John V. Lindsay
103rd Mayor of New York City
In office January 1, 1966 – December 31, 1973
Preceded by	Robert F. Wagner, Jr.
Succeeded by	Abraham D. Beame
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 17th district
In office January 3, 1959 – December 31, 1965
Preceded by	Frederic René Coudert, Jr.
Succeeded by	Theodore Kupferman
Born	November 24, 1921(1921-11-24) New York, New York
Died	December 19, 2000 (aged 79) Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
Political party	Republican, Liberal, Democratic
Spouse	Mary Harrison Lindsay (1926–2004)
Profession	Attorney
Religion	Episcopalian

John Vliet Lindsay (November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was a American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1965 and as mayor of New York City from 1966 to 1973. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. The City of New York

Early life

Lindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue to George Nelson Lindsay and the former Florence Eleanor Vliet. Contrary to popular assumptions, John Lindsay was neither a blue-blood nor very wealthy by birth, although he did grow up in an upper middle class family of English and Dutch extraction. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. Lindsay's paternal grandfather immigrated to the United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight, and his mother was from an upper-middle class family that had been in New York since the 1660s. The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the John's father was a successful lawyer and investment banker, and was able to send his son to the prestigious Buckley School, St. Paul's School, and Yale, where he was inducted into the secret society, Scroll and Key. The Buckley School may refer to The Buckley School, Los Angeles California The Buckley School (NYC, New York New York This is about St Paul's School in the United States For other schools with the same name see the disambiguation page. Scroll and Key Society is a senior or secret society established by " John Porter, William Kingsley Samuel Perkins Enos Taft Lebbeus Chapin George Jackson Lindsay received his bachelor of arts degree from Yale in 1944 and his law degree from there as well in 1948.

During World War II, Lindsay joined the United States Naval Reserve and obtained the rank of lieutenant. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States Navy Reserve, until 2005 known as the United States Naval Reserve, is the reserve component of the United States Navy. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services His service extended from 1943 to 1946. He was admitted to the bar in 1949 and practiced law for a few years before gravitating towards politics.

Elected to Congress as a Republican from the "Silk Stocking" district in 1958, Lindsay established a liberal voting record, known for his strong support of civil rights legislation and social programs. The Upper East Side is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park and the East River. In 1965, Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City as a Republican with the support of the Liberal Party of New York in a three-way race. The Mayor of New York City is the head of the executive branch of the Government of New York City. The Liberal Party of New York is a minor American Political party that has been active only in the state of New York. (He switched to Democratic allegiance in 1971. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. ) He defeated Democratic mayoral candidate Abraham D. Beame, then City Comptroller, as well as National Review magazine founder William F. Buckley, Jr., who ran on the Conservative line. Abraham David "Abe" Beame (March 20 1906 – February 10 2001 was Mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1977 National Review ( NR) is a biweekly Magazine and Web site, founded by the late author William F Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally William Frank Buckley Jr ( November 24 1925  – February 27 2008) was an American Author and conservative The Conservative Party of New York is an American Political party active only in the state of New York. In 1968, after the assassination of popular U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, Lindsay turned down an offer from Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to take over Kennedy's seat[1]. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth Rockefeller then chose the liberal Republican Charles E. Goodell, who was unseated by Bill Buckley's older brother, Conservative Party nominee James L. Buckley, in 1970. Charles Ellsworth Goodell ( March 16, 1926 – January 21, 1987) was a U James Lane Buckley (born March 9, 1923 in New York City) is a former United States Senator from the state of New York as a member

Mayoralty

Lindsay inherited a city with serious fiscal and economic problems left by outgoing Democratic Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. The old manufacturing jobs that supported generations of uneducated immigrants were disappearing, millions of middle class residents were fleeing to the suburbs, and public sector workers had won the right to unionize. Robert Ferdinand Wagner Jr, usually known as Robert F Wagner Jr Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale

Lindsay addressing crowd

Labor issues

Public sector union activism would turn out to be the bane of Lindsay's administration. The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the Government, whether national Regional On his first day as mayor, the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU) led by Mike Quill shut down the city with a complete halt of subway and bus service. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Transport Workers Union of America (TWU is a United States Michael J Quill (1905&ndash1966 was one of the founders of the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU a union founded by subway workers in New York City that A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway The leader of the TWU had predicted a nine-day strike at most, but Lindsay's refusal to negotiate delayed a settlement and the strike lasted twelve days. Quill's mocking press conferences gave the city the impression that Lindsay was not tough enough to deal with the city's sources of power.

The settlement of the strike, combined with increased welfare costs and general economic decline, forced Lindsay to push through the New York state legislature in 1966 a municipal income tax hike and higher water rates for city residents, plus a new commuter tax for people who worked in the city but resided elsewhere. A commuter tax is a Tax (generally on either income or wages levied upon persons who work in a Jurisdiction, but who do not live (are not domiciled in that jurisdiction By 1970, New Yorkers were paying $384 per person in taxes, the highest in the nation. In contrast, the average Chicago resident paid $244 per person. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. ^[1]

The transit strike was the first of many labor struggles. In 1968 the teachers' union (the United Federation of Teachers (UFT)) went on strike over the firings of several teachers in a school in the neighborhood of Ocean Hill-Brownsville. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The United Federation of Teachers ( UFT) is the labor union Ocean Hill is a subsection of Bedford-Stuyvesant in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Brownsville also known as Bville and The hill is a low-income residential neighborhood located in eastern Brooklyn, New York. ^[2]. Demanding the reinstatement of the dismissed teachers, the four-month battle became a symbol of the chaos of New York City and the city's difficulty to deliver a functioning school system.

That same year, 1968, also saw a week-long sanitation strike. Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health Quality of life in New York reached a nadir during this strike, as ten-foot tall mountains of garbage grew on New York City sidewalks. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features

The summer of 1970 ushered in another devastating strike, as over 8,000 workers belonging to AFSCME District Council 37 walked off their jobs for two days. The American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees ( AFSCME) is the second- or third-largest labor union in the United States and one The strikers included workers on the city's drawbridges and sewer plants. A drawbridge is a type of Movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a Castle. Drawbridges over the Harlem River were locked in the "up" position, barring transit by automobile, and hundreds of thousands of gallons of raw sewage flowed into area waterways. See also Geography and environment of New York City The Harlem River is a navigable tidal Strait in New York City, USA that

"Fun City"

During the first days of Lindsay's term, as New Yorkers endured the transit strike, the Mayor remarked, I still think it's a fun city. , and walked four miles (6 km) from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it. Dick Schaap, then a columnist for The New York Herald Tribune, coined and popularized the sarcastic term in an article titled Fun City. ^{[3] [4]}. In the article, Schaap sardonicly pointed out that it wasn't. The term continued to carry with it a derisive tone as the city became more dangerous and corporate headquarters began moving to suburban locations in Westchester County and Fairfield County. Westchester County is a primarily Suburban county located in the U ^[5]

Contentious times

1970 was also the year of the Hard Hat Riot on Wall Street and Broadway on May 8, in which construction workers mobilized by the New York State AFL-CIO attacked about 1,000 high school and college students protesting the Kent State Shootings, the American invasion of Cambodia, and the Vietnam War. The Hard Hat Riot occurred on May 8, 1970, near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall. Wall Street is a street in lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. Broadway, as the name implies is a wide avenue in New York City. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen IMPORTANT After careful consideration the title "Kent State Shootings" has been applied in this article rather than "Kent State Massacre The Cambodian Campaign (also known as the Cambodian Incursion) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia during the late spring and summer The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Attorneys, bankers and investment analysts from nearby Wall Street investment firms tried to protect many of the students but were themselves attacked, and onlookers reported that the police stood by and did nothing. More than seventy people were injured, including four policemen; only six people were arrested. ^[6][7][8] Lindsey took the blame for this lack of action by the NYPD.

However, during the "long, hot summers" of 1965 and 1969, Lindsay was widely credited with peacefully averting any major race riots in New York, due largely to his unescorted walks through ghetto neighborhoods to show solidarity and urge residents to keep calm.

Party politics

Lindsay speaking at a rally

Lindsay's position in the Republican Party grew increasingly tenuous over time. He had nominated Spiro Agnew (then seen as something of a Maryland "moderate") for Vice President in 1968 at the GOP Convention, which met in Miami Beach. Spiro Theodore Agnew ( November 9, 1918 September 17, 1996) was the thirty-ninth Vice President of the United States (and the first The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Lindsay soon opposed Nixon's policies. In 1969, a backlash against Lindsay caused him to lose the Republican mayoral primary to state Senator John J. Marchi, who was enthusiastically supported by Buckley and the party conservatives. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms John J Marchi (born May 20 1921 in Staten Island New York) is a former New York State Senator who represented Staten Island for a record fifty years In the Democratic primary, the most conservative candidate, City Controller Mario Procaccino, defeated several more liberal contenders and won the nomination with only a plurality of the votes. Mario Angelo Procaccino (September 5 1912 - December 20 1995 was a Lawyer, Controller, and candidate for Mayor of New York City. "The more the Mario," he quipped.

Despite not having the Republican nomination, Lindsay was still on the ballot as the candidate of the New York Liberal Party. Running as the only liberal candidate in a heavily liberal city, Lindsay formed a coalition of minorities, Jews, and public sector unions to eke out a win by plurality. He admitted that "mistakes were made" and called being mayor of New York "the second toughest job in America". Lindsay re-entered City Hall, however, in a politically weakened position, neither aligned with Democrats or Republicans, nor having support from the majority of the electorate.

1972 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination

Lindsay launched a brief and unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination. The United States presidential election of 1972 was waged on the issues of radicalism and the Vietnam War. He attracted positive media attention and was a successful fundraiser. Lindsay did well in the early Arizona caucus, coming in second place^[9] behind Edmund Muskie and ahead of eventual nominee George McGovern. Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician George Stanley McGovern Then in the March 14th Florida primary he placed a weak 5th place, behind George Wallace, Muskie, Hubert Humphrey and Scoop Jackson (though he did edge out George McGovern). George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Among his difficulties was New York City's worsening problems, which Lindsay was accused of neglecting; a band of protesters from Forest Hills, Queens who were opposed to his support for a low income housing project in their neighborhood, followed Lindsay around his aborted campaign itinerary to jeer and heckle him. Forest Hills is a neighborhood in the central part of the New York City borough of Queens. ^{[10] [11]}. His poor showing in Florida effectively doomed his candidacy. Meade Esposito called for Lindsay to end his campaign with the much-publicized comment "I think the handwriting is on the wall; Little Sheba better come home". This article is about the play by William Inge For its film and television adaptations see Come Back Little Sheba. ^[12] After a poor showing in the April 5th Wisconsin primary, Lindsay formally dropped out of the race.

Assessment

Lindsay at the first public hearing on proposed executive capital budget

Lindsay left office in 1973, having declined to seek a third term as mayor, which was then permitted. His critics have argued that mistakes he made played a large part in causing the city's fiscal problems in the 1970s; Lindsay had allowed one in seven New Yorkers to work for the city, with almost as high a proportion receiving welfare; he was perceived as too sympathetic to organized labor, and he had borrowed for operating expenses. The bargains Lindsay made with the unions later contributed to the fiscal crisis of Beame's administration. To secure their political support, Lindsay offered unions large raises — the transit workers managed an 18 percent salary increase, an extra week of vacation, and fully paid pensions; District Council 37 got a raise and retirement after twenty years; the teachers received increases of 22 to 37 percent.

In his critical biography The Ungovernable City, Vincent J. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account Cannato argued that Lindsay was the wrong man for the job of mayor, as he was more concerned with solving the enormous social problems of NYC's poor instead of delivering basic services. Nevertheless, Lindsay's concern for racial minorities and the poor in New York helped guide the nation's largest city through the years of the "long hot summers" between 1965 and 1969 and averted massive, violent unrest, a significant accomplishment.

Years after Lindsay was out of office, his budget aide Peter Goldmark would admit that his administration's basic problem was this: "We all failed to come to grips with what a neighborhood is. We never realized that crime is something that happens to, and in, a community. " Assistant Nancy Seifer said "There was a whole world out there that nobody in City Hall knew anything about. . . If you didn't live on Central Park West, you were some kind of lesser being. " ^[13]

According to a Pat Buchanan column on April 15, 2008, Frank Manckiewicz, a former press secretary to the late U. Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, described Lindsay as "the only populist who played squash every day at the Yale Club. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a "^[14]

Later life

Lindsay retired to practice law but never lost his faith in the "liberal dream". His 1980 campaign for the Senate was unsuccessful, as he lost the Democratic primary to Elizabeth Holtzman, the U. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Elizabeth Holtzman (born August 11, 1941, in Brooklyn New York) is a former American Democratic Politician, a pioneer S. representative from Brooklyn and later the New York City comptroller. Lindsay polled 146,815 votes (15. 8 percent). His previous liberal Republican ally, Senator Jacob K. Javits, lost renomination to the more conservative Alfonse D'Amato of Long Island. Jacob Koppel "Jack" Javits ( May 18, 1904 – March 7, 1986) was an American Politician who served as United States Alfonse Marcello D'Amato (born August 1 1937 is a former New York Politician. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches D'Amato defeated Holtzman in the general election.

After the folding of several law firms for which he had worked, including Webster & Sheffield, Lindsay in the 1990s was left in failing health and without health insurance. Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani appointed Lindsay to several largely ceremonial posts as a way to qualify him for municipal health insurance. KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with ^[15]

In 2000, he died at the age of seventy-nine of complications from pneumonia and Parkinson's disease, in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, where he and his wife, the former Mary Harrison (October 30, 1926 – March 9, 2004), had moved the previous year. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's Hilton Head Island or Hilton Head is a town (located on an island of the same name in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The couple had married on June 18, 1949. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries In addition to Mary, Lindsay was survived by their son, John V. Lindsay, Jr. ; three daughters, Katharine Lake, Margaret Picotte, and Anne Lindsay; two sons-in-law, Stephen Lake and Michael Picotte; a brother, Robert V. Lindsay; and grandchildren Jessica and Stephanie Lake and Nicole, Joseph, and Michelle Picotte. Memorial services were held on January 26, 2001, at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Cathedral of St John the Divine, officially the Cathedral Church of Saint John the Divine in the City and Diocese of New York, is the Cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese Lindsay was Episcopalian. The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. Memorial contributions were requested to the John V. Lindsay Fund, Lincoln Center Theater. For many years, Lindsay was a Lincoln Center trustee.

Anne Lindsay found inspiration in her father's career and actively participated in the presidential campaigns of Democrats Howard Dean and then John Kerry in 2004. Howard Brush Dean III, (born November 17 1948 is an American } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator

There are no city landmarks dedicated to Lindsay's memory. ^[16] He is featured on a poster picture with Governor Rockefeller at the groundbreaking of the former World Trade Center in the city history section of the Museum of the City of New York at Fifth Avenue and 103rd Street. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology The Museum of the City of New York is an Art gallery and history Museum founded in 1923 to present the history of New York City and its people

References

Bibliography

The only substantive biography of Lindsay is Vincent J. Cannato's The Ungovernable City. Nevertheless, an in-depth discussion of Lindsay's fiscal policies is contained in Mayors and Money by Ester R. Fuchs. Two pro-labor treatments of New York City public sector unions are In Transit and Working-Class New York by Joshua Freeman. Joshua B Freeman (born 1949 is a professor of History at Queens College City University of New York (CUNY and the CUNY Graduate Center. Lindsay's 1967 autobiography is titled Journey Into Politics. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write"

External links

• John Lindsay at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/20/lindsay.obit/index.html
• http://ssdi.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi?lastname=Lindsay&firstname=MARY&start=21
• John Vliet Lindsay, Who's Who in America, 1966–1967