John Fitzgerald Kennedy
35th President of the United States
In office January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
Vice President	Lyndon B. Johnson (1961-1963)
Preceded by	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Succeeded by	Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Senator from Massachusetts
In office January 3, 1953 – December 22, 1960
Preceded by	Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
Succeeded by	Benjamin A. Smith
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 11th district
In office January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	James Michael Curley
Succeeded by	Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr.
Born	May 29, 1917(1917-05-29) Brookline, Massachusetts
Died	November 22, 1963 (aged 46) Dallas, Texas
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy
Alma mater	Harvard College
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature
Military service
Service/branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1941 – 1945
Rank	Lieutenant
Unit	Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109
Battles/wars	World War II
Awards	Navy and Marine Corps Medal Purple Heart Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal

John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr ( July 5, 1902 &ndash February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts Benjamin Atwood Smith II ( March 16, 1916 – September 6, 1991) was briefly a United States Senator from the U The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Massachusetts Congressional District 11 is an obsolete congressional district in eastern Massachusetts. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Michael Curley ( November 20, 1874 - November 12, 1958) was an American Politician who served in the Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr ( December 9, 1912 &ndash January 5, 1994) was an American politician. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, which borders on the cities of Boston and Newton. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, a Private university in the United States founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services Specifications PT-109 belonged to the PT 103 class hundreds of which were completed between 1942 and 1945 by Elco. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the second highest non-combatant medal awarded by the United States Department of the Navy to members of the United States Navy and the The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving The Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal is a service decoration of the Second World War which was awarded to any member of the United States military who The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and the Head of government of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas

After Kennedy's military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 during World War II in the South Pacific, his aspirations turned political, with the encouragement and grooming of his father. Specifications PT-109 belonged to the PT 103 class hundreds of which were completed between 1942 and 1945 by Elco. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region between 1942 and 1945. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr (September 6 1888 &ndash November 18 1969 was a prominent American businessman and political figure and the father of U Kennedy represented the state of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat, and in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election, one of the closest in American history. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D He is one of the youngest men and the only practicing Roman Catholic to be president. Theodore Roosevelt was 9 months younger when he first assumed the presidency on September 14, 1901, but he was not elected to the presidency until 1904, when he was 46, therefore making Kennedy the youngest man ever elected to the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Kennedy is also the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, ^[1] Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War. The Bay of Pigs Invasion (aka Playa Girón) was an unsuccessful attempt by a U The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975 The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia

Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime and was murdered two days later by Jack Ruby before he could be put on trial. Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18 1939 &ndash November 24 1963 was according to three United States government investigations the assassin of U Jacob Rubenstein (March 25 1911 – January 3 1967 who legally changed his name to Jack Leon Ruby in 1947 was an American Nightclub operator from The Warren Commission concluded that Oswald had acted alone in killing the president; however, the House Select Committee on Assassinations declared in 1979 that there was more likely a conspiracy that included Oswald. The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as The Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963 The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was established in 1976 to investigate the John F In a political sense conspiracy refers to a group of persons united in the goal of usurping or overthrowing an established political power The entire subject remains controversial, with multiple theories about the assassination still being debated. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against The event proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions. Today, Kennedy continues to rank highly in public opinion ratings of former U. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served S. presidents. ^[2]

Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Military service 3 Early political career 4 1960 presidential election 5 Presidency (1961–1963) 5.1 Foreign policy 5.1.1 Cuba and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.1.2 Cuban Missile Crisis 5.1.3 Latin America and communism 5.1.4 Peace Corps 5.1.5 Vietnam 5.1.6 West Berlin speech 5.1.7 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 5.1.8 Ireland 5.1.9 Iraq 5.2 Domestic policy 5.2.1 Federal death penalty 5.2.2 Civil rights 5.2.3 Immigration 5.2.4 Space program 5.3 Cabinet 5.4 Supreme Court appointments 6 Image, social life and family 7 Assassination 7.1 Burial 8 Legacy 8.1 Children 8.2 Memorials 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Primary sources 10.2 Secondary sources 10.3 Citations 11 Media 12 External links

Early life and education

Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in Brookline, Massachusetts on Tuesday, May 29, 1917, at 3:00 p. Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, which borders on the cities of Boston and Newton. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year m. ^[3], the second son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., and Rose Fitzgerald; Rose, in turn, was the eldest child of John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, a prominent Boston political figure who was the city's mayor and a three-term member of Congress. Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy Sr (September 6 1888 &ndash November 18 1969 was a prominent American businessman and political figure and the father of U Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy ( July 22, 1890 &ndash January 22, 1995) was the wife of Joseph Kennedy and the mother of President For the American author John Fitzgerald see John D Fitzgerald. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Kennedy, who was to be the first U. S. president born in the twentieth century, lived in Brookline for his first ten years of life. He attended Brookline's public Edward Devotion School from kindergarten through the beginning of 3rd grade, then Noble and Greenough Lower School and its successor, the Dexter School, a private school for boys, through 4th grade. The Edward Devotion Elementary School, affectionately known as "Devo" is a public Elementary school located at 345 Harvard Street Brookline Massachusetts The Noble and Greenough School, commonly known as Nobles, is a Coeducational Nonsectarian day and boarding school for students in grades seven through twelve Notable alumni President John F Kennedy Joseph P Kennedy Jr Astronaut Story Musgrave In September 1927, Kennedy moved with his family to a rented 20-room mansion in Riverdale, Bronx, New York City, then two years later moved five miles (8 km) northeast to a 21-room mansion on a six-acre estate in Bronxville, New York, purchased in May 1929. Riverdale (population approximately 45000 according to the 2000 U The City of New York Bronxville is a village within the town of Eastchester, New York. He was a member of Scout Troop 2 at Bronxville from 1929 to 1931 and was to be the first Scout to become President. ^[4] Kennedy spent summers with his family at their home in Hyannisport, Massachusetts, also purchased in 1929, and Christmas and Easter holidays with his family at their winter home in Palm Beach, Florida, purchased in 1933. The Kennedy Compound or Hyannis Port Historic District is the name given to six Acres (24000 m² of waterfront property along Nantucket Sound in Hyannis is the largest of seven villages in the town of Barnstable Massachusetts, on Cape Cod Palm Beach is an upscale Incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. In his primary school years, he attended Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys in Riverdale, for 5th through 7th grade. Riverdale Country School is a co-educational independent college-preparatory day school in New York City.

For 8th grade in September 1930, the 13-year old Kennedy was sent fifty miles away to Canterbury School, a lay Catholic boarding school for boys in New Milford, Connecticut. Canterbury School is a college preparatory coeducational boarding and day school for students in Forms 3 through 6 (grades 9-12 New Milford (incorporated 1712 is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States north of Danbury, on the Housatonic In late April 1931, he had appendicitis requiring an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury and recuperated at home. Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by Inflammation of the appendix. An appendicectomy (or appendectomy) is the surgical removal of the Vermiform appendix. In September 1931, Kennedy was sent over sixty miles away to The Choate School, an elite private university preparatory boarding school for boys in Wallingford, Connecticut for 9th through 12th grades, following his older brother, Joe Jr., who was two years ahead of him. A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school (usually abbreviated to preparatory school, college prep school, or prep school Wallingford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jr (July 25 1915 &ndash August 12 1944 was the oldest of the nine children born to Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr In January 1934 during his junior year at Choate, he became ill, lost a lot of weight, was hospitalized at Yale-New Haven Hospital until Easter, and spent most of June 1934 hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota for evaluation of colitis. Yale-New Haven Hospital (abbreviated YNHH is a 944-bed hospital located in downtown New Haven, Connecticut. Mayo Clinic is a Non-profit medical practice Its headquarters the Mayo Medical School and its research facilities are in Rochester Minnesota in Rochester is a City in the US state of Minnesota and is the County seat of Olmsted County. Colitis is a chronic digestive disease characterized by Inflammation of the colon.

He graduated from Choate in June 1935. Kennedy's superlative in his yearbook was "Most likely to become President". In September 1935, he sailed on the SS Normandie on his first trip abroad with his parents and his sister Kathleen to London with the intent of studying for a year with Professor Harold Laski at the London School of Economics (LSE) as his older brother Joe had done, but after a brief hospitalization with jaundice after less than a week at LSE, he sailed back to America only three weeks after he had arrived. Origin The beginnings of Normandie can be traced to the Roaring Twenties when shipping companies started to look for new ships to replace the aging veterans Kathleen Cavendish Marchioness of Hartington (February 20 1920 – May 13 1948 born Kathleen Agnes Kennedy, was the second daughter of Joseph P London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Harold Joseph Laski ( June 30, 1893 &ndash March 24, 1950) was an English Political theorist, Economist, Author The London School of Economics and Political Science, more commonly referred to as The London School of Economics or LSE, is a specialist college of the Jaundice, also known as icterus (attributive adjective "icteric" is yellowish discoloration of the Skin, sclerae (whites of the eyes In October 1935, Kennedy enrolled late and spent six weeks at Princeton University, but was then hospitalized for two months observation for possible leukemia at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston in January and February 1936. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH is the largest Hospital of Longwood Medical and Academic Area, in the Boston, Massachusetts neighborhood of He recuperated at the Kennedy winter home in Palm Beach in March and April, spent May and June working as a ranch hand on a 40,000 acre (160 km²) cattle ranch outside Benson, Arizona, then July and August racing sailboats at the Kennedy summer home in Hyannisport. A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle Benson is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, in the United States, 45 miles east-southeast of Tucson.

In September 1936 he enrolled as a freshman at Harvard College, residing in Winthrop House during his sophomore through senior years, again following two years behind his older brother Joe. Harvard College is the undergraduate section and oldest school of Harvard University, a Private university in the United States founded in 1636 by the Massachusetts John Winthrop House is one of twelve undergraduate residences at Harvard College and home to slightly under 400 students In early July 1937, Kennedy took his convertible, sailed on the SS Washington to France, and spent ten weeks driving with a friend through France, Italy, Germany, Holland and England. A convertible is a type of automobile in which the vehicle's roof can retract and fold away converting it from an enclosed to an open-air vehicle SS Washington was a 24189-ton luxury liner of the United States Lines, named after the US capital city. In late June 1938, Kennedy sailed with his father and his brother Joe on the SS Normandie to spend July working with his father, recently appointed U. S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James by President Roosevelt, at the American embassy in London, and August with his family at a villa near Cannes. The Court of St James's is the name of the Royal court of the United Kingdom. The Embassy of the United States of America to the Court of St James's is situated at the American Embassy London Chancery Building in Grosvenor Square, Cannes (kan in Occitan Canas) is a city in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur From February through September 1939, Kennedy toured Europe, the Soviet Union, the Balkans and the Middle East to gather background information for his Harvard senior honors thesis. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. He spent the last ten days of August in Czechoslovakia and Germany before returning to London on September 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied On September 3, 1939, Kennedy and his family were in attendance at the Strangers Gallery of the House of Commons to hear speeches in support of the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Germany. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Strangers Gallery is set aside for members of the public at the British House of Commons, and is intended for both invited and uninvited members of the public to watch the The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Kennedy was sent as his father's representative to help with arrangements for American survivors of the SS Athenia, before flying back to the U. Description Athenia was built by the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Ltd S. on Pan Am's Dixie Clipper from Foynes, Ireland to Port Washington, New York on his first transatlantic flight at the end of September. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Foynes ( Faing in Irish) is a small town and major port in County Limerick in the midwest of Ireland, located at the edge of hilly land on Port Washington is a hamlet and Census Designated Place in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island.

In 1940, Kennedy completed his thesis, "Appeasement in Munich," about British participation in the Munich Agreement. The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders He initially intended his thesis to be private, but his father encouraged him to publish it as a book. He graduated cum laude from Harvard with a degree in international affairs in June 1940, and his thesis was published in July 1940 as a book entitled Why England Slept,^[5] and became a bestseller. Latin honors are Latin phrases used to indicate the level of academic distinction with which an Academic degree was earned Why England Slept (ISBN 0-313-22874-4 is the published version of a Thesis written by John F A bestseller is a Book that is identified as extremely popular by its inclusion on lists of currently top selling titles that are based on publishing industry and book trade ^[6]

From September to December 1940, Kennedy was enrolled and audited classes at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. The Stanford Graduate School of Business (also known as Stanford Business School or Stanford GSB) is one of the professional In early 1941, he helped his father complete the writing of a memoir of his three years as an American ambassador. In May and June 1941, Kennedy traveled throughout South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a

Military service

Main article: Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109

In the spring of 1941, Kennedy volunteered for the U.S. Army, but was rejected, mainly because of his troublesome back. Specifications PT-109 belonged to the PT 103 class hundreds of which were completed between 1942 and 1945 by Elco. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Nevertheless, in September of that year, the U.S. Navy accepted him, because of the influence of the director of the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), a former naval attaché to the Ambassador, his father. The Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONI) was established in the United States Navy in 1882 Attaché is a French term in diplomacy referring to a person who is assigned ('attached' to the administrative staff of a higher placed person or another service or agency An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country As an ensign, Kennedy served in the office which supplied bulletins and briefing information for the Secretary of the Navy. Ensign (ˈɛnsən is a junior rank of commissioned officer in the militaries of some countries normally in the infantry or navy The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. It was during this assignment that the attack on Pearl Harbor occurred. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by He attended the Naval Reserve Officers Training School and Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Training Center before being assigned for duty in Panama and eventually the Pacific theater. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Pacific Ocean theater was one of four major naval theatres of war of the Second World War that pitted forces of the Japan against those of the United He participated in various commands in the Pacific theater and earned the rank of lieutenant, commanding a patrol torpedo (PT) boat. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services PT Boats were a variety of motor Torpedo boat ( Hull classification symbol "PT" for "Patrol Torpedo" a small fast vessel used by the ^[7]

On August 2, 1943, Kennedy's boat, the PT-109, was taking part in a nighttime patrol near New Georgia in the Solomon Islands. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Georgia is the largest Island of the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands It was rammed by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. John F Kennedy and the PT-109 See main article Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 On 2 August 1943 the ship was used ^[8][9] Kennedy was thrown across the deck, injuring his already-troubled back. Nonetheless, he swam, towing a wounded man, to an island and later to a second island where his crew was subsequently rescued. For these actions, Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal under the following citation:

For extremely heroic conduct as Commanding Officer of Motor Torpedo Boat 109 following the collision and sinking of that vessel in the Pacific War Theater on August 1-2, 1943. The Navy and Marine Corps Medal is the second highest non-combatant medal awarded by the United States Department of the Navy to members of the United States Navy and the Unmindful of personal danger, Lieutenant (then Lieutenant, Junior Grade) Kennedy unhesitatingly braved the difficulties and hazards of darkness to direct rescue operations, swimming many hours to secure aid and food after he had succeeded in getting his crew ashore. In the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric His outstanding courage, endurance and leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Kennedy's other decorations in World War II included the Purple Heart, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving The Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal is a service decoration of the Second World War which was awarded to any member of the United States military who The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. He was honorably discharged in early 1945, just a few months before Japan surrendered. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The incident was popularized when he became president and would be the subject of several magazine articles, books, comic books, TV specials and a feature length movie, making the PT-109 one of the most famous U. S. Navy ships of the war. Scale models and even G.I. Joe figures based on the incident were still being produced in the 2000s. GI Joe is a line of military-themed articulated "action figures" produced by the Toy company Hasbro. The coconut which was used to scrawl a rescue message given to Solomon Islander scouts who found him was kept on his presidential desk and is still at the John F. Kennedy Library. Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana were Solomon Islands natives of Melanesian descent who discovered John F The John F Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library and Museum of the 35th President of the United States, John F

During his presidency, Kennedy privately admitted to friends that he didn't feel that he deserved the medals he had received, because the PT-109 incident had been the result of a botched military operation that had cost the lives of two members of his crew. When later asked by a reporter how he became a war hero, Kennedy (known for a sense of humor) joked: "It was involuntary. They sank my boat. "

In May 2002, a National Geographic expedition found what is believed to be the wreckage of the PT-109 in the Solomon Islands. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural ^[10]

Early political career

After World War II, Kennedy had considered the option of becoming a journalist before deciding to run for political office. Prior to the war, he had not strongly considered becoming a politician as a career, because his family, especially his father, had already pinned its political hopes on his older brother. Joseph, however, was killed in World War II, giving John seniority. When in 1946 U. S. Representative James Michael Curley vacated his seat in an overwhelmingly Democratic district to become mayor of Boston, Kennedy ran for the seat, beating his Republican opponent by a large margin. James Michael Curley ( November 20, 1874 - November 12, 1958) was an American Politician who served in the He was a congressman for six years but had a mixed voting record, often diverging from President Harry S. Truman and the rest of the Democratic Party. In 1952, he defeated incumbent Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. for the U. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr ( July 5, 1902 &ndash February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts S. Senate.

Kennedy married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier on September 12, 1953. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He underwent several spinal operations over the following two years, nearly dying (in all he received the Catholic Church's "last rites" four times during his life), and was often absent from the Senate. Anointing of the Sick is distinguished from other forms of religious Anointing or "unction" (an older term with the same meaning in that it is intended as its name During his convalescence in 1956, he published Profiles in Courage, a book describing eight instances in which U. Profiles in Courage is a 1955 Pulitzer Prize-winning book by John F S. Senators risked their careers by standing by their personal beliefs. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Biography in 1957. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, ^[11] From the time of publication, there have been rumors that this work was actually coauthored by Sen. Kennedy and his close adviser, Ted Sorensen, who had joined his Senate office staff in 1953 and would serve as a speechwriter for Kennedy until his death. Theodore Chaikin "Ted" Sorensen (born May 8, 1928) is of Counsel (retired Senior Partner at the law firm of Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Garrison A speechwriter is a person who is hired to prepare and write speeches that will be delivered by another person In May 2008, Sorensen confirmed these rumors in his autobiography. ^[12]

In the 1956 presidential election, presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson left the choice of a Vice Presidential nominee to the Democratic convention, and Kennedy finished second in that balloting to Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1956 saw a popular Dwight D This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. The 1956 National Convention of the Democratic Party nominated former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois for President and Senator Estes Kefauver Carey Estes Kefauver ( July 26, 1903 – August 10, 1963) was an American Politician from Tennessee who Despite this defeat, Kennedy received national exposure from that episode that would prove valuable in subsequent years. His father, Joseph Kennedy, Sr. , pointed out that it was just as well that John did not get that nomination, as some people sought to blame anything they could on Catholics, even though it was privately known that any Democrat would have trouble running against Eisenhower in 1956.

John F. Kennedy voted for final passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 after having earlier voted for the "Jury Trial Amendment", which effectively rendered the Act toothless because convictions for violations could not be obtained. The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill was the first Civil rights legislation enacted by Congress in the United States since Staunch segregationists such as senators James Eastland and John McClellan and Mississippi Governor James Coleman were early supporters of Kennedy's presidential campaign. James Oliver Eastland ( November 28, 1904 – February 19, 1986) was an American politician from Mississippi who served John McClellan may refer to John McClellan (chemist, chemist and industrialist in Widnes England John Little McClellan, politician from Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States James Coleman may refer to James P Coleman (1914-1991 Governor of Mississippi James S ^[13] In 1958, Kennedy was re-elected to a second term in the United States Senate, defeating his Republican opponent, Boston lawyer Vincent J. Celeste, by a wide margin.

Years later, it was revealed that in September 1947 when he was 30 years old and during his first term as a congressman, Kennedy had been diagnosed by Sir Daniel Davis at The London Clinic with Addison's disease, a rare endocrine disorder. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Addison's disease (also known as chronic Adrenal insufficiency, '''hypocortisolism''' or '''hypocorticism) is a rare Endocrine disorder The nature of this and other medical problems were kept secret from the press and public throughout Kennedy's lifetime and Presidential tenure. ^[14]

Sen. Joseph McCarthy was a friend of the Kennedy family: Joe Kennedy was a leading McCarthy supporter; Robert F. Kennedy worked for McCarthy's subcommittee, and McCarthy dated Patricia Kennedy. Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14 1908 – May 2 1957 was an American politician who served as a Republican U Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a Patricia "Pat" Kennedy Lawford (May 6 1924 – September 17 2006 was an American Socialite, the sixth child of Joseph P In 1954, when the Senate was poised to condemn McCarthy, John Kennedy drafted a speech calling for McCarthy's censure, but never delivered it. When on December 2, 1954, the Senate rendered its highly publicized decision to censure McCarthy, Senator Kennedy was in the hospital. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Though absent, Kennedy could have "paired" his vote against that of another senator, but chose not to; neither did he ever indicate then nor later how he would have voted. The episode seriously damaged Kennedy's support in the liberal community, especially with Eleanor Roosevelt, as late as the 1960 election. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 ^[15]

1960 presidential election

Main article: United States presidential election, 1960

On January 2, 1960, Kennedy officially declared his intent to run for President of the United States. The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D Appleton is a city in Calumet, Outagamie, and Winnebago Counties in the U Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In the Democratic primary election, he faced challenges from Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota and Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon. A primary election ( nominating primary) also referred to simply as a primary, is an election in which voters in a Jurisdiction select candidates Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Wayne Lyman Morse ( October 20, 1900 – July 22, 1974) was a United States Senator from Oregon from 1945 until Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Kennedy defeated Humphrey in Wisconsin and West Virginia and Morse in Maryland and Oregon, although Morse's candidacy is often forgotten by historians. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by He also defeated token opposition (often write-in candidates) in New Hampshire, Indiana and Nebraska. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and In West Virginia, Kennedy visited a coal mine and talked to mine workers to win their support; most people in that conservative, mostly Protestant state were deeply suspicious of Kennedy's Catholicism. Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Conservatism in the United States includes a variety of political ideologies including Fiscal conservatism, Supply-side economics, Social conservatism Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. His victory in West Virginia cemented his credentials as a candidate with broad popular appeal. At the Democratic Convention, he gave the well-known "New Frontier" speech, which represented the changes America and the rest of the world would be going through. The term New Frontier was used by John F Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at

With Humphrey and Morse out of the race, Kennedy's main opponent at the convention in Los Angeles was Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic nominee in 1952 and 1956, was not officially running but had broad grassroots support inside and outside the convention hall. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. Senator Stuart Symington of Missouri was also a candidate, as were several favorite sons. William Stuart Symington ( June 26, 1901 – December 14, 1988) was a businessman and Political figure from Missouri. A favorite son (or a favorite daughter) is a political term that can refer to two different types of Politicians A politician whose electoral On July 13, 1960, the Democratic convention nominated Kennedy as its candidate for President. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kennedy asked Johnson to be his Vice Presidential candidate, despite opposition from many liberal delegates and Kennedy's own staff, including Robert Kennedy. He needed Johnson's strength in the South to win what was considered likely to be the closest election since 1916. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The United States presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. Major issues included how to get the economy moving again, Kennedy's Catholicism, Cuba, and whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the U. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 S. To address fears that his Catholicism would impact his decision-making, he famously told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for President who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters — and the Church does not speak for me. "^[16] Kennedy also brought up the point of whether one-quarter of Americans were relegated to second-class citizenship just because they were Catholic.

In September and October, Kennedy debated Republican candidate and Vice President Richard Nixon in the first televised U.S. presidential debates in U. During presidential elections in the United States, it has become customary for the main candidates S. history. During these programs, Nixon, nursing an injured leg and sporting "five o'clock shadow", looked tense and uncomfortable, while Kennedy appeared relaxed, leading the huge television audience to deem Kennedy the winner. A five o'clock shadow is Beard growth visible late in the day on a man whose face was clean-shaven in the morning Radio listeners, however, either thought Nixon had won or that the debates were a draw. ^[17] Nixon did not wear make-up during the initial debate, unlike Kennedy. The debates are now considered a milestone in American political history—the point at which the medium of television began to play a dominant role in national politics. ^[11] After the first debate Kennedy's campaign gained momentum and he pulled slightly ahead of Nixon in most polls. On Tuesday, November 8, Kennedy defeated Nixon in one of the closest presidential elections of the twentieth century. In the national popular vote Kennedy led Nixon by just two-tenths of one percent (49. 7% to 49. 5%), while in the Electoral College he won 303 votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win). An electoral college is a set of many electors who are empowered to elect a candidate to a particular Office. Another 14 electors from Mississippi and Alabama refused to support Kennedy because of his support for the civil rights movement; they voted for Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. of Virginia. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in Harry Flood Byrd Sr ( June 10, 1887 – October 20, 1966) of Berryville in Clarke County Virginia was an American He accepted his nomination in front of the Hyannis National Guard Armory.

Presidency (1961–1963)

John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President at noon on January 20, 1961. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. US President John F Kennedy made his only Inaugural address at 1251 ( ET) Friday January 20, 1961, " He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. " In closing, he expanded on his desire for greater internationalism: "Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. For the Marxist concept of internationalism see Proletarian internationalism. "^[18]

Foreign policy

Cuba and the Bay of Pigs Invasion

Main article: Bay of Pigs Invasion

Prior to Kennedy's election to the presidency, the Eisenhower Administration created a plan to overthrow the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba. The Bay of Pigs Invasion (aka Playa Girón) was an unsuccessful attempt by a U Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until Central to such a plan, which was structured and detailed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with minimal input from the United States Department of State, was the arming of a counter-revolutionary insurgency composed of anti-Castro Cubans. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all ^[19] U. S. -trained Cuban insurgents were to invade Cuba and instigate an uprising among the Cuban people in hopes of removing Castro from power. On April 17, 1961, Kennedy ordered the previously planned invasion of Cuba to proceed. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. With support from the CIA, in what is known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1,500 U. S. -trained Cuban exiles, called "Brigade 2506," returned to the island in the hope of deposing Castro. However, Kennedy ordered the invasion to take place without U. S. air support. By April 19, 1961, the Cuban government had captured or killed the invading exiles, and Kennedy was forced to negotiate for the release of the 1,189 survivors. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The failure of the plan originated in a lack of dialog among the military leadership, a result of which was the complete lack of naval support in the face of organized artillery troops on the island who easily incapacitated the exile force as it landed on the beach. ^[19] After twenty months, Cuba released the captured exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of food and medicine. Furthermore, the incident made Castro wary of the U. S. and led him to believe that another invasion would occur. ^[20]

Cuban Missile Crisis

Main article: Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis began on October 14, 1962, when American U-2 spy planes took photographs of a Soviet intermediate-range ballistic missile site under construction in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Surveillance aircraft are military Aircraft used for monitoring enemy activity usually carrying no armament The photos were shown to Kennedy on October 16, 1962. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. America would soon be posed with a serious nuclear threat. Kennedy faced a dilemma: if the U. A dilemma (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition " is a Problem offering at least two solutions or possibilities of which none are practically S. attacked the sites, it might lead to nuclear war with the U.S.S.R., but if the U. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 S. did nothing, it would endure the threat of nuclear weapons being launched from close range. Because the weapons were in such proximity, the U. S. might have been unable to retaliate if they were launched pre-emptively. Another consideration was that the U. S. would appear to the world as weak in its own hemisphere. The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West

Many military officials and cabinet members pressed for an air assault on the missile sites, but Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine in which the U. S. Navy inspected all ships arriving in Cuba. He began negotiations with the Soviets and ordered the Soviets to remove all defensive material that was being built on Cuba. Without doing so, the Soviet and Cuban peoples would face naval quarantine. A week later, he and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reached an agreement. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles subject to U. N. inspections if the U. S. publicly promised never to invade Cuba and quietly removed US missiles stationed in Turkey. Following this crisis, which brought the world closer to nuclear war than at any point before or since, Kennedy was more cautious in confronting the Soviet Union.

Latin America and communism

Main article: Kennedy and Latin America

Arguing that "those who make peaceful revolution impossible, will make violent revolution inevitable,"^[21] Kennedy sought to contain communism in Latin America by establishing the Alliance for Progress, which sent foreign aid to troubled countries in the region and sought greater human rights standards in the region. The Cold War marked the post-World War II conflict between capitalism and communism manifested through the United States and the USSR Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Alliance for Progress initiated by US President John F Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled He worked closely with Puerto Rican Governor Luis Muñoz Marín for the development of the Alliance of Progress, as well as developments in the autonomy of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The Governor of Puerto Rico is the Head of Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín ( February 18, 1898 April 30, 1980) was a Puerto Rican Poet, Journalist, and Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}}

Peace Corps

As one of his first presidential acts, Kennedy created the Peace Corps. The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. Through this program, Americans volunteered to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as education, farming, health care and construction. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing In the fields of Architecture and Civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the Building or assembling of Infrastructure

Vietnam

In South East Asia, Kennedy followed Eisenhower's lead by using limited military action to fight the Communist forces ostensibly led by Ho Chi Minh. For the city named after him see Ho Chi Minh City. Hồ Chí Minh (name Proclaiming a fight against the spread of Communism, Kennedy enacted policies providing political, economic, and military support for the unstable French-installed South Vietnamese government, which included sending 16,000 military advisors and U. "RVN" redirects here RVN is also the former callsign of a TV station in Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia S. Special Forces to the area. Kennedy also agreed to the use of free-fire zones, napalm, defoliants and jet planes. A free-fire zone in US military parlance is a fire control measure used for coordination between adjacent combat units Napalm is the name given to any of a number of Flammable Liquids used in Warfare often jellied Gasoline. A defoliant is any chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause its leaves to fall off A jet aircraft is an Aircraft propelled by Jet engines Jet aircraft fly much faster than Propeller -powered aircraft and at higher altitudes -- as high as U. S. involvement in the area continually escalated until regular U. S. forces were directly fighting the Vietnam War in the next administration. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Kennedy Administration increased military support, but the South Vietnamese military was unable to make headway against the pro-independence Viet-Minh and Viet Cong forces. The Việt Minh (abbreviated from Việt Nam Ðộc Lập Ðồng Minh Hội, English "League for the Independence of Vietnam" was a National liberation By July 1963, Kennedy faced a crisis in Vietnam. The Administration's response was to assist in the coup d'état of the Catholic President of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem. ^[22] In 1963, South Vietnamese generals overthrew the Diem government, arresting Diem and later killing him (though the exact circumstances of his death remain unclear)^[23] Kennedy sanctioned Diem's overthrow. One reason for the support was a fear that Diem might negotiate a neutralist coalition government which included Communists, as had occurred in Laos in 1962. Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, remarked "This kind of neutralism…is tantamount to surrender. David Dean Rusk ( February 9, 1909 &ndash December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents "

Kennedy increased the number of U. S. military in Vietnam from 800 to 16,300. It remains a point of controversy among historians whether or not Vietnam would have escalated to the point it did had Kennedy served out his full term and possibly been re-elected in 1964. ^[24] Fueling this speculation are statements made by Kennedy's and Johnson's Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara that Kennedy was strongly considering pulling out of Vietnam after the 1964 election. Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense In the film "The Fog of War", not only does McNamara say this, but a tape recording of Lyndon Johnson confirms that Kennedy was planning to withdraw from Vietnam, a position Johnson states he disapproved of. The Fog of War Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S McNamara (2003 directed by Errol Morris, is an American Documentary film about the life ^[25] Additional evidence is Kennedy's National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) #263 on October 11, 1963 that gave the order for withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nevertheless, given the stated reason for the overthrow of the Diem government, such action would have been a dramatic policy reversal, but Kennedy was generally moving in a less hawkish direction in the Cold War since his acclaimed speech about World Peace at American University the previous June 10, 1963. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

After Kennedy's assassination, new President Lyndon B. Johnson immediately reversed his predecessor's order to withdraw 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963 with his own NSAM #273 on November 26, 1963. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

West Berlin speech

Under simultaneous and opposing pressures from the Allies and the Soviets, Germany was divided. West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992 was a German politician Chancellor of West Germany 1969&ndash1974 The Berlin Wall separated West and East Berlin, the latter being under the control of the Soviets. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visited West Berlin and gave a public speech criticizing communism. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Kennedy used the construction of the Berlin Wall as an example of the failures of communism: "Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect, but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system " The speech is known for its famous phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner". " Ich bin ein Berliner " ("I am a Berliner quot is a quotation from a June 26, 1963 speech by U Nearly five-sixths of the population was on the street when Kennedy said the famous phrase. He remarked to aides afterwards: "We'll never have another day like this one. "^[26]

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

Troubled by the long-term dangers of radioactive contamination and nuclear weapons proliferation, Kennedy pushed for the adoption of a Limited or Partial Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited atomic testing on the ground, in the atmosphere, or underwater, but did not prohibit testing underground. Radioactive contamination is the uncontrolled distribution of radioactive material in a given environment Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of Nuclear weapons, fissile material and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations The Treaty banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty ( PTBT) The United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were the initial signatories to the treaty. Kennedy signed the treaty into law in August 1963.

Ireland

Further information: The Ireland Funds

On the occasion of his visit to Ireland in 1963, President Kennedy joined with Irish President Éamon de Valera to form The American Irish Foundation. The Ireland Funds is a global Fundraising organization for people of Irish ancestry and friends of Ireland dedicated to raising funds to support programs Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century The mission of this organization was to foster connections between Americans of Irish descent and the country of their ancestry. Kennedy furthered these connections of cultural solidarity by accepting a grant of armorial bearings from the Chief Herald of Ireland. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland, sometimes incorrectly called the Office of Arms is the Republic of Ireland 's authority on all Heraldic matters relating Kennedy had near-legendary status in Ireland, as the first person of Irish heritage to have a position of world power. Irish citizens who were alive in 1963 often have very strong memories of Kennedy's momentous visit. ^[27] He also visited the original cottage where previous Kennedys had lived before emigrating to America, and said: "This is where it all began …" On December 22, 2006, the Irish Justice Department released declassified police documents that indicated that Kennedy was the subject of three death threats during this visit. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was interpreted as a hoax. ^[28]

Iraq

In 1963, the Kennedy administration backed a coup against the government of Iraq headed by General Abdel Karim Kassem, who five years earlier had deposed the Western-allied Iraqi monarchy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Abd al-Karim Qasim (عبد الكريم قاسم) (1914 – February 9 1963 was a nationalist Iraqi Military officer who seized power in a 1958 The CIA helped the new Baath Party government led by Abdul Salam Arif in ridding the country of suspected leftists and Communists. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Abdul Salam Arif (1921 Baghdad - April 13 1966 ( Arabic: عبد السلام عارف) was president of Iraq from 1963 to 1966 In a Baathist bloodbath, the government used lists of suspected Communists and other leftists provided by the CIA, to systematically murder untold numbers of Iraq's educated elite — killings in which Saddam Hussein himself is said to have participated. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The victims included hundreds of doctors, teachers, technicians, lawyers and other professionals as well as military and political figures. ^[29][30][31] According to an op-ed in the New York Times, the U. An editorial, leader (UK or leading article (UK is an article in a Newspaper or Magazine that expresses the opinion of the Editor S. sent arms to the new regime, weapons later used against the same Kurdish insurgents the U. S. supported against Kassem and then abandoned. American and UK oil and other interests, including Mobil, Bechtel and British Petroleum, were conducting business in Iraq. Mobil Gas Station by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|Mobil gas station East Village section of New York City]] Mobil was a major American oil company Bechtel Corporation ( Bechtel Group) is the largest Engineering company in the United States, ranking as the 9th-largest privately owned company in the BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major ^[29]

Domestic policy

Kennedy called his domestic program the "New Frontier". The term New Frontier was used by John F Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at It ambitiously promised federal funding for education, medical care for the elderly, and government intervention to halt the recession. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Kennedy also promised an end to racial discrimination. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that In 1963, he proposed a tax reform which included income tax cuts, but this was not passed by Congress until 1964, after his death. Tax reform is the process of changing the way Taxes are collected or managed by the Government. A tax cut is a reduction in taxes. Economic stimulus via tax cuts along with interest rate intervention and deficit spending are one of the central tenets of Keynesian economics Few of Kennedy's major programs passed Congress during his lifetime, although, under his successor Johnson, Congress did vote them through in 1964–65.

Federal death penalty

As President, Kennedy oversaw the last pre-Furman federal execution,^[32] and, as of 2008, the last military execution. Furman v Georgia, was a United States Supreme Court decision that ruled on the requirement for a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty Governor of Iowa Harold Hughes, a death penalty opponent, personally contacted Kennedy to request clemency for Victor Feguer,^[33] who was sentenced to death by a federal court in Iowa, but Kennedy turned down the request^[34] and Feguer was executed on March 15, 1963. List of Governors Harold Everett Hughes ( February 10 1922 – October 23 1996) was the Democratic Governor of Iowa from 1963 until 1969 Victor Harry Feguer (1935 &ndash March 15, 1963) was the last Federal inmate executed in the United States before the moratorium Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Civil rights

The turbulent end of state-sanctioned racial discrimination was one of the most pressing domestic issues of Kennedy's era. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. The United States Supreme Court had ruled in 1954 that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. However, many schools, especially in southern states, did not obey the Supreme Court's judgment. Segregation on buses, in restaurants, movie theaters, bathrooms, and other public places remained. Kennedy supported racial integration and civil rights, and during the 1960 campaign he telephoned Coretta Scott King, wife of the jailed Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., which perhaps drew some additional black support to his candidacy. Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) Coretta Scott King (April 27 1927 January 30 2006 was an American Author and Activist, perhaps most recognized as the wife of Martin Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader John and Robert Kennedy's intervention secured the early release of King from jail. ^[35]

In 1962, James Meredith tried to enroll at the University of Mississippi, but he was prevented from doing so by white students. James H Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is an American civil rights movement figure The University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss, is a public, coeducational Research University located in Oxford Kennedy responded by sending some 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to ensure that Meredith could enroll in his first class. Kennedy also assigned federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders. Freedom Rider is also a song by Traffic and later Rascal Flatts Civil Rights activists called Freedom Riders rode in interstate buses

As President, Kennedy initially believed the grassroots movement for civil rights would only anger many Southern whites and make it even more difficult to pass civil rights laws through Congress, which was dominated by Southern Democrats, and he distanced himself from it. As a result, many civil rights leaders viewed Kennedy as unsupportive of their efforts.

On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy intervened when Alabama Governor George Wallace blocked the doorway to the University of Alabama to stop two African American students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, from enrolling. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Vivian Juanita Malones Jones ( July 15, 1942, in Mobile Alabama - October 13, 2005 in Atlanta Georgia) was an James Hood (born c 1943 was one of the first African Americans to enroll at the University of Alabama in 1963 and was made famous when Alabama Governor George Wallace moved aside after being confronted by federal marshals, Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach and the Alabama National Guard. Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach (born January 17, 1922) is an American lawyer who served as United States Attorney General during the Lyndon For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. That evening Kennedy gave his famous civil rights address on national television and radio. ^[36] Kennedy proposed what would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving ^[37]

The modern feminist movement began ^[38]when Kennedy signed the Executive Order creating the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961. The Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW was established to advise the President of the United States on issues concerning the status of women Commission statistics revealed that women were also experiencing discrimination. Their final report documenting legal and cultural barriers was issued in October 1963, a month before Kennedy's assassination.

Immigration

John F. Kennedy initially proposed an overhaul of American immigration policy that later was to become the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, sponsored by Kennedy's brother Senator Edward Kennedy. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ( Hart-Celler Act, INS Act of 1965,) abolished the national-origin Quotas that had been in place in the Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic It dramatically shifted the source of immigration from Northern and Western European countries towards immigration from Latin America and Asia and shifted the emphasis of selection of immigrants towards facilitating family reunification. ^[39] Kennedy wanted to dismantle the selection of immigrants based on country of origin and saw this as an extension of his civil rights policies. ^[40]

Space program

Kennedy was eager for the United States to lead the way in the space race. The Mercury-Atlas 6 mission was the first attempt by the US and Mercury program to place an astronaut in orbit John Herschel Glenn Jr (born July 18 1921 in Cambridge Ohio) is a former United States Senator who first rose to fame as the first American to Orbit Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cape Canaveral is a city in Brevard County, Florida, United States. The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975 Sergei Khrushchev says Kennedy approached his father, Nikita, twice about a "joint venture" in space exploration—in June 1961 and autumn 1963. Sergei Nikitich Khrushchev (In Russian: Серrей Никитич Хрущёв son of former Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, now resides in the On the first occasion, the Soviet Union was far ahead of America in terms of space technology. Kennedy first made the goal for landing a man on the Moon in speaking to a Joint Session of Congress on May 25, 1961, saying

"First, I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him back safely to the earth. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. "^[41]

Kennedy later made a speech at Rice University on September 12, 1962, in which he said

"No nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space. William Marsh Rice University (commonly called Rice University and opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters Science and Art "

and

"We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard. "^[42]

On the second approach to Khrushchev, the Russian was persuaded that cost-sharing was beneficial and American space technology was forging ahead. The U. S. had launched a geostationary satellite and Kennedy had asked Congress to approve more than $25 billion for the Apollo Project. A geostationary orbit (GEO is a Geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth 's Equator (0° Latitude) with a period equal to the Earth's

Khrushchev agreed to a joint venture in late 1963, but Kennedy was assassinated before the agreement could be formalized. On July 20, 1969, almost six years after JFK's death, Project Apollo's goal was finally realized when men landed on the Moon. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Cabinet

The Kennedy Cabinet
OFFICE	NAME	TERM
President	John F. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Kennedy	1961–1963
Vice President	Lyndon B. Johnson	1961–1963
State	Dean Rusk	1961–1963
Treasury	C. Douglas Dillon	1961–1963
Defense	Robert S. McNamara	1961–1963
Justice	Robert F. Kennedy	1961–1963
Postmaster General	J. Edward Day	1961–1963
	John A. Gronouski	1963
Interior	Stewart L. Udall	1961–1963
Agriculture	Orville L. Freeman	1961–1963
Commerce	Luther H. Hodges	1961–1963
Labor	Arthur J. Goldberg	1961–1962
	W. Willard Wirtz	1962–1963
HEW	Abraham A. Ribicoff	1961–1962
	Anthony J. Celebrezze	1962–1963

Supreme Court appointments

Kennedy appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Byron Raymond White — 1962
• Arthur Joseph Goldberg — 1962

Image, social life and family

Further information: Kennedy political family

Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, were younger in comparison to presidents and first ladies that preceded them, and both were popular in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. The Kennedy family are a family descending from the marriage of the Irish-Americans Joseph P For other uses including various songs titled "Movie Star" see Movie star (disambiguation. Jacqueline bought new art and furniture to the White House, and directed a restoration. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Furniture is the Mass noun for the movable objects which may support the human body (seating furniture and beds, provide storage or hold objects on horizontal

Kennedy's physical appearance had been altered by the medications he took, and his face became wider and puffy (as seen in later photos): ^[43] he worried about the effects on his appearance from the steroids he took, including cortisone, as treatment for Addison's disease. Cortisone (ˈkɔrtɨsoʊn or /ˈkɔrtɨzoʊn/ (ˈkôrtəˌsōn or -zōn (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone is a Steroid Hormone. Addison's disease (also known as chronic Adrenal insufficiency, '''hypocortisolism''' or '''hypocorticism) is a rare Endocrine disorder Those steroids made his face appear puffy and had made him look overweight. ^[43]

Outside the White House lawn, the Kennedys established a preschool, swimming pool, and tree house.

The president was closely tied to popular culture. Songs such as "Twisting at the White House" and "Camelot" (the popular Broadway play) were part of the JFK culture. Camelot is a musical by Alan Jay Lerner (book and lyrics and Frederic Loewe (music Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Vaughn Meader's "First Family" comedy album – an album parodying the President, First Lady, their family and administration – sold about 4 million copies. Abbott Vaughn Meader ( March 20, 1936 &ndash October 29, 2004) was an American Comedian and Impersonator On May 19, 1962, Marilyn Monroe sang for the president at a large birthday party in Madison Square Garden. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma Jfk happy birthday 1jpg|thumb|220px|right| John F Kennedy thanking Marilyn Monroe]] "Happy Birthday Mr Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG, and known colloquially as The Garden, has been the name of four Arenas in New York City.

Behind the glamorous facade, the Kennedys also experienced many personal tragedies. Jacqueline suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella Kennedy, in 1956. The death of their newborn son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, in August 1963, was a loss to the family. Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( August 7, 1963 &ndash August 9, 1963) was the younger son of United States President John F

Allegations have been made that Kennedy carried on numerous extramarital dalliances and sexual affairs during his presidency with women such as Hollywood actress Marilyn Monroe and socialite Mary Pinchot Meyer. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson, June 1 1926 &ndash August 5 1962 baptized Norma A socialite is a person who is known to be a part of fashionable Society because of his or her regular participation in social activities and fondness for spending a significant Mary Pinchot Meyer ( 14 October 1920, Eastern Shore of Maryland - 12 October 1964, Georgetown Washington D ^[44] In 2003, New York resident Mimi Fahnestock claimed to have been having an ongoing affair with Kennedy from 1962 to 1963. ^[45] These sexual innuendoes are also documented in historian Robert Dalek's An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963. ^[45]

The charisma of Kennedy and his family led to the figurative designation of "Camelot" for his administration, credited by his wife to his affection for the contemporary Broadway musical of the same name. The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor" Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. ^[46]

In October 1951, during his third term as Massachusetts 11th district congressman, the then 34-year-old Kennedy embarked on a seven-week Asian trip to Israel, India, Vietnam and Japan with his then 25-year-old brother Robert (who had just graduated from law school four months earlier) and his then 27-year-old sister Patricia. Massachusetts Congressional District 11 is an obsolete congressional district in eastern Massachusetts. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is an institution specializing in Legal education. Patricia "Pat" Kennedy Lawford (May 6 1924 – September 17 2006 was an American Socialite, the sixth child of Joseph P Because of their eight-year separation in age, the two brothers had previously seen little of each other. This 25,000-mile (40,000 km) trip was the first extended time they had spent together and resulted in their becoming best friends in addition to being brothers. Robert was campaign manager for Kennedy's successful 1952 Senate campaign and later successful 1960 presidential campaign. In Representative democracies, Electoral campaigns larger than a few individuals generally include a campaign manager, either Paid or Volunteer The two brothers worked closely together from 1957 to 1959 on the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor and Management Field (Senate Rackets Committee) when Robert was its chief counsel. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ( PSI) is the oldest subcommittee of the U During Kennedy's presidency, Robert served in his cabinet as Attorney General and was his closest advisor. The United States Cabinet (usually simplified as "the Cabinet" is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the Executive branch of the Federal government The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement

Kennedy came in third (behind Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mother Teresa) in a Gallup list of the most admired people of the twentieth century. Mother Teresa, Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, (born August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997) was an Albanian ref>Spink The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public Opinion polls in the United States and more than 140 countries around the world Gallup's List of Widely Admired People, a poll of United States citizens to volunteer the names of the individuals whom they most admire is a list compiled annually by The Gallup ^[47][48]

Seymour Hersh's The Dark Side of Camelot (1998) presents a critical analysis of the Kennedy administration, stating that Kennedy "was probably one of the unhealthiest men ever to sit in the Oval Office. "

Assassination

Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination

President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 p. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. m. Central Standard Time on November 22, 1963, while on a political trip to Texas. The Central Time Zone observes Standard time by subtracting six hours from UTC during standard time ( UTC−6) and five hours during Daylight saving Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was shot twice in the neck and head, and was pronounced dead at 1:00 p. m. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested at a movie theater at about 1:50 p. Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18 1939 &ndash November 24 1963 was according to three United States government investigations the assassin of U Cinemaaustraliajpg|thumb|A movie theater in Australia ]]A movie theater, movie theatre, picture theatre or cinema is a venue m. He denied shooting anyone, claiming he was a patsy, and was killed by Jack Ruby on November 24, before he could be indicted or tried. Jacob Rubenstein (March 25 1911 – January 3 1967 who legally changed his name to Jack Leon Ruby in 1947 was an American Nightclub operator from Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal In the Common law legal system an indictment (ɪnˈdaɪtmənt (in-DITE-mint is a formal accusation of having committed a criminal offense A jury a sworn body of persons convened to render a rational, impartial Verdict (a finding of fact on a question officially submitted to them

President Johnson created the Warren Commission—chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination. The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as The Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963 Earl Warren ( March 19, 1891 July 9, 1974) was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and the only person ever elected thrice It concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, but this remains disputed by some scholars and eyewitnesses. Conspiracy theories about the assassination and supposed cover-up have been put forward and have become commonplace in popular culture.

Burial

On March 14, 1967, Kennedy's body was moved to a permanent burial place and memorial at Arlington National Cemetery, a right he earned by serving as an officer in the United States Navy. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War The funeral was said by John J Cavanaugh. The Rev John J Cavanaugh, CSC (1899 – 1979 a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, served from 1946 to 1952 as the 14th president of the University Kennedy is buried with his wife and their deceased minor children, and his brother, the late Senator Robert Kennedy is also buried nearby. Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20 1925 – June 6 1968 also called RFK, was the United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a His grave is lit with an "Eternal Flame," a last minute request of Jackie Kennedy that was powered by propane during the funeral service but has since been attached by several hundred feet of underground pipe to a natural gas main. The John F Kennedy Eternal Flame is a presidential memorial at the gravesite of U In the film The Fog of War, then Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara claims that he picked the location in the cemetery — a location which Jackie agreed was suitable. The Fog of War Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S McNamara (2003 directed by Errol Morris, is an American Documentary film about the life Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9 1916 in Oakland, California) is an American business executive and former United States Secretary of Defense Kennedy and William Howard Taft are the only two U. William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice S. Presidents buried at Arlington. ^[49]

Legacy

Television became the primary source by which people were kept informed of events surrounding John F. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Kennedy's assassination. Newspapers were kept as souvenirs rather than sources of updated information. All three major U. S. television networks suspended their regular schedules and switched to all-news coverage from 22 November through 25 November 1963. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kennedy's state funeral procession and the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald were all broadcast live in America and in other places around the world. The State funeral of John F Kennedy took place during the three days that followed his assassination The state funeral was the first of three in a span of 12 months: The other two were for General Douglas MacArthur and Herbert Hoover. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933

The assassination had an effect on many people, not only in the U. S. but also among the world population. Many vividly remember where they were when first learning of the news that Kennedy was assassinated, as with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 before it and the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001 after it. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. U. N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson said of the assassination, "all of us… will bear the grief of his death until the day of ours. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. "

Ultimately, the death of President Kennedy and the ensuing confusion surrounding the facts of his assassination are of political and historical importance insofar as they marked a decline in the faith of the American people in the political establishment — a point made by commentators from Gore Vidal to Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.

Kennedy's continuation of Presidents Harry S. Truman's and Dwight D. Eisenhower's policies of giving economic and military aid to the Vietnam War preceded President Johnson's escalation of the conflict. Gore Vidal (born October 3 1925 ˌgɔər vɪˈdɑːl or /vɪˈdæl/ is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Playwright, Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr, born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger ( October 15 1917 &ndash February 28 2007) was a Pulitzer Prize recipient Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia This contributed to a decade of national difficulties and disappointment on the political landscape.

Many of Kennedy's speeches (especially his inaugural address) are considered iconic; and despite his relatively short term in office and lack of major legislative changes during his term, Americans regularly vote him as one of the best presidents, in the same league as Abraham Lincoln, George Washington and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Some excerpts of Kennedy's inaugural address are engraved on a plaque at his grave at Arlington.

He was posthumously awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. The Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award has been awarded annually since 1964 in commemoration of the 1963 Encyclical " Pacem in Terris It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of goodwill to secure peace among all nations. An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church Pope John (numberingBlessed Pacem in Terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth. Pacem in Terris was a papal Encyclical issued by Pope John XXIII on 11 April 1963. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. '

President Kennedy is the only president to have predeceased both his mother and father. He is also the only president to have predeceased his grandparent. His grandmother, Mary Josephine Hannon Fitzgerald, died in 1964, just 8. Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon ( October 31 1865 - August 8 1964) was the wife of John "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald, 5 months after his assassination.

Children

John F. Kennedy had 2 children that survived infancy. Caroline was born in 1957 and John Jr. was born in 1960, just a few weeks after his father was elected. Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (born November 27, 1957) is an American Author and Attorney. John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr (November 25 1960 – July 16 1999 often referred to as John F John died in 1999 when the small plane he was piloting crashed en route to Martha's Vineyard, killing him, his wife and his sister-in-law. Martha's Vineyard (adjoining the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an Island off the US east coast to the south of Cape Cod, both ^[50]

Caroline is currently the only surviving member of JFK's immediate family. His two other children were Arabella Kennedy (August 23, 1956 - August 23, 1956), a stillborn, and Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (August 7, 1963 - August 9, 1963). Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( August 7, 1963 &ndash August 9, 1963) was the younger son of United States President John F Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In February 2008, media reports surfaced about an illegitimate son of JFK found living in Vancouver, Canada, allegedly the result of an affair he had had with a Texas woman. In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[51] Jack Worthington, who recently revealed his identity to the The Globe and Mail, is requesting a DNA test with one of the relatives to determine whether or not Kennedy was his biological father. Jack Rodney Worthington II (born November 22 1961 in Maverick County Texas) is an American businessman living in British Columbia, Canada The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities He claims to have been conceived about one month after Kennedy's inauguration as President, in February 1961, after his mother was introduced to the President by Vice-President Johnson^[52] After these claims became public, Worthington's immediate family issued a press release denying that he was the son of the former president, although Worthington still stuck by his story. Because of a lack of corroborative evidence, Vanity Fair modified its April, 2008 article on this topic, not taking any firm conclusions. Vanity Fair A Novel without a Hero is a Novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 1847-48 that satirizes society in early ^{[53] [54]}

Memorials

• New York International Airport (formerly known as Idlewild Airport) was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24, 1963. John F Kennedy International Airport is an International airport located in Queens County on Long Island in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Today, the airport is widely referred to as "JFK. "
• The John F. Kennedy Expressway, a major expressway in Chicago, was renamed for Kennedy by unanimous vote of Chicago City Council a few days after the president's assassination. The Kennedy Expressway is a long highway that travels northwest from the Chicago Loop to O'Hare International Airport. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States.
• NASA's Launch Operations Center at Cape Canaveral was renamed the John F. Kennedy Space Center. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Cape Canaveral from the Spanish Cabo Cañaveral, is a headland in Brevard County Florida, United States, near the center of that The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on Cape Canaveral itself was likewise renamed Cape Kennedy, but a referendum passed by Florida voters in 1973 reverted it to its original name.
• The John F. Kennedy memorial in Dallas, Texas, not far from the site of the assassination. The memorial consists of an empty platform with "John Fitzgerald Kennedy" engraved along its side, surrounded by a square cement enclosure with two openings.
• Kennedy Blvd (State Road 60) in Tampa, Florida was renamed for Kennedy in 1964 by unanimous vote of the Tampa City Council. John F Kennedy Boulevard (better known as Kennedy Boulevard is a major east-west corridor in Tampa Florida. Memorial Causeway Bridgejpg|thumb|Memorial Causeway Bridge looking left from under the bridge toward Clearwater Beach Kennedy visited Tampa on November 18, 1963 only four days before his assassination. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His motorcade drove five miles (8 km) down Grand Central Avenue to the heart of the business district.
• On November 26, 1963, the Interstate 65 bridge, spanning the Ohio River between Louisville, Kentucky and Jeffersonville, Indiana, was named the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Interstate 65 (I-65 is a major Interstate Highway in the United States. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Jeffersonville (ˈdʒɛfɚsənˌvɪl is a city in Clark County, Indiana, along the Ohio River. The John F Kennedy Memorial Bridge is a seven-lane single-deck Cantilever bridge that carries Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Louisville
• The North Padre Island Causeway, connecting Padre Island to the Texas mainland, was renamed the John F. Padre Island (the world's longest Barrier island) is part of the U Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Kennedy Causeway,
• A Kennedy memorial was established in Runnymede, England, where the Magna Carta was sealed. Runnymede is a Water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the county of Surrey, England, associated with the signing of the Magna Carta England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Magna Carta ( Latin for Great Charter, literally " Great Paper " also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Great Charter of Freedoms
• A stretch of Interstate 95 in Maryland, running from the Baltimore Beltway to the State Line, where it becomes the Delaware Turnpike, had been dedicated by President Kennedy on November 14, 1963, eight days before his assassination. Interstate 95 in Maryland is a major highway that runs diagonally from northeast to southwest from Maryland's border with Delaware, to the Woodrow Interstate 695 (abbreviated I-695) is a -long full beltway Interstate highway extending around Baltimore Maryland, USA. The Delaware Turnpike (also named John F Kennedy Memorial Highway along with the adjacent Maryland route is an 11 Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was soon renamed the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway. This article describes a portion of Interstate 95 in Maryland.
• The U. S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy was named on April 30, 1964, and served until March 23, 2007. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Ship history 1970s Kennedy' s maiden voyage and several of her subsequent voyages were on deployments to the Mediterranean during much of the Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library opened in 1979 as Kennedy's official presidential library. In the United States, the Presidential library system is a nationwide network of libraries administered by the Office of Presidential Libraries which is part of the National
• John F. Kennedy University opened in Pleasant Hill, California, in 1964 as a school for adult education. John F Kennedy University is a Private university located in Pleasant Hill, California, with satellite campuses in Campbell and Berkeley Pleasant Hill is a city in Contra Costa County, California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area.
• The John F. Kennedy National Historic Site preserves his home in Brookline. John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site, located in Brookline Massachusetts ' Coolidge Corner neighborhood is an historical site that commemorates the
• At Harvard University:
  • The Harvard Institute of Politics serves as a living memorial which promotes public service in his name. The Kennedy family and its friends founded Harvard 's Institute of Politics (IOP to serve as a living memorial to President John F
  • The School of Government is known as the John F. Kennedy School of Government. The John F Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a Public policy and
• The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts opened in 1971 in Washington, D.C. as a living memorial to him. The John F Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (on the building itself called the John F Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
• Hundreds of schools across the U. S. were named in Kennedy's honor. The first school in the United States named after had been the Kennedy Middle School, in Cupertino, California, while he was alive. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Kennedy Idol/Kennedy's Best Dance Crew In the middle of the year Kennedy shows a very entertaining show called the Kennedy Idol Cupertino (ˌkuːpɚˈtiːnoʊ is a Suburban city in Santa Clara County, California, U In the week after Kennedy's death, the first schools renamed for him were the Kennedy Elementary School in Butte, Montana and the John F. Butte (IPA) is a city in and the County seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. Kennedy Middle School on Long Island in Bethpage, New York. Bethpage is a hamlet and a Census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, USA ^[55]
• Philadelphia Municipal Stadium was renamed John F. Kennedy Stadium in 1964. John F Kennedy Stadium (or JFK Stadium) was an open-air stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that stood from 1925 to 1992 It was razed in 1992 and is now the current site of the Wachovia Center. The Wachovia Center, formerly known as the CoreStates Center and the First Union Center, is an indoor arena located in Philadelphia Pennsylvania
• Kennedy was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed
• Since 1964, Kennedy's portrait has appeared on the United States half dollar coin, replacing Benjamin Franklin. The half dollar of the United States, sometimes known as the fifty-cent piece, has been produced nearly every year since the inception of the United States Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.
• Yad Kennedy, a memorial to the U. Yad Kennedy located near Jerusalem, Israel is a memorial to John F S. president, was established on a crest in the Jerusalem Forest, on the southwest outskirts of Jerusalem near Aminadav. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The name "Aminadab" can either relate to A far distant ancestor of Jesus Christ, mentioned in the Bible.
• John F. Kennedy Medical Center is a hospitol located in Edison, New Jersey.
• One of the Solomon Islands is named Kennedy Island. The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands Kennedy Island (colloquially known as Plum Pudding Island though the correct local name is Kasolo Island is an island in the Solomon
• The city of Evansville, Indiana observed John F. Evansville (ˈɛvənzˌvɪl is the third-largest city in the U Kennedy Day on November 22, 2003 to mark the 40th anniversary of his death. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
• One of the five residential towers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst is named Kennedy Tower in his honor. The University of Massachusetts Amherst (otherwise known as UMass Amherst, Massachusetts, or UMass) is a research and Land-grant university in
• In February 2007, Kennedy's name, along with his wife's, was included on a list taken aboard the Japanese Kaguya spacecraft to the Moon, as part of The Planetary Society's "Wish Upon the Moon" campaign. In Greek mythology, Selene (Σελήνη " Moon " English sɛˈliːniː was an archaic Lunar deity and the daughter of the Titans The Planetary Society is a large publicly supported non-government and not-for-profit organization that has many research projects related to Astronomy. ^[56] In addition, they are included on the list onboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP) is a program of Robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Human spaceflight
• The U. S. Army's John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School is named after the late president because of his support for the Army Rangers and United States Army Special Forces. John F Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS trains United States Army personnel for the United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC The United States Army Rangers or simply Army Rangers are specialized elite American light infantry and Special operations troops
• The park in Eyre Square, Galway City, Ireland is called John F. Kennedy Park, after his visit in 1963.
• One suggestion that was rejected was that the State of West Virginia be renamed in Kennedy's honor. West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by ^[57] Emile J. Hodel, editor of the Post-Herald of Beckley, West Virginia, wrote an editorial asking, "Why not change the name of West Virginia to Kennedy? Or perhaps Kennediana? What greater respect could the man receive than the renaming of the state he said he held most dear, after his home state of Massachusetts, in his honor?"^[58]
• A popular figure in predominantly Catholic Quebec, Kennedy was honored with a street in Montreal, called President Kennedy Avenue. Beckley is a city in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States, which was founded on April 4, 1838. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec A bust of JFK and a building on science campus of the French-language university Université du Québec à Montréal named the President Kennedy pavilion are located at the street's western end. The Université du Québec à Montréal ( UQAM) is one of four universities in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• One of the busiest highwaytunnels in Europe, built in the 1960s in Antwerp was named after President Kennedy and is widely known in Europe as the Kennedytunnel
• Avenue John Kennedy located in Brussels
• John-F.-Kennedy-Platz (John F. John-F-Kennedy-Platz (John F Kennedy Square formerly Rudolph-Wilde-Platz in Berlin-Schöneberg contains the former city hall of West Berlin ( Rathaus Schöneberg Kennedy Square) is located in Berlin-Schöneberg in the location where Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speach on June 26, 1963

See also

References

Primary sources

• Goldzwig, Steven R. The history of the United States from 1945 through 1964 covers the early Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement. The "Jesuit Ivy" is the title of a commencement speech delivered at and subsequently a Nickname given to Boston College in Chestnut Hill The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. The Kennedy Doctrine refers to foreign policy initiatives of the 35th President of the United States John Fitzgerald Kennedy, towards Latin America during his term Operation Northwoods, or Northwoods, was a False flag Conspiracy plan proposed within the United States government in 1962 The Zapruder film is a silent 8 mm color home movie of the presidential motorcade of John F Orville Orhel Nix (16 April 1911 – 17 January 1972 Dallas Texas was a witness to the assassination of U The assassination of Robert F Kennedy, a United States Senator and brother of assassinated President John F The Kennedy Curse is a series of unfortunate events that have happened to members of the Kennedy family. This is a list of assassinated American politicians. Individuals listed were either elected or appointed to office or were candidates for elected office This is a list of US presidents who died during their term as president by date and by cause of death " Senator you're no Jack Kennedy " was a phrase spoken during the 1988 United States vice-presidential Debate by Democratic Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr ( February 11 1921 – May 23 2006) was a four-term United States senator (1971 until 1993 from Texas JFK Reloaded is an Edutainment First-person shooter Video game recreating the John F A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. and Dionisopoulos, George N. , eds. In a Perilous Hour: The Public Address of John F. Kennedy, text and analysis of key speeches (1995)

Secondary sources

• Brauer, Carl. John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction (1977)
• Burner, David. John F. Kennedy and a New Generation (1988)
• Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life : John F. Kennedy, 1917 – 1963. Brown, Little. ISBN 0-316-17238-3.  
• Collier, Peter & Horowitz, David. The Kennedys (1984)
• Cottrell, John. Assassination! The World Stood Still (1964)
• Fay, Paul B. , Jr. The Pleasure of His Company (1966)
• Freedman, Lawrence. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam (2000)
• Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (1997)
• Giglio, James. The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1991), standard scholarly overview of policies
• Harper, Paul, and Joann P. Krieg eds. John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited (1988), scholarly articles on presidency
• Harris, Seymour E. The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy (1962)
• Heath, Jim F. Decade of Disillusionment: The Kennedy–Johnson Years (1976), general survey of decade
• Hellmann, John. The Kennedy Obsession: The American Myth of JFK (1997), negative assessment
• Hersh, Seymour. The Dark Side of Camelot (1997), highly negative assessment
• House Select Committee on Assassinations. Final Assassinations Report (1979)
• Kunz, Diane B. The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s (1994)
• Manchester, William. Portrait of a President: John F. Kennedy in Profile (1967)
• Manchester, William. The Death of a President: November 20-November 25 (1967)
• O'Brien, Michael. John F. Kennedy: A Biography (2005), the most detailed biography
• Parmet, Herbert. Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy (1980)
• Parmet, Herbert. JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1983)
• Piper, Michael Collins. Final Judgment (2004: sixth edition). American Free Press
• Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power (1993), balanced assessment of policies
• Reeves, Thomas. A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (1991) hostile assessment of his character flaws
• Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (1965), by a close advisor
• Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. Robert Kennedy And His Times (2002)
• Smith, Jean Edward. Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932, Washington DC) is professor at Marshall University and biographer Kennedy and Defense: The Formative Years. Air University Review (March–April 1967)
• Smith, Jean Edward. The Defense of Berlin, Baltimore. Johns Hopkins Press (1963)
• Smith, Jean Edward. The Wall as Watershed, Arlington, Virginia. Institute for Defense Analysis (1966)
• Smith, Jean Edward. "The Bay of Pigs: The Unanswered Questions". The Nation, pp. 360–363 (April 13, 1964)
• Sorensen, Theodore. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Kennedy (1966), by a close advisor
• Walsh, Kenneth T. Air Force One: A History of the Presidents and Their Planes (2003)

Citations

Media

President Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War.

The sound file of the message to Turkish President Cemal Gursel and The Turkish People on the Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Ataturk, November 10, 1963

The Text of the message to Turkish President Cemal Gursel and The Turkish People on the Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Ataturk, November 10, 1963 Image:JFKennedy1963 text.pdf

Announcement by John F. Kennedy (help·info) - Announcement to go to the moon (0:11m)

• The White House Situation Room reports on the assassination to an airplane with several Cabinet members as it flies to Hawaii, Nov 22,1963 (MP3 format 7. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Cemal Gürsel ( October 13, 1895 — September 14, 1966) was a Turkish Army officer, and the 4th President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 5 MB 33-Min. )
  

External links

• John F. Kennedy at the Internet Movie Database
• John F. Kennedy at Find A Grave
• Historical TV Footage from Dallas TV Station KDFW Exclusive television coverage -- most from the KRLD -TV/KDFW Collection at the Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza
• Video of Vincent Bugliosi discussing JFK assassination
• Extensive essay on John F. Kennedy (with shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs)
• Full audio of Kennedy speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
• Kennedy's Secret White House Recordings via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
• Video, Audio, Text of John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address
• Kennedy discusses Cuban Missile Crisis with former President Eisenhower
• John F. Kennedy Library
• The White House Biography
• Birthplace of John F. Kennedy: Home of the Boy Who Would Be President, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
• JFK at the Avalon Project
• Kennedy Administration Official Documentary Historical Record of Major Foreign Policy Decisions from The Foreign Relations of the United States Series, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records The Government Printing Office (GPO is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. C.
• New video footage released of JFK's last moments
• Works by or about John F. Kennedy in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by James Michael Curley	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 11th congressional district January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1953	Succeeded by Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr.
United States Senate
Preceded by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.	United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts January 3, 1953 – December 22, 1960 Served alongside: Leverett Saltonstall	Succeeded by Benjamin A. Smith
Political offices
Preceded by Dwight D. Eisenhower	President of the United States January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963	Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson
Party political offices
Preceded by Adlai Stevenson	Democratic Party Presidential nominee 1960	Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson
Honorary titles
Preceded by Unknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War	Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda November 24, 1963 – 25 November, 1963	Succeeded by Douglas MacArthur

Persondata
NAME	Kennedy, John Fitzgerald
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Kennedy, Jack
SHORT DESCRIPTION	35th President of the United States
DATE OF BIRTH	May 29, 1917
PLACE OF BIRTH	Brookline, Massachusetts, United States of America
DATE OF DEATH	November 22, 1963
PLACE OF DEATH	Dallas, Texas, United States of America

WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. James Michael Curley ( November 20, 1874 - November 12, 1958) was an American Politician who served in the These are complete tables of congressional delegations from Massachusetts to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Massachusetts Congressional District 11 is an obsolete congressional district in eastern Massachusetts. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr ( December 9, 1912 &ndash January 5, 1994) was an American politician. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Henry Cabot Lodge Jr ( July 5, 1902 &ndash February 27, 1985) was a Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts This is a chronological listing of the United States Senators from Massachusetts. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Leverett A Saltonstall ( September 1, 1892 – June 17, 1979) was an American Republican politician who served as Governor Benjamin Atwood Smith II ( March 16, 1916 – September 6, 1991) was briefly a United States Senator from the U Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the modern Democratic Party of the United The United States presidential election of 1960 marked the end of Dwight D The Tomb of the Unknowns (also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, although it has never been officially named is a monument dedicated to American servicemen who have World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol, below the Capitol dome. General MacArthur redirects here for other meanings see General MacArthur (disambiguation. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, which borders on the cities of Boston and Newton. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

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