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For other persons named John Gould, see John Gould (disambiguation). John Gould most likely refers to John Gould (1804–1881 the English ornithologist or may refer to John Gould (Canadian writer, Canadian short
John Gould
John Gould
John Gould
Born 14 September 1804
Lyme Regis, Dorset
Died 3 February 1881
Nationality English
Fields ornithology
Influences Charles Darwin

John Gould (14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Lyme Regis (ˌlaɪmˈriːdʒɪs is a coastal town in West Dorset, England, situated 25 Miles west of Dorchester and east of Exeter Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of The Gould League in Australia was named after him. The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting environmental Education, originally founded in Victoria in 1909 and named For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. His identification of the birds now nicknamed "Darwin's finches" was pivotal in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, though they are barely mentioned in Charles Darwin's great book On the Origin of Species. Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos Finches) are 13 or 14 different closely related Species of Finches that Charles Darwin collected The inception of Darwin's theory began with his search to explain contradictions in contemporary theories of organic development as well as religious explanations eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the

Contents

Early life

Gould was born in Lyme Regis, Dorset, the son of a gardener and the boy probably had a scanty education. Lyme Regis (ˌlaɪmˈriːdʒɪs is a coastal town in West Dorset, England, situated 25 Miles west of Dorchester and east of Exeter Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Shortly afterwards his father obtained a position on an estate near Guildford, Surrey, and then in 1818 became foreman in the Royal Gardens of Windsor. Guildford ( IPA /ˈgɪlfəd/ is the County town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford and the Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The young Gould started training as a gardener, being employed under his father at Windsor from 1818 to 1824, and he was subsequently a gardener at Ripley Castle in Yorkshire. Ripley is a village in North Yorkshire in England, a few miles north of Harrogate on the A61 road towards Ripon. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. He became an expert in the art of taxidermy and in 1824 he set himself up in business in London as a taxidermist, and his skill led to him becoming the first Curator and Preserver at the museum of the Zoological Society of London in 1827. Taxidermy ( Greek for "skin arrangement" is the art of mounting or reproducing Animals for display (e London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Zoological Society of London (sometimes known by the abbreviation ZSL) is a Learned society founded in London in April 1826 by Sir Thomas Stamford

Research and works published

Gould's position brought him into contact with the country's leading naturalists, and also meant that he was often the first to see new collections of birds given to the Society. In 1830 a collection of birds arrived from the Himalayas, many not previously described. Gould published these birds in A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains (1830–1832). The text was by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and the illustrations were lithographed by Gould's wife Elizabeth. Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785 &ndash October 26, 1840) was an Irish Zoologist and Politician. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Elizabeth Gould (nee Coxen ( 18 July 1804 - 15 August 1841) was a British artist and illustrator married to naturalist John Gould This work was followed by four more in the next seven years including Birds of Europe in five volumes – completed in 1837, with the text written by Gould himself, edited by his clerk Edwin Prince. Some of the illustrations were made by Edward Lear as part of his Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae in 1832. Edward Lear ( 12 May 1812 – 29 January 1888) was an English Artist, Illustrator and Writer known Lear however was in financial difficulty and he sold the entire set of lithographs to Gould. The books were published in a very large size, imperial folio, with magnificent coloured plates. Eventually 41 of these volumes were published with about 3000 plates. They appeared in parts at £3 3s. a number, subscribed for in advance, and in spite of the heavy expense of preparing the plates, Gould succeeded in making his ventures pay and in realizing a fortune.

Work with Darwin

When Charles Darwin presented his mammal and bird specimens collected during the second voyage of HMS Beagle to the Geological Society of London at their meeting on 4 January 1837, the bird specimens were given to Gould for identification. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life See also HMS Beagle The second voyage of HMS Beagle from 27 December 1831 to 2 October 1836 was the second survey expedition of HMS ''Beagle'' The Geological Society of London is a Learned society based in the United Kingdom with the aim of "investigating the mineral structure of the Earth" Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common He set aside his paying work and at the next meeting on 10 January reported that birds from the Galápagos Islands which Darwin had thought were blackbirds, "gross-bills" and finches were in fact "a series of ground Finches which are so peculiar" as to form "an entirely new group, containing 12 species. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Finches are Passerine Birds often Seed -eating found chiefly in the northern hemisphere and Africa. " This story made the newspapers. In March, Darwin met Gould again, learning that his Galápagos "wren" was another species of finch and the mockingbirds he had labelled by island were separate species rather than just varieties, with relatives on the South American mainland. Mockingbirds are a group of New World Passerine Birds from the Mimidae family. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Subsequently Gould advised that the smaller southern Rhea specimen that been had rescued from a Christmas dinner was a separate species which he named Rhea darwinii, whose territory overlapped with the northern rheas. The rheas are species of flightless Ratite Birds in the genus Rhea, native to South America. Darwin had not bothered to label his finches by island, but others on the expedition had taken more care. He now sought specimens collected by captain Robert FitzRoy and crewmen. Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy ( 5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) achieved lasting fame as the captain of HMS ''Beagle'' From them he was able to establish that the species were unique to islands, an important step on the development of his theory of evolution. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Gould's work on the birds was published between 1838 and 1842 in five numbers as Part 3 of Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited by Charles Darwin. The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy R

Research in Australia

In 1838 the Goulds sailed to Australia intending to study the birds of that country and be the first to produce a major work on the subject. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. They took with them the collector John Gilbert. John Gilbert (1812 &ndash June 28, 1845) was an English naturalist and explorer. They arrived in Tasmania in September, making the acquaintance of the governor Sir John Franklin and his wife. Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass Sir John Franklin, FRGS ( April 16, 1786 &ndash June 11, 1847) was a British Royal Navy officer and Jane Griffin Lady Franklin ( 4 December 1791 – 18 July 1875) was an early Tasmanian pioneer traveller and second wife of the explorer Gould and Gilbert collected on the island. In February 1839 Gould sailed to Sydney, leaving his pregnant wife with the Franklins. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 He travelled to his brother-in-law's station at Yarrundi, spending his time searching for bowerbirds in the Liverpool Range. This article is about the species of bird called bowerbird For the band see Bowerbirds (band. The Liverpool Range is a Mountain range and a Lava -field province in New South Wales, Australia. In April he returned to Tasmania for the birth of his son. In May he sailed to Adelaide to meet Charles Sturt, who was preparing to lead an expedition to the Murray River. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a Captain Charles Napier Sturt (28 April 1795 – 16 June 1869 was an English explorer of Australia, part of the European Exploration of Australia The Murray River, or River Murray and sometimes informally referred to as the "Mighty Murray" is Australia 's largest River. Gould collected in the Mount Lofty range, the Murray Scrubs and Kangaroo Island, returning again to Hobart in July. Mount Lofty ( elevation 727 metres AHD) is the highest point in the Mount Lofty Ranges east of Adelaide in South Australia. Kangaroo Island is Australia 's third largest Island - after Tasmania and Melville Island. Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. He then travelled with his wife to Yarrundi. They returned home to England in May 1840. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year

Platypus: illustration from John Gould's The mammals of Australia (1845-1863).
Platypus: illustration from John Gould's The mammals of Australia (1845-1863). The Platypus ( Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a semi- aquatic Mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.

The result of the trip was The Birds of Australia (1840–1848) - see selected digitised images from the published work. The Birds of Australia was a book written by John Gould and published in seven volumes between 1840 and 1848 It included a total of 600 plates in seven volumes, 328 of which were new to science and named by Gould. He also published A Monograph of the Macropodidae, or Family of Kangaroos (1841–1842) and The Mammals of Australia (1849–1861) - see selected digitised images from the published work.

See also: Digitised album held by the National Library of Australia

After his wife's death in 1841 Gould's books used illustrations by a number of artists, including Henry Constantine Richter and Joseph Wolf. Henry Constantine Richter (1821 - 1902 was a zoological Illustrator. Joseph Wolf ( January 22, 1820 - April 20 1899) was a German Artist.

Study of hummingbirds

Throughout his professional life Gould had a strong interest in hummingbirds. Hummingbirds are Birds in the family Trochilidae, and are endemic to the Americas. He accumulated a collection of 320 species, which he exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Great Exhibition, also known as Crystal Palace, was an international exhibition that was held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 Despite his interest Gould had never seen a live hummingbird. In May 1857 he travelled to the United States with his second son Charles. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He arrived in New York too early in the season to see hummingbirds in that city, but on 21 May 1857 in Bartram's Gardens in Philadelphia he finally saw his first live bird, a Ruby-throated Hummingbird. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Ruby-throated Hummingbird ( Archilochus colubris) is a small Hummingbird. He then continued to Washington D.C. where he saw large numbers in the gardens of the Capitol. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Gould attempted to return to England with live specimens, but not being aware of the conditions necessary to keep them they only lived for two months at most. Gould published: A Monograph of the Trochilidae or Humming Birds with 360 plates (1849–61); The Mammals of Australia (1845–63), Handbook to the Birds of Australia (1865), The Birds of Asia (1850–83), The Birds of Great Britain (1862–73) and The Birds of New Guinea and the adjacent Papuan Islands (1875–88).

Tributes

The Gould League, founded in Australia in 1909, was named after him. The Gould League is an independent Australian organisation promoting environmental Education, originally founded in Victoria in 1909 and named This organisation gave many Australians their first introduction to birds, along with more general environmental and ecological education. One of its major sponsors was the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, also known as Birds Australia. The Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, also known as Birds Australia, was founded in 1901 to promote the study and conservation of the native Bird

Family

His son Charles Gould was notable as geological surveyor. Charles Gould may refer to Charles Gould (geologist Charlie Gould, US baseball player

Bibliography

Source: Australian Museum Research Library

1833-35. 1 vol. 34 plates; Artists: J. Gould, E. Gould, E. Lear and G. Scharf; Lithographers: E. Gould and E. Lear; This edition 1854. All plates attributed to Gould and Richter

References

External links

See also

The List of wildlife artists is a list for any Wildlife artist wildlife painter wildlife photographer other wildlife artist society of wildlife artists museum or exhibition
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