John Joseph Pershing
September 13, 1860(1860-09-13) – July 15, 1948 (aged 87)
Nickname	Black Jack
Place of birth	Laclede, Missouri
Place of death	Washington, D.C.
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1886 - 1924
Rank	General of the Armies
Commands held	8th Brigade American Expeditionary Force Army Chief of Staff 1916 Mexican Punitive Expedition
Battles/wars	Indian Wars Spanish American War Philippine American War World War I
Awards	Distinguished Service Cross Distinguished Service Medal Order of the Bath Légion d'honneur

John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Laclede is a city in Linn County, Missouri, United States. The population was 415 at the 2000 census Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. General of the Armies (or in its full title General of the Armies of the United States) is the highest possible rank in the United States Army The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force sent to Europe in World War I. The Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( CSA) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Army and is member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff The Punitive Expedition (officially known in the United States as the Mexican Expedition) was a Military operation conducted by the United States World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Army, awarded for extreme This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Pershing is the only person, while still alive, to rise to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies—equivalent only to the posthumous rank of George Washington. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. General of the Armies (or in its full title General of the Armies of the United States) is the highest possible rank in the United States Army George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley and George S. Patton. The American Expeditionary Forces or AEF was the United States military force sent to Europe in World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Omar Nelson Bradley KCB ( February 12, 1893 &ndash April 8, 1981) was one of the main U For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond.

Contents 1 Early life 2 West Point years 3 Early career 4 Spanish and Philippine-American wars 5 Rise to General 6 Pancho Villa, personal tragedy and the Mexican Revolution 7 World War I 8 Later career 9 Family 10 Summary of service 10.1 Dates of rank 10.2 Assignment history 10.3 Awards and decorations 10.3.1 United States decorations 10.3.2 International awards 10.3.3 Civilian awards 11 Other honors 12 References 13 External links

Early life

John J. Pershing was born on a farm near Laclede, Missouri. Laclede is a city in Linn County, Missouri, United States. The population was 415 at the 2000 census His father, John F. Pershing, was a businessman who owned a general store. When the Civil War began, Pershing senior worked as suiter for the 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment, but did not serve in the military. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

Pershing attended a school in Laclede that was reserved for the more intelligent children who were children of high profile citizens. As Pershing's father was well known in Laclede, Pershing and his brother attended this early form of university preparatory school.

Upon graduation from secondary school in 1878, Pershing became a local teacher and became involved with educating local African American children. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa In this way, although living in an atmosphere of 19th century United States racism, Pershing developed an understanding of racial issues that would later come to play in his military career when he commanded a racially diverse unit of soldiers.

Between 1880 and 1882, Pershing attended the North Missouri Normal School (now Truman State University) in Kirksville, Missouri. Truman State University is a public liberal arts and sciences University in Missouri and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Kirksville is the county seat of Adair County, Missouri, United States. In 1882, he applied to the U.S. Military Academy after hearing that West Point offered excellent college level education. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, Pershing later admitted that a desire to serve in military was secondary to attending West Point and that he mainly applied to the school because the education offered was better than that of rural Missouri.

West Point years

John J. Pershing was sworn in as a West Point cadet in the fall of 1882. He was selected early for leadership and rose to become First Corporal, First Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and First Captain, the highest possible cadet rank at West Point. Cadet First Captain Pershing commanded ex officio the West Point Honor Guard that escorted the funeral of President Ulysses S. Grant. C D E The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States

Pershing graduated from West Point in the summer of 1886 and was commended by the Superintendent of West Point, General Wesley Merritt, as having high leadership skills and possessing "superb ability". Wesley Merritt ( June 16, 1836 &ndash December 3, 1910) was a general in the United States Army during the American Civil War

Just prior to graduation, Pershing briefly considered petitioning the Army to let him study law and delay his commission. He applied for a furlough from West Point, but soon withdrew the request in favor of active Army duty. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the United States Army in the fall of 1886, at the age of twenty six, graduating 30th in a class of 77 from West Point. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities.

Early career

Pershing reported for active duty on September 30, 1886, and was assigned to Troop L of the 6th U.S. Cavalry stationed at Fort Bayard, in the New Mexico Territory. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The 6th Cavalry is a historical organization within the United States Army that began as a Regiment of Cavalry in the American Civil War; It Fort Bayard National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery near the city of Bayard, in Grant County New Mexico. The Territory of New Mexico became an Organized territory of the United States on September 9, 1850, and it existed until New Mexico While serving in the 6th Cavalry, Pershing participated in several Indian campaigns and was cited for bravery for actions against the Apache.

Between 1887 and 1890, Pershing served with the 6th Cavalry at various postings in California, Arizona, and North Dakota. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. North Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States of America. He also became an expert marksman and, in 1891, was rated second in pistol and fifth in rifle out of all soldiers in the U. S. Army.

On December 9, 1890, Pershing and the 6th Cavalry arrived at Sioux City, Iowa where Pershing played a role in suppressing the last uprisings of the Lakota (Sioux) Indians. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sioux City (ˌsuːˈsɪti is a city located in northwest Iowa in the United States. Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States He participated as 2nd Lieutenant in the Wounded Knee Massacre. The Wounded Knee Massacre also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the Oglala Lakota and the United States

A year later, he was assigned as an instructor of military tactics at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Pershing would hold this post until 1895, but was not promoted, remaining as a second lieutenant at the age of 35.

While in Nebraska, Pershing also attended law school and graduated in 1893. Additionally, he formed a drill company, Company A, in 1891 that won the Omaha Cup. In 1893, Company A became a fraternal organization, changing its name to the Varsity Rifles. The group changed its name for the last time in 1894, renaming itself the Pershing Rifles in honor of its founder. The Pershing Rifles, a military drill team organization for college-level students was founded by then 2nd Lt

On October 1, 1895, Pershing was promoted to first lieutenant and took command of a unit within the United States Army's 10th Cavalry Regiment (one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments), which was composed of African-American soldiers under white officers. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Buffalo Soldiers is a Nickname originally applied to the members of the U African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa From Fort Assinniboine in north central Montana, he commanded an expedition to the south and southwest that rounded up and deported a large number of Cree Indians to Canada. For the fort in Alberta Canada see Fort Assiniboine. Fort Assinniboine, a Fort in the U Not to be confused with the Creek. Cree is an Exonym applied to various people indigenous to North America namely the Nehiyaw Nehithaw Nehilaw Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Though, like most of the nation at the time, he was unsympathetic to Native Americans, Pershing was an outspoken advocate of the value of African American soldiers in the U. S. military.

In 1897, Pershing became an instructor at West Point, where he joined the tactical staff. While at West Point, cadets upset over Pershing's harsh treatment and high standards took to calling him "Nigger Jack", in reference to his service with the 10th Cavalry. Nigger is a Noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a derogatory context to refer to Black people, and also as an informal This was softened (or sanitized) to the more euphonic "Black Jack" by reporters covering Pershing during World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Spanish and Philippine-American wars

Upon the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, First Lieutenant Pershing (then 38 years old) was offered a brevet rank and was commissioned a Major of Volunteers on August 26, 1898. In the UK and US military brevet referred to a warrant authorizing a Commissioned officer to hold a higher rank temporarily but usually without receiving Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He fought with distinction at Kettle and San Juan Hill in Cuba and was cited for gallantry. The Battle of San Juan Hill ( July 1, 1898) was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the Spanish-American War. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la In 1919, he was awarded the Silver Citation Star for these actions and, in 1932, the award was upgraded to the Silver Star Medal. The Citation Star was an award of the United States Army which was first established by the United States Congress on July 9, 1918 The Silver Star is the third highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of any branch of the United States Armed Forces.

In March 1899, after suffering from malaria and spending a sick furlough in the United States, Pershing was put in charge of the Office of Customs and Insular Affairs which oversaw occupation forces in territories gained in the Spanish-American War, to include Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Guam ( Chamorro: cha Guåhån) officially the Territory of Guam, is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized unincorporated

When the Philippine-American War broke out, Pershing was ordered to Manila and reported for duty on August 17, 1899. The City of Manila Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He was assigned to the Department of Mindanao and Jolo and commanded efforts to suppress the Philippine resistance. Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost Island in the Philippines. Jolo is a volcanic island in the southwest Philippines. It is located in the Sulu Archipelago, between Mindanao and Borneo, and has a population On November 27, 1900, Pershing was appointed Adjutant General of his department and served in this posting until March 1, 1901. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting He was cited for bravery for actions on the Cagayan River while attempting to destroy a Philippine stronghold at Macajambo. For the Cagayan River in Mindanao, see Cagayan River (Cagayan de Oro.

In the spring of 1901, Pershing's brevet commission was revoked and he was recommissioned as a captain in the Regular Army. The Regular Army is a name given to the permanent force of a country's army that is maintained during peacetime He served with the U.S. 1st Cavalry Regiment in the Philippines, continuing actions against the Philippine resistance. The 1st Cavalry Regiment is a unit in the United States Army which has its antecedents in the early 19th Century in the formation of the United States Regiment of Dragoons He later joined the U. S. 15th Cavalry Regiment where he served as an intelligence officer, participating in actions against the Moros, where he was cited for bravery once again at Lake Lanao. The Moro are a Multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-Christian ethnic group in the Philippines, comprising about 5 Lake Lanao or Ranaw is a large Lake in the Philippines, located in Lanao del Sur province in the country's southern island of In June 1901, he also briefly served as Commander of Camp Vicars, Philippines, after the previous camp commander had been promoted to brigadier general. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General.

Rise to General

In June 1903, Pershing was ordered to return to the United States. He was forty-three years old and still a captain in the U. S. Army. President Theodore Roosevelt petitioned the Army General Staff to promote Pershing to colonel. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country At the time, Army officer promotions were based primarily on seniority, rather than merit, and although there was widespread acknowledgment that Pershing should serve as a colonel, the Army General Staff declined to change their seniority based promotion tradition just to accommodate Pershing. They would not consider a promotion to lieutenant colonel or even major. Please see " Lieutenant Colonel " for other countries which use this rank In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country This angered Roosevelt, but since the President could only promote army officers in the General ranks, his hands were tied.

In 1904, Pershing was assigned as the Assistant Chief of Staff of the Southwest Army Division stationed at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the US state of Oklahoma. In October 1904, he attended the Army War College and then was ordered to Washington, DC for "general duties unassigned". The United States Army War College is a United States Army school located in Carlisle Pennsylvania, on the 500 acre (2 km² campus of the historic Carlisle Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Since Theodore Roosevelt could not yet promote Pershing, he petitioned the United States Congress to authorize a diplomatic posting and Pershing was stationed as military attaché in Tokyo in 1905. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Also, in 1905, Pershing married Helen Frances Warren, the daughter of powerful U. S. Senator Francis E. Warren, a Wyoming Republican and chairman of the U. Francis Emroy Warren (20 June 1844 24 November 1929 was an American politician of the Republican Party best known for his years in the United States Senate The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. S. Military Appropriations Committee. Critics alleged that this union greatly helped his military career.

After serving as an observer in the Russo-Japanese War, Pershing returned to the United States in the fall of 1905. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September In a move that shocked the army establishment, President Roosevelt convinced Congress to authorize the appointment of Pershing as a brigadier general, skipping three ranks and more than 835 officers senior to him. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. This promotion outraged several high ranking Army officers who would state, for the rest of their careers, that Pershing's appointment was the result of political connections and not military abilities. However, many other officers supported Pershing and believed that, based on his demonstrated ability to command combat forces, the promotion to general, while unusual, was not out of line.

In 1908, Pershing briefly served as a U. S. military observer in the Balkans, an assignment which was based out of Paris. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Upon returning the United States, at the end of 1909, Pershing was assigned once again to the Philippines, an assignment which he served until 1912. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP While in the Philippines, he served as Commander of Fort McKinley, near Manila, and also was the governor of the Moro Province. The last of Pershing's four children was born in the Philippines and it was during this time that he became an Episcopalian. The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States.

Pancho Villa, personal tragedy and the Mexican Revolution

In January 1914, Pershing was assigned to command the Army 8th Brigade in Fort Bliss, Texas, responsible for security along the U.S.-Mexico border. Fort Bliss is a United States Army Military installation of approximately -- the second largest in the Army behind the adjacent White Sands Missile In March 1916, under the command of General Frederick Funston, Pershing led the 8th Brigade on the failed 1916–17 Punitive Expedition into Mexico in search of the revolutionary leader Pancho Villa. Frederick N Funston (11 September 1865 &ndash 19 February 1917 also known as Fred Funston, was a General in the United States Army, best known for his The Punitive Expedition (officially known in the United States as the Mexican Expedition) was a Military operation conducted by the United States The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Doroteo Arango Arámbula ( June 5 1878 &ndash July 20 1923) better known as Francisco or " Pancho " Villa During this time, George S. Patton served as one of Pershing's aides. For the 19th century Scottish jurist/politician see George Patton Lord Glenalmond.

After a year at Fort Bliss, Pershing decided to bring his family there. The arrangements were almost complete, when on the morning of August 27, 1915, he received a telegram telling him of a tragic fire in the Presidio of San Francisco, where a lacquered floor blaze had rapidly spread, resulting in the smoke inhalation deaths of his wife, Helen, and three young daughters. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Presidio of San Francisco (originally El Presidio Real de San Francisco or Royal Presidio of San Francisco) is a park on the northern tip of the San Only his six-year-old son Warren was saved. Many who knew Pershing said he never recovered from their deaths. After the funerals at Lakeview Cemetery in Cheyenne, Wyoming, Pershing returned to Fort Bliss with his son, Warren, and his sister Mae, and resumed his duties of commanding officer. Cheyenne ( /ʃaɪˈæn/ or /ʃaɪˈɛn/) is the capital of the U

World War I

At the start of World War I President Woodrow Wilson considered mobilizing an army to join the fight. The National Army was the combined Conscript and volunteer force that was formed by the United States War Department in 1917 to fight in World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. Frederick Funston, Pershing's superior in Mexico, was being considered for the top billet as the Commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) when he died suddenly from a heart attack on February 19, 1917. Following America's entrance into the war, Wilson named Pershing to command, a post which he retained until 1918. Pershing, who was a major general, was promoted to full general (the first since Philip Sheridan in 1888) in the National Army, and was made responsible for the organization, training, and supply of a combined professional and draft Army and National Guard force that eventually grew from 27,000 inexperienced men to two armies (a third was forming as the war ended) totalling over two million soldiers. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The National Army was the combined Conscript and volunteer force that was formed by the United States War Department in 1917 to fight in World War I.

During this time, George C. Marshall served as one of Pershing's assistants, and Douglas MacArthur served in turn as chief of staff of, then as a brigade commander in, and then for the final month of the war, commander of the 42nd "Rainbow" Division. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Pershing's initial chief of staff was James Harbord, who would work as Pershing's closest assistant through the years and remain extremely loyal to Pershing. James Guthrie Harbord ( March 21, 1866 – August 20, 1947) was a Lieutenant General in the United States Army and President

Pershing arrived in France in 1917; although he is reputed to have said the famous line "Lafayette, we are here" at his reception in Paris, this line was in fact spoken by his aide, Colonel Charles E. Stanton. Charles E Stanton was a US soldier during World War I. On July 4, 1917 he visited the tomb of French Revolution and American ^[1] Token American forces were deployed in Europe at the end of 1917, with an enormous tonic effect on Allied morale, and in early 1918, entire divisions were beginning to serve on the front lines alongside French troops. Pershing insisted that the AEF fight as units under American command rather than being split up by battalions to augment British and French regiments and brigades (although the U. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. S. 27th and 30th divisions, loaned during the desperate days of spring 1918, fought with the British/Australian/Canadian Fourth Army until the end of the war, taking part in the breach of the Hindenburg Line in October). The Hindenburg Line (also known as the Siegfried Line) was a vast system of defences in northeastern France during World War I.

Due to the affects of trench warfare on soldiers' feet, in January, 1918, Pershing oversaw the creation of an improved combat boot, the "1918 Trench Boot", which became known as the "Pershing Boot" upon its introduction. Combat boots are Military Boots designed to be worn by Soldiers during actual Combat or combat training as opposed to during Parades The trench boot sometimes known as the Pershing boot was a Combat boot used in World War I by American French and Belgian forces made for the cold mud ^[2][3]

American forces first saw serious action during the summer of 1918, contributing eight large divisions, alongside 24 French ones, at the Second Battle of the Marne. The Second Battle of the Marne, or Battle of Reims ( July 15 to August 5, 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front Along with the Fourth Army's victory at Amiens, the Franco-American victory at the Second Battle of the Marne marked the turning point of the war on the Western Front. The Battle of Amiens, which began on 8 August 1918 was the opening phase of the Allied offensive later known as the Hundred Days Offensive that ultimately led Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the German army opened the Western Front by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining

By the autumn, the U. S. First Army had been formed, at first under Pershing's direct command and then, when the Second Army under Robert Bullard was added, under that of Hunter Liggett. Robert Lee Bullard ( January 5, 1861 - September 11, 1947) was a United States General Hunter Liggett ( March 21, 1857 &ndash December 30, 1935) was a lieutenant general of the United States Army. After a quick victory at Saint-Mihiel, east of Verdun, some of the more bullish AEF commanders had hoped to push on eastwards to Metz, but this did not fit in with the plans of the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, for three simultaneous offensives into the "bulge" of the Western Front (the other two being the Fourth Army's breach of the Hindenburg Line and an Anglo-Belgian offensive, led by Plumer's Second Army, in Flanders). The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a World War I battle fought between September 12 - 15 1918 involving the American Expeditionary Force and 48000 French Ferdinand Foch OM GCB (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929 was a French soldier military theorist and writer credited with possessing "the most original Field Marshal Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer 1st Viscount Plumer, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, GBE ( 13 March 1857 &ndash Instead, the AEF was required to redeploy and, aided by French tanks, launched a major offensive northwards in very difficult terrain at Meuse-Argonne. The Meuse-Argonn Offensive, also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I (and known as the Grand Initially enjoying numerical odds of eight to one, this offensive eventually engaged 35 or 40 of the 190 or so German divisions on the Western Front, although to put this in perspective, around half the German divisions were engaged on the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) sector at the time. The British Expeditionary Force ( BEF) was the British army sent to the Western Front in France and Belgium on the outbreak of

When he arrived in Europe, Pershing had openly scorned the slow trench warfare of the previous three years on the Western Front, believing that American soldiers' skill with the rifle would enable them to avoid costly and senseless fighting over a small area of no man's land. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static No man's land is a term for land that is not occupied or more specifically land that is under dispute between countries or areas that will not occupy it because of fear or uncertainty This was regarded as unrealistic by British and French generals, and (privately) by a number of American generals such as Army Chief of Staff Tasker H. Bliss and Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett. Tasker Howard Bliss GCMG ( December 31, 1853 - November 9, 1930) was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from September The AEF had done well in the relatively open warfare of the Second Battle of the Marne, but the eventual U. S. casualty rates against German defensive positions in the Argonne (120,000 U. S. casualties in six weeks, against 35 or 40 German divisions) were not noticeably better than those of the Franco-British offensive on the Somme two years earlier (600,000 casualties in four and a half months, versus 50 or so German divisions). The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, fought from July to November 1916 was among the largest battles of the First World War More ground was gained, but then the German Army was in worse shape than in previous years.

Some writers (e. g. , David Trask (1993)) have speculated that Pershing's frustration at the slow progress through the Argonne was the cause of two incidents which then ensued. Firstly, he ordered the U. S. First Army to take "the honor" of recapturing Sedan, site of the French defeat in 1870; the ensuing confusion (an order was issued that "boundaries were not to be considered binding") exposed U. The Battle of Sedan was fought during the Franco-Prussian War on 1 September 1870 S. troops to danger not only from the French on their left, but even from one another, as the 1st Division tacked westward by night across the path of the 42nd (accounts differ as to whether Douglas MacArthur was really mistaken for a German officer and arrested). Liggett, who had been away from headquarters the previous day, had to sort out the mess and implement the instructions from Supreme Commander Marshal Foch, allowing the French to recapture the city; he later recorded that this was the only time during the war in which he lost his temper.

Secondly, Pershing sent an unsolicited letter to the Allied Supreme War Council, demanding that the Germans not be given an armistice and that instead, the Allies should push on and obtain an unconditional surrender. Although in later years, many, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt, felt that Pershing had had a point, at the time, this was a breach of political authority. Pershing narrowly escaped a serious reprimand from Wilson's aide, Colonel House, and later apologized. Edward Mandell House (July 26 1858 &ndash March 28 1938 was an American diplomat politician and presidential advisor

At the time of the Armistice, another U. The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on November 11, 1918 S. -French offensive was due to start on 14 November, thrusting towards Metz and into Lorraine, to take place simultaneously with further BEF advances through Belgium.

In his memoirs, Pershing claimed that the U. S. breakout from the Argonne at the start of November was the decisive event leading to the German acceptance of an armistice, because it made untenable the Antwerp-Meuse line. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This is probably an exaggeration; the outbreak of civil unrest and naval mutiny in Germany, the collapse of Bulgaria, Turkey, and particularly Austria-Hungary following Allied victories in Salonika, Syria, and Italy, and the Allied victories on the Western Front were among a series of events in the autumn of 1918 which made it clear that Allied victory was inevitable, and diplomatic inquiries about an armistice had been going on throughout October. Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia President Wilson was keen to tie matters up before the mid-term elections, and the other Allies did not have the strength to defeat Germany without U. S. help, so had little choice but to follow Wilson's lead.

By the end of the war, U. S. troop strength in Europe (1. 8 million or more) was slightly greater than that of the BEF (1. 7m). French strength (three Army Groups, totalling 2. 5m) was still greater, but much of it was deployed in quiet sectors such as Alsace, and after horrendous casualties and mutiny earlier in the war, France was only able or willing to undertake major offensives in conjunction with U. S. troops. Combatant strength was approximately 60% of these ration strengths in each case. Although the war ended before U. S. front-line strength vastly outstripped that of the other Western Allies as would happen in 1944-5, the threat of ever-greater U. S. commitment was another factor driving the German leadership to ask for an armistice.

American successes were largely credited to Pershing, and he became the most celebrated American leader of the war. Critics, however, would claim that Pershing commanded from far behind the lines and was critical of commanders who personally led troops into battle. This critique would become a sore point with Douglas MacArthur, who saw Pershing as a desk soldier, and the relationship between the two men deteriorated by the end of the war. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Similar criticism of senior commanders by the younger generation of officers (the future generals of World War II) was made in the British and other armies, but in fairness to Pershing it should be noted that, although it was not uncommon for brigade commanders to serve near the front and even be killed, the state of communications in World War I made it more practical for senior generals to command from the rear. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Later career

In 1919, in recognition of his distinguished service during World War I, the U.S. Congress authorized the President to promote Pershing to General of the Armies of the United States, the highest rank possible for any member of the United States armed forces and was created especially for him and one that only he held at the time (General George Washington was posthumously promoted to this rank by President Gerald Ford in 1976). The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses General of the Armies (or in its full title General of the Armies of the United States) is the highest possible rank in the United States Army George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Pershing was authorized to create his insignia for the new rank, and chose to wear four gold stars for the rest of his career, which separated him from the four (temporary) silver stars worn by Army Chiefs of Staff, and even the five star General of the Army insignia worn by Marshall, MacArthur, Bradley, Eisenhower, and H. 'Hap' Arnold in World War II (Pershing outranked them all). General of the Army (GA is a five-star General officer and is the highest possible rank in the United States Army. Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold GCB ( June 25, 1886 – January 15, 1950) was a five-star General officer

There was a movement to make Pershing President of the United States in 1920, but he refused to actively campaign. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by In a newspaper article, he said that he "wouldn't decline to serve" if the people wanted him and this made front page headlines. Though Pershing was a Republican, many of his party's leaders considered him too closely tied to the policies of the Democratic Party's President Wilson. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Republican nomination went to Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, who won the 1920 presidential election. Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2 1865 August 2 1923 was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack aged Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The United States presidential election of 1920 was dominated by the Aftermath of World War I and the hostile reaction to Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic president

In 1921, Pershing became Chief of Staff of the United States Army, serving at this posting for three years. The Liberty Memorial, located in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, is called a National Symbol for World War I and houses the The National World The Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( CSA) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Army and is member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff He created the Pershing Map, a proposed national network of military and civilian highways. The Pershing Map was the first blueprint for a national highway system in the United States, with many of the proposed roads later forming a substantial portion of the Interstate The Interstate Highway System instituted in 1956 bears considerable resemblance to the Pershing map. The Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly called the Interstate Highway System (or simply the Interstate System) In 1924, then 64 years old, Pershing retired from active military service, yet continued to be listed on the active duty rolls as part of his commission as General of the Armies.

On November 1, 1921 Pershing was in Kansas City to take part in the groundbreaking ceremony for the Liberty Memorial that was being constructed there. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages The Liberty Memorial, located in Kansas City, Missouri, USA, is called a National Symbol for World War I and houses the The National World Also present that day were Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium, Admiral David Beatty of Great Britain, Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France and General Armando Diaz of Italy. Admiral of the Fleet David Beatty 1st Earl Beatty GCB, OM, GCVO, DSO (17 January 1871 – 11 March 1936 was an Admiral Ferdinand Foch OM GCB (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929 was a French soldier military theorist and writer credited with possessing "the most original Armando Diaz ( December 5, 1861 &ndash February 29, 1928) was an Italian general and a Marshal of Italy. One of the main speakers was Vice President Calvin Coolidge of the United States. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 In 1935, bas-reliefs of Pershing, Jacques, Foch and Diaz by sculptor Walker Hancock were added to the memorial. Walker Kirtland Hancock (born June 28, 1901, St Louis Missouri, died December 30, 1998, Gloucester Massachusetts

On October 2, 1922, amidst several hundred officers, many of them combat veterans of World War I, General of the Armies, John J. "Black Jack" Pershing formally established the Reserve Officers Association (ROA) as an organization at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D. The Reserve Officers Association is a 65000-member professional association of officers former officers and spouses of all the Uniformed services of the United States, primarily C. ROA is a 75,000-member, professional association of officers, former officers, and spouses of all the uniformed services of the United States, primarily the Reserve and United States National Guard. It is a congressionally chartered Association that advises the Congress and the President on issues of national security on behalf of all members of the Reserve Component.

During the 1930s, Pershing maintained a private life, but was made famous by his memoirs, My Experiences in the World War, which were awarded the 1932 Pulitzer Prize for history. The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1932. Journalism Awards Public Service: Indianapolis

In 1940, Pershing was an outspoken advocate of aid for the United Kingdom during World War II. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1944, with the creation of the new five star rank General of the Army, Pershing was acknowledged as the highest ranking officer of the United States military. General of the Army is a military rank used in some countries to denote a senior military leader usually a General in command of a nation's Army. When asked if this made Pershing a six star General, the then Secretary of War (Henry L. Stimson) commented that it did not, since Pershing never wore more than four stars but that Pershing was still to be considered senior to the present five star generals of World War II. The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of

During World War II, Pershing was visited by Free French leader General de Gaulle, who, when Pershing asked after the health of his old friend, Marshal Petain (now heading the pro-German Vichy regime), replied tactfully that as far as he knew, the marshal was quite well. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain)

On July 15, 1948, he died at the Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. C. (his home after 1944). Pershing is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, near the grave sites of the soldiers he commanded in Europe, after a state funeral. Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance

Family

It was during his initial assignment in the American west that his mother died. ^[4] On March 16, 1906, Pershing's father died. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[4]

Warren Pershing, John J. Pershing's son, served in the Second World War as an advisor to Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall and ended the war as a full Colonel. George Catlett Marshall Jr (December 31 1880 &ndash October 16 1959 was an American military leader Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of He was father to two sons, Richard W. Pershing and John Warren Pershing III. Richard Pershing served as a 2nd Lieutenant in the 502nd Infantry and was killed in action on 17 February 1968 in Vietnam. During World War II, the 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment ( 502nd PIR) was a Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia ^[5] John Pershing III served as a special assistant to former Army Chief of Staff General Gordon R. Sullivan, and helped shape Army and Army ROTC programs nationwide. General Gordon Russell Sullivan was born September 25, 1937 in Boston Massachusetts and raised in Quincy ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches ^[6]

Summary of service

Dates of rank

No Insignia in 1886	Second Lieutenant, United States Army: August 1886
	First Lieutenant, United States Army: October 1895
	Brevet Major of Volunteers, U. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country S. Army: August 1898
	Captain, U. S. Army (reverted to permanent rank): June 1901
	Brigadier General, United States Army: September 1906
	Major General, United States Army: May 1916
	General, National Army, Army of the United States: October 1917
	General of the Armies of the United States, Army of the United States: September 3, 1919 As there was no official insignia, General Pershing wore four gold stars. Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries The National Army was the combined Conscript and volunteer force that was formed by the United States War Department in 1917 to fight in World War I. General of the Armies (or in its full title General of the Armies of the United States) is the highest possible rank in the United States Army Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Assignment history

• 1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
• 1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
• 1891: Professor of Tactics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
• 1895: Commanding Officer, 10th Cavalry Regiment
• 1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point
• 1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish-American War
• 1899: Officer-in-Charge, Office of Customs and Insular Affairs
• 1900: Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Philippines
• 1901: Battalion Officer, 1st Cavalry and Intelligence Officer, 15th Cavalry (Philippines)
• 1902: Officer-in-Charge, Camp Vicars, Philippines
• 1904: Assistant Chief of Staff, Southwest Army Division, Oklahoma
• 1905: Military attaché, U. S. Embassy, Tokyo, Japan
• 1908: Military Advisor to American Embassy, France
• 1909: Commander of Fort McKinley, Manila, and governor of Moro Province
• 1914: Brigade Commander, 8th Army Brigade
• 1916: Commanding General, Mexican Punitive Expedition
• 1917: Commanding General for the formation of the National Army
• 1918: Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, Europe
• 1921: Chief of Staff of the United States Army
• 1924: Retired from active military service
• 1925: Chief Commissioner assigned by the United States in the arbitration case for the provinces of Tacna and Arica between Peru and Chile. officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. The Tacna Arica compromise was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces History Francisco Antonio De Zela, a royal accountant (similar in function to a modern-day income tax auditor initiated the push for Peruvian Independence from Spain Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the

Awards and decorations

United States decorations

• Distinguished Service Cross
• Distinguished Service Medal
• World War I Victory Medal (with 15 battle clasps)
• Indian Campaign Medal
• Spanish Campaign Medal (with Silver Citation Star)
• Army of Cuban Occupation Medal
• Philippine Campaign Medal
• Mexican Service Medal

In 1932, seven years after Pershing's retirement from active service, his silver citation star was upgraded to the Silver Star Medal and he became eligible for the Purple Heart. The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC is the second highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of the United States Army, awarded for extreme This article concerns the United States Army Distinguished Service Medal The World War I Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was first created in 1919 designed by James Earle Fraser. A medal bar or medal clasp is a thin metal bar attached to the ribbon of a Military decoration, Civil decoration, or other Medal. The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905 The Spanish Campaign Medal was a military award of the United States Armed Forces which recognized those members of the U The Citation Star was an award of the United States Army which was first established by the United States Congress on July 9, 1918 The Army of Cuban Occupation Medal was a military award which was created by the United States War Department in June of 1915 The Philippine Campaign Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces which was created to denote service of U The Mexican Service Medal is an award of the United States military which was established by General Orders of the United States War Department on December The Silver Star is the third highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of any branch of the United States Armed Forces. The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving In 1941, he was retroactively awarded the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal for service in Germany following the close of World War I. The Army of Occupation of Germany Medal is a type of decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of the United States Congress on

International awards

• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (Britain)
• Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor (France)
• Military Medal (France)
• Croix de Guerre with Palm (France)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
• Croix de Guerre (Belgium)
• Virtuti Militari (Poland)
• Order of the White Lion (1st Class with Sword) (Czechoslovakia)
• Czechoslovakian War Cross
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Jade (China)
• Order of the Golden Grain (1st Class) (China)
• Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
• Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy (Italy)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy)
• Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
• Medaille Obilitch (Montenegro)
• Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)
• Medal of La Solidaridad (1st Class) (Panama)
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun (Peru)
• Order of Michael the Brave (1st Class) (Romania)
• Grand Cordon of the Order of the Liberator (Venezuela)
• Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Karageorge with Swords (Serbia)

Civilian awards

• Congressional Gold Medal of Honor
• Thanks of the United States Congress
• Special Medal of the Committee of the city of Buenos Aires

Other honors

• The National Society of Pershing Rifles, founded by General Pershing, continues on today as America's premier undergraduate military fraternal organization. Knight Grand Cross (or Dame Grand Cross) is the most senior grade of seven British orders of chivalry, three of which are obsolete The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the astrological term see Grand cross. The phrase Grand Cross is used to denote the highest grade in many orders of Knighthood. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Médaille militaire (Military Medal is a decoration of the French Republic which was first instituted in 1852. The Croix de Guerre (sometimes lowercase in French Croix de guerre, meaning "Cross of War" is a military decoration of both France and The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Croix de Guerre (sometimes lowercase in French Croix de guerre, meaning "Cross of War" is a military decoration of both France and The Order Virtuti Militari ( Latin for "For Military Virtue" is Poland 's highest Military decoration for valor in the face of Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Order of the White Lion is the highest order of the Czech Republic, which continues a Czechoslovak order of the same name created in 1922 as an Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czechoslovak War Cross (Československý válečný kříž in Czech) is a Military decoration of the former state of Czechoslovakia which was issued China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Order of the Redeemer ( Τάγμα του Σωτήρος) is an Order (decoration of Greece. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Military Order of Italy ( Ordine Militare d'Italia) is the highest military order of Italy, originally established as the Military Order of Savoy Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus is an Order of chivalry awarded by the House of Savoy, the heads of which were formerly Kings of Italy The Order of the Rising Sun (旭日章 Kyokujitsu shō ? For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Order of Prince Danilo I of Montenegro ( Montenegrin: Орден Књаза Данiла I Orden Knjaza Danila I is an order of the Principality, and Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Order of the Sun ( La Orden El Sol del Peru) is the highest award bestowed by the nation of Peru to commend notable civil and military merit Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Order of Michael the Brave (Ordinul Mihai Viteazul is Romania 's highest Military decoration, instituted by King Ferdinand I Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Not to be confused with the Medal of Honor, sometimes called the "Congressional Medal of Honor" which is the highest military decoration of the United States Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern The Pershing Rifles, a military drill team organization for college-level students was founded by then 2nd Lt
• The Military Order of the World Wars was also founded by General Pershing.
• The M26 Pershing main battle tank was an American heavy tank introduced in 1945 that is widely considered the best US tank of World War II. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
• Pershing Square in New York City is on E42nd Street at Park Avenue in front of Grand Central Terminal. The City of New York 42nd Street is a major crosstown street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, known for its Theaters especially near the intersection Park Avenue (formerly Fourth Avenue) is a wide boulevard that carries north and southbound traffic in New York City Borough of Manhattan "Grand Central Station" redirects here For other uses see Grand Central.
• Pershing Square in Downtown Los Angeles is named in honor of the General. Pershing Square is a public park in downtown Los Angeles California. Downtown Los Angeles is the Central business district of Los Angeles, California, United States, located close to the geographic center
• Pershing Park in Washington, D. Pershing Park is a small park in Washington DC Located at 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW it is across the street from Freedom Plaza C. features the Pershing Memorial.
• Pershing Avenue in Orlando, Florida a main artery on the city's southeast side, close to the airport. Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida.
• Pershing State Park, located between the north-central Missouri communities of Laclede and Meadville, is named in his honor.
• The Great Pershing Balloon Derby at Brookfield, Missouri is named in his honor and is held over the Labor Day weekend each year. The Great Pershing Balloon Derby is a hot air balloon festival named in honor of General John J Brookfield is a city in Linn County, Missouri, United States. Labor Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September
• The John J. Pershing Military and Naval Science Building on the campus of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
• At Truman State University, he is the namesake of the Pershing Society, Pershing Hall, Pershing Arena and the Pershing Scholarships. Truman State University is a public liberal arts and sciences University in Missouri and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts
• There is a Pershing Hall named in his honor at his alma mater, the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA,
• In honor of Pershing's service to his country, the Pershing tank and Pershing missile were later named after him. The Heavy Tank M26 Pershing was an American heavy tank used during World War II and the Korean War. Pershing was a family of solid-fueled two-stage Medium-range ballistic missiles designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the Redstone missile as
• Nicknamed 'The Leader of All'.
• The 2nd Brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division (United States) is nicknamed "Black Jack. The 1st Cavalry Division ( "First Team") is a rapidly deployable heavy Armored division of the United States Army with base of operations "
• Pershing County, in the state of Nevada, is named in his honor. Pershing County is a County located in the US state of Nevada. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America.
• Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad named a diesel engined streamliner train after him in 1939 known as the General Pershing Zephyr. The Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad was a railroad that operated in the Midwestern United States. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr A streamliner is any vehicle that incorporates streamlining to produce a shape that provides less resistance to air. The General Pershing Zephyr was the ninth of the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad 's ''Zephyr'' Streamliners and the last built
• Various streets, civic center, schools and towns are today named in honor of John J. Pershing; including Pershing Ave. in Saint Louis, MO, Pershing Middle School in Houston, Texas, Pershing Elementary School in Berwyn, IL, and Pershing Drive in North Omaha and Florence, Nebraska. North Omaha is a community area in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. It is bordered by Cuming and Dodge Streets on the south Interstate 680 Florence is a Neighborhood in Omaha Nebraska on the city's north end. Pershing Avenue in Saint Louis was previously known as Berlin Avenue, but was fittingly changed in light of the public's displeasure with German activities at the time.
• Pershing Ave. named after him in Fort Riley, KS
• General Pershing Boulevard in Oklahoma City, on the Oklahoma State Fairgrounds, is named after him. It was formerly part of Main Street and turns into such after a mile past the Fairgrounds.
• A riderless horse was named in honor of Pershing, "Black Jack. The riderless horse or caparisoned horse (in reference to its ornamental coverings which have a detailed protocol all to themselves is the single riderless horse with boots A coal-black Morgan - American Quarter Horse cross Black Jack served in the Caisson Platoon of the 3rd U "
• Plaza Pershing was established in Zamboanga City, Philippines to honor him with his victory over Muslim insurgents.
• Pershing Arena on the Campus of Truman State University in Kirksville, MO (his former college) is named in honor of John J. Pershing.
• The Boulevard Pershing is on the Western edge of Paris, France and runs past the Palais des Congrès near the Porte Maillot. Boulevard ( French, from Bolwerk &ndash bolwark meaning bastion has several generally accepted meanings Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Many of the major streets in the area (the XVIe arrondissement) are named after notable French military figures, including Avenue Foch, named after Marshall Foch, and at either end of Boulevard Pershing, streets named after the Marshals of France Gouvion Saint-Cyr and Koenig. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, 1st Marquis de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr ( Toul, May 13, 1764 &ndash Hyères, March 17, 1830 Marie Pierre Kœnig ( October 10, 1898 &ndash September 2, 1970) was a French general. It reflects the immense popularity of the American troops who first arrived in the French capital in 1916.
• The Pershing Center, a 4526-seat multi-purpose arena located in downtown Lincoln, NE, is named in honor of Pershing. The Pershing Center is a 4526-seat multi-purpose Arena in Lincoln Nebraska, USA. The City of Lincoln ( Umóⁿhoⁿ: Nískithe Tʰóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ ˈnĩskiˡðe ˌtʰãwãŋgˡðã meaning "Salt Village" for Salt Creek which was the
• Pershing Hall [1] on the campus of Montana State University - Northern located in Havre, Montana, is named in his honor. Montana State University - Northern (also known as MSU - Northern, or Northern) is a public State university, part of the Montana State Havre (ˈhævɚ is a city in Hill County, Montana, United States, said to be named after the city of Le Havre in France. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern

References

External links

• Pershing Middle School in Houston, Texas
• Biography of John J. Pershing
• General of the Armies John J. Pershing
• Black Jack Pershing in Cuba
• The National Society of Pershing Rifles
• The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER IV, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, State Funeral, 15-19 July 1948 by B.  C.  Mossman and M.  W.  Stark
• John J. Pershing collection at Nebraska State Historical Society
• Borrowed Soldiers: Americans Under British Command, 1918 at Borrowed Soldiers

Military offices
Preceded by Peyton C. March	Chief of Staff of the United States Army 1921 – 1924	Succeeded by John L. Hines
Honorary titles
Preceded by William Howard Taft	Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda July 18 – July 19, 1948	Succeeded by Robert Taft

The Nebraska State Historical Society is a Nebraska state agency originally founded in 1878 to "encourage historical research and inquiry spread historical information Peyton Conway March (born December 27, 1864 in Easton Pennsylvania - April 13, 1955) was an American soldier and Army Chief The Chief of Staff of the United States Army ( CSA) is the highest ranking officer in the United States Army and is member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff John Leonard Hines ( May 21, 1868 - October 13, 1968) was an American soldier who served as Chief of Staff of the U William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Robert Alphonso Taft ( September 8, 1889 - July 31, 1953) of the Taft political family of Ohio, was a Republican

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