolution of Medieval Thought p. 294
  6. ^ Leff Paris and Oxford Universities p. 228
  7. ^ Leff Paris and Oxford Universities p. 288
  8. ^ Greenway Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066-1300: volume 2: Monastic cathedrals (northern and southern provinces):Canterbury Archbishops
  9. ^ Knowles The Evolution of Medieval Thought p. 169
  10. ^ a b Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p. 233
  11. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 250
  12. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 251
  13. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 252
  14. ^ DeBoulay The Lordship of Canterbury p. 248
  15. ^ Moorman Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century p. 173
  16. ^ a b Prestwich Edward I p. 191-192
  17. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 200
  18. ^ Walker Medieval Wales p. 87
  19. ^ Walker Medieval Wales p. 77-79
  20. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 257
  21. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 125
  22. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 186
  23. ^ Moorman Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century p. 149
  24. ^ Southern Western Society p. 236
  25. ^ a b Wallace Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature p. 396
  26. ^ a b Swanson Religion and Devotion p. 59-60
  27. ^ Wallace Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature p. 548
  28. ^ Moorman Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century p. 220-221
  29. ^ Lawrence "The Thirteenth Century" in Lawrence (ed. ) The English Church & the Papacy in the Middle Ages p. 137
  30. ^ Lawrence "The Thirteenth Century" in Lawrence (ed. ) The English Church & the Papacy in the Middle Ages p. 128
  31. ^ Moorman Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century p. 80-81
  32. ^ Southern Western Society p. 194-196
  33. ^ quoted in Southern Western Society p. 194
  34. ^ a b Southern Western Society p. 194
  35. ^ Southern Western Society p. 211
  36. ^ Prestwich Edward I p. 123
  37. ^ Wallace Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature p. 362
  38. ^ DeBoulay The Lordship of Canterbury p. 127
  39. ^ Google Books: John Pecham and the Science of Optics: Perspectiva Communis. Google Books. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  40. ^ Google Books: Registrum Johannis Pecham Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis. Google Books. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  41. ^ Mullins Texts and Calendars I section 6. 77
  42. ^ Google Books: Tractatus Tres de Paupertate. Google Books. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  43. ^ a b c Mullins Texts and Calendars I section 13. 2
  44. ^ Google Books: Johannis de Pecham Quodlibet Romanum. Google Books. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  45. ^ Google Books: Tractatus de Anima Ioannis Pecham. Google Books. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  46. ^ Google Books: Questions Concerning the Eternity of the World. Google Books. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  47. ^ Holdings of Lambeth Palace Library accessed on March 6, 2008

References

Further reading

External links

Roman Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Robert Burnell		 Archbishop of Canterbury
1279–1292		 Succeeded by
Robert Winchelsey

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Robert Burnell (died 25 October 1292 was an English bishop who served as Lord Chancellor of England in the years 1274&ndash1292 The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Robert Winchelsey or Winchelsea ( c. 1245&ndash1313 was an English Christian theologian and Archbishop of Canterbury. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Persondata
NAME Peckham, John
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Pecham, John
SHORT DESCRIPTION Archbishop of Canterbury
DATE OF BIRTH
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH December 8, 1292
PLACE OF DEATH
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