The Right Honourable Lieutenant  John George Diefenbaker
Diefenbaker speaking in the House of Commons
13th Prime Minister of Canada
In office 21 June 1957 – 22 April 1963
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Louis St. Laurent
Succeeded by	Lester B. Pearson
Born	18 September 1895(1895-09-18) Neustadt, Ontario
Died	August 16, 1979 (aged 83) Ottawa, Ontario[1]
Political party	Progressive Conservative
Spouse	Edna Brower (1st wife) Olive Palmer (2nd wife)
Children	none
Alma mater	University of Saskatchewan
Profession	Lawyer
Religion	Canadian Baptist

John George Diefenbaker PC CH QC FRSC FRSA (18 September 1895 – 16 August 1979) was the thirteenth Prime Minister of Canada (1957 – 1963). The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Neustadt Ontario is a community in the Municipality of West Grey in Grey County in southern Ontario, Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Edna May Brower Diefenbaker (Born November 30, 1899 in Wawanesa Manitoba - Died in Saskatoon Saskatchewan on February 7, 1951 Olive Evangeline Freeman Palmer Diefenbaker (born 1902 Roland Manitoba - died December 22 1976) was the second wife of John George Diefenbaker Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S) is a Coeducational public Research university located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Canadian Baptist Ministries (CBM or Ministères Baptistes Canadienne is an association of four regional Baptist conventions in Canada - the Baptist Convention of Ontario The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British and Commonwealth Order. Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are The Royal Society of Canada ( Société royale du Canada) now known as the RSC Academies of Arts Humanities and Sciences of Canada ( SRC Académies des Arts The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts Manufactures and Commerce ( RSA) is a British multi-disciplinary institution based in London. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus The man from Prince Albert during his 6 years as Prime Minister established the Canadian Bill of Rights, Royal Commission on Health Services Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act, played a large part in the cancellation of the Avro Arrow, the National Productivity Council (Economic Council of Canada), and extended franchise to all aboriginal peoples. ^[1] As a criminal defence lawyer, he established his reputation. During his 11 year tenure as leader of the Progressive Conservative party, he served five of those years as leader of the opposition. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian

Diefenbaker (pronounced /ˈdiːfənˌbeɪkər/) was known by several nicknames during his career, "J. G. D. " and "The Leader" (a moniker that continued to be applied to him even after his leaving the post of prime minister), but most affectionately as "Dief the Chief" or simply "the Chief".

Contents 1 Early life 2 Legal career 3 Political career 3.1 Member of Parliament 3.2 Progressive Conservative Party leader 4 Prime Minister of Canada 5 Party leader and Member of Parliament 6 Death 7 Legacy 8 Supreme Court appointments 9 Honours 10 Honorary degrees 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Bibliography 12 External links

Early life

Diefenbaker was born on September 18, 1895, in Neustadt, Ontario, to William Thomas Diefenbaker and Mary Florence Bannerman. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Neustadt Ontario is a community in the Municipality of West Grey in Grey County in southern Ontario, Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec His paternal great-grandfather was an immigrant from the Baden region of Germany. Baden is a historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The name was originally spelled Diefenbacker but was Anglicized following his grandfather's death. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English

The Diefenbaker family homesteaded in 1903 was near Fort Carlton in North West Territories. ^[1] His father was a teacher, and John Diefenbaker attended schools in several areas such as Hague and Borden^[2] before the family settled in Saskatoon as of 1910. Hague is a small rural town in Saskatchewan, Canada, located approximately 40 kilometres north of Saskatoon. Borden is a Village in the Canadian Province of Saskatchewan. ^[3]

Diefenbaker received a BA in 1915, an MA in Political Science and Economics in 1916 and an LL.B in 1919 from the University of Saskatchewan. A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The Bachelor of Laws (abbreviated LLB, LLB or rarely LlB) is an undergraduate or bachelor degree in law offered in most Common law The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S) is a Coeducational public Research university located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan Diefenbaker married Edna Brower (1899-1951) in 1929. Edna May Brower Diefenbaker (Born November 30, 1899 in Wawanesa Manitoba - Died in Saskatoon Saskatchewan on February 7, 1951 ^[4] In 1953, after Edna's death, he married his second wife, Olive Palmer (1902-1976), who had a daughter from a previous marriage. Olive Evangeline Freeman Palmer Diefenbaker (born 1902 Roland Manitoba - died December 22 1976) was the second wife of John George Diefenbaker ^[5] Diefenbaker had no children of his own. Diefenbaker House in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan is open as a museum to the public in the summer season. Diefenbaker House is a Museum located in Prince Albert Saskatchewan. Prince Albert is the third-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a home where Diefenbaker lived for ten years with both Edna Brower and Olive Palmer. Edna May Brower Diefenbaker (Born November 30, 1899 in Wawanesa Manitoba - Died in Saskatoon Saskatchewan on February 7, 1951 Olive Evangeline Freeman Palmer Diefenbaker (born 1902 Roland Manitoba - died December 22 1976) was the second wife of John George Diefenbaker His birth home in Neustadt has been preserved as a historical site.

John George Diefenbaker served briefly in the First World War in the Canadian Expeditionary Force with the 105th Saskatoon Fusiliers^[1] from March 1916 to July 1917, reaching the rank of lieutenant in the 29th Light Horse. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Canadian Expeditionary Force was the group of Canadian military units formed for service overseas in the First World War. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services He was sent to England for pre-deployment training, but he was never deployed to France, having suffered an injury that had him coughing up blood. Invalided back to Canada, he was discharged there as Medically Unfit for Service, due to heart irregularities. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Legal career

He was called to the Saskatchewan Bar in 1919 and became an criminal defence lawyer. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person John Diefenbaker established a law practice in Wakaw. Wakaw is a small town northeast of Saskatoon Saskatchewan and south of Prince Albert Saskatchewan. Diefenbaker was famous for representing poorer clients, and he seldom called defence witnesses. At one time, in the Supreme Court of British Columbia, he fell on the floor, clutching his throat, to show how a murder had been committed, prompting dry comments from the presiding judge. The Supreme Court of British Columbia (SCBC is the superior trial court for the Canadian province of British Columbia Diefenbaker represented clients in 20 murder cases, and lost only two. He then practised law from Prince Albert after 1924, as it was a larger community. Prince Albert is the third-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. ^[3]

Political career

In 1920, Diefenbaker was elected as an alderman for the municipal council of the Town of Wakaw, Saskatchewan. An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions Wakaw is a small town northeast of Saskatoon Saskatchewan and south of Prince Albert Saskatchewan. ^[1] He was unsuccessful in his re-election bid of 1923. He was unsuccessful trying for a House of Commons seat in both 1925 and 1926. ^[1] His career as a lawyer was more successful than his political career at this time, and he was appointed King's Counsel in 1929. Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are In both 1929 and 1938 he was unsuccessful at obtaining a member of legislature seat. ^[1]

Diefenbaker's early political career was marked by a singular lack of achievement after his first political breakthrough; he ran unsuccessfully in five elections at the municipal, provincial and federal levels in Saskatchewan before finally getting elected again.

Diefenbaker served as the leader of the Saskatchewan Conservative Party from 1936 to 1938, having taken over the party after it was wiped out in the 1934 provincial election that brought down the Tory government of Premier James Thomas Milton Anderson. The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan is a right-of-centre Political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan general election of 1934 was the eighth provincial election held in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. James Thomas Milton Anderson ( 23 July 1878 &ndash 29 December 1946) was Saskatchewan 's fifth Premier and the first

Member of Parliament

Diefenbaker was first elected to the federal Parliament in the 1940 federal election representing the Lake Centre^[1] riding. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The Canadian federal election of 1940 was the 19th general election in Canadian history For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Lake Centre (electoral district ---> Lake Centre was a federal electoral He was one of only a handful of western Conservative MPs elected under the party's abortive National Government platform. National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or He served as one of the few inspiring opposition parliamentarians during the party's long years in the political wilderness between 1935 and 1957. In 1952, he became Canada's delegate to the United Nations. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

He was re-elected as a MP in 1953 serving the Prince Albert constituency. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Prince Albert is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1908 ^[1]

Progressive Conservative Party leader

Diefenbaker was a frequent leadership contestant in Progressive Conservative leadership conventions. The first Progressive Conservative Party of Canada Leadership convention was held in 1927 when the party was called the Conservative Party. In 1942, Diefenbaker lost to Manitoba Premier John Bracken. John Bracken, PC ( June 22, 1883 - March 18, 1969) was an agronomist Premier of Manitoba (1922-1943 and leader In 1948, Diefenbaker lost to Ontario Premier George Drew. George Alexander Drew, PC, CC, QC ( May 7, 1894 - January 4, 1973) was a Canadian conservative Diefenbaker was not a favourite of the party establishment, who thought of him as a loose cannon and unfriendly to business. Diefenbaker finally won in 1956, the successor to George Drew who had tendered his resignation. ^[3] While the contentious debate surrounding the Pipeline Debate and other signs of arrogance appeared in the Liberal government, few gave Diefenbaker any hope of winning an election against the popular Louis St. Laurent. The Pipeline Debate ( May 8 to June 6, 1956) was one of the pivotal moments in the history of the Parliament of Canada. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne John Diefenbaker was leader of the Progressive Conservative party from 1956 till 1967^[6]

Prime Minister of Canada

John Diefenbaker served as Prime Minister from June 21, 1957, until April 22, 1963. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[3] A number of factors gravitated against the Liberal Party remaining in power, ranging from controversial decisions involving the Pipeline Debate, the "time for a change" antipathy of the public, matched with Diefenbaker's fiery oratory and his populist message, propelled the Conservatives to a narrow victory in the 1957 election, with a minority government. The Canadian federal election of 1957 was held June 10, 1957, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 23rd Parliament A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or Though the Liberals had a slight lead in the popular vote, Louis St. Laurent resigned rather than attempt to form a coalition with the other opposition parties to continue governing. Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne

Soon afterwards, Lester Pearson took over the Liberal leadership, and in his first speech, he asked Diefenbaker to hand power back to the Liberals without an election because of the recent economic decline. In a scathing two-and-a-half hour response, Diefenbaker revealed a formerly classified Liberal file that predicted the economic malaise. The "arrogant" label that had been on the Liberals in 1957 stayed.

Diefenbaker wanted a majority so he called a snap election. A snap election is an election called earlier than scheduled Generally it refers to an election called when no one expects it usually to capitalize on a unique electoral opportunity or During the 1958 campaign, he ran on a message of building a "Canada of the North", increasing subsidies and development in the northern parts of the country, and on increasing social programs, which resonated effectively in English Canada. The Canadian federal election of 1958 was the 24th general election in Canada's history The biggest surprise was in Quebec, where the Union Nationale political machine was put into use for the Tories, enabling them to win the majority of seats in that province for the first time since John A. Macdonald. Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC ( January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister Ending up, Diefenbaker won the largest majority government in Canadian history. In the Westminster System, there is a majority government when the governing party enjoys an Absolute majority of seats in the Legislature or 1958 saw the appointment of the first aboriginal person to the Senate, James Gladstone. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general James Gladstone (or Akay-na-muka, meaning "Many guns" ( May 21 1887 &ndash September 4 1971) was the first Status ^[1]

However, as Peter C. Newman has written: "[He] came to the toughest job in the country without having worked for anyone but himself, without ever having hired or fired anyone, and without ever having administered anything more complicated than a walk-up law office. Peter Charles Newman, CC, CD, MComm, LLD (born May 10 1929) is a Canadian Journalist. " His first Commonwealth leaders meeting went over well, until he made an offer to the United Kingdom to bring 15% of Canada's trade with the United States to the UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Since the proposal violated many international agreements, the UK instead proposed a Free Trade Agreement. Diefenbaker's Cabinet strongly recommended against it, and the 15% figure never came up again. Relations considerably cooled between the UK and Canada.

Diefenbaker soon ran into economic problems. With a recession already looming by the time he came in, increased deficits hurt the economic picture more. Diefenbaker blamed the tight money policies of the Liberals. At the same time, the Governor of the Bank of Canada, James Coyne heavily criticized the government's financial record, saying that the country was relying too much on exports to the United States and that a "tightening" was needed. For the defunct commercial bank see Bank of Canada (commercial. James Elliott Coyne BCL, BA (born July 17, 1910) was the second Governor of the Bank of Canada from 1955 to The Government rejected his advice and tried to get rid of Coyne for playing politics with his position. While the House of Commons passed a bill declaring his position vacant, the Liberal-controlled Canadian Senate rejected it. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Nevertheless, Coyne resigned the next day. Having the Governor of the Bank of Canada criticizing the Government gave a feeling of chaos to international investors, which prompted many to withdraw capital from Canada. The ensuing crunch heavily limited economic growth.

Diefenbaker made what some believe to have been one of the most controversial policy decisions of the last century in Canada when his government cancelled the development and manufacture of the Avro CF-105 Arrow. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Arrow was a Mach 2 supersonic jet interceptor built by A. Mach number (\mathrm{Ma} or M (generally ˈmɑːk sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/ is the speed of an object moving through air or any Fluid V. Roe Canada (Avro Canada), in Malton, Ontario to defend Canada in the event of a Soviet nuclear bomber attack from the north. Avro Aircraft Limited (Canada was a Canadian aircraft manufacturing company that was in business from 1945-62 Malton is one of the Neighbourhoods in the northeast part of the city of Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, located to the northwest of Toronto The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During its production, the Canadian government purchased American-made Bomarc missiles as a means of bomber defence, leading to the cabinet decision to cancel the Avro Arrow and its Orenda Iroquois engine on 20 February 1959, forever known as "Black Friday" in Canadian industry. The CIM-10 Bomarc (originally IM-99) was the product of the Bomarc Missile Program. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After canceling the technologically advanced interceptor project, he obtained CF-101 Voodoo interceptors in 1961 from the United States. The CF-101 Voodoo was an all-weather Interceptor aircraft operated by the Royal Canadian Air Force and Canadian Forces between 1961 and 1984

His hostility to the Kennedy administration was pronounced. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Diefenbaker was annoyed at the failure of President John F. Kennedy to consult with him ahead of time, which led Diefenbaker to be skeptical of the seriousness of the situation. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of This caused him to react slowly on an American request to put Canadian forces on Defcon 3 status. The DEFense readiness CONdition ( DEFCON) is a measure of the activation and readiness level of the United States Armed Forces. The Minister of National Defence, Douglas Harkness, defied Diefenbaker by putting the military on high alert two days prior to Cabinet's decision to authorize the move. The Minister of National Defence (Ministre de la Défense nationale is a Minister of the Crown; the Canadian Politician within the Cabinet of Canada Douglas Scott Harkness, PC, OC, GM, ED, BA, DUC ( March 29, 1903 &ndash May 2

Diefenbaker was also instrumental in bringing in the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960. The Canadian Bill of Rights is a federal statute and Bill of rights enacted by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker 's government on August 10 This was the first attempt to articulate the basic rights of Canadian citizens in law. Because the Bill of Rights was an ordinary federal statute and not a part of the Canadian Constitution, it did not codify such rights in an enforceable way, since it could not be used by courts to nullify federal or provincial laws that contradicted it. A statute is a formal written enactment of a Legislative authority that governs a Country, State, City, or County. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions An official commented: "It's great, unless you live in one of the provinces". Thus, its affect on the decisions of the courts, unlike the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms that would be created in 1982, was limited. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the

1961 introduced the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act. This one of the many improved social programs to help Canadians. He also appointed Ellen Fairclough the first woman Federal Cabinet Minister. ^[1]

Support for the Tories declined in Quebec. Though Diefenbaker selected Georges Vanier as the first francophone Governor General, he did not appoint any Quebeckers to important cabinet posts. Major-General Georges-Philéas Vanier DSO MC & Bar CD ( April 23, 1888 - March 5, 1967 The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places The Tories also did not have any long-lasting political machinery there, and the Union Nationale had been swept from power in 1960. Origin The party started as a loose coalition of legislators the Action libérale nationale (a group dissidents from the Liberal Party of Quebec) and the As a result of the declining economic situation, apathy in Quebec, and negative fallout from canceling the Avro Arrow program, the Progressive Conservatives lost their majority in the 1962 election. The Canadian federal election of 1962 was held on June 18 1962 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 25th Parliament of Canada

Immediately afterward, Diefenbaker's minority government began a program to reduce government spending, and raise tariffs and bank interest rates. He then reorganized his Cabinet, moving Finance Minister Donald Fleming into the Minister of Justice portfolio, replacing him with George C. Nowlan. Donald Methuen Fleming, PC ( May 23, 1905 &ndash December 31, 1986) was a Canadian parliamentarian International George Clyde Nowlan, PC, BA, LLB ( 14 September 1898 &ndash 31 May

In September 1962, Diefenbaker attended the Conference of Commonwealth Prime Ministers in London, where he attacked Britain's prospective entry into the European Economic Community, stating it would be at the expense of Canada's increased economic dependence on the United States. The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, abbreviated to CHOGM, is a biennial Summit meeting of the heads of government from all Commonwealth London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Also at that meeting, he criticized South Africa's policy of apartheid, and successfully opposed its readmission into the Commonwealth after it declared itself a republic. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its ^[7]

Diefenbaker's final term of office saw the escalation of a nuclear arms question brought on by the imported Bomarc missiles and the Voodoo aircraft that had replaced the Avro Arrow. Diefenbaker rejected American nuclear warheads being put in missiles, warplanes and ground-based tactical rockets. He used Congressional testimony about the Bomarc missiles to accuse Liberal leader Lester B. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Pearson of making Canada a target for a nuclear war, and accused American media outlets and the US government of interfering with the election. ^[2]

While Diefenbaker and his allies opposed the nuclear warheads, many other Tories and the opposition parties supported them, saying that the Bomarc missiles would be useless without the warheads. The already strained relationship within the Conservative party deteriorated faster, and a Cabinet split further undermined the government. Minister of National Defence Douglas Harkness resigned from Cabinet on 4 February 1963 because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the missiles. The Minister of National Defence (Ministre de la Défense nationale is a Minister of the Crown; the Canadian Politician within the Cabinet of Canada Douglas Scott Harkness, PC, OC, GM, ED, BA, DUC ( March 29, 1903 &ndash May 2 Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The next day, the government lost two non-confidence motions on the issue, as the Social Credit and the CCF withdrew their support of the government. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion

Party leader and Member of Parliament

Diefenbaker lost the 1963 federal election to Lester Pearson and the Liberals. The Canadian federal election of 1963 was held on April 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 26th Parliament of Canada The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Nevertheless he continued as PC party leader after the 1963 election, serving as Leader of the Opposition. In the 1964 Great Flag Debate, he led the opposition to the Maple Leaf flag, which he castigated as the "Pearson Pennant", arguing for the retention of the Canadian Red Ensign. The Canadian Great Flag Debate took place in 1964 when a new design for the national flag was chosen The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag The Canadian Red Ensign is the former flag of Canada, used officially by the federal government though it was never adopted as official by the Parliament of Canada

There were early calls for Diefenbaker's retirement, especially from the Bay Street wing of the party. Bay Street is a street in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the centre of Toronto's financial district and is often used by At the February 1964 PC Convention, a secret ballot on his leadership was held. Diefenbaker held on by a very narrow margin. Diefenbaker was introduced to the convention by Joe Clark, president of the Student Federation, whose delegates were seen as the vote that tipped the balance. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman Clark described when he first saw Diefenbaker in High River, Alberta, and Diefenbaker's bravery at standing for the vote. High River is a town in southwestern Alberta, Canada with a population of 10716 Diefenbaker emotionally accepted the result, and said, "If there were no other rewards in public life than to have done what was stated by the brilliant Joe Clark, I would have been rewarded more than I could hope for. "

To the surprise of many, he ran an aggressive, nationalistic campaign in the 1965 election, which Pearson had called in the expectation that the Liberals would win a majority. The Canadian federal election of 1965 was held on November 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 27th Parliament of Growing dissatisfaction with his leadership, however, led to open dissension within the party, headed by Party president Dalton Camp. Dalton Kingsley Camp, PC, OC, MSc, LLD ( September 11, 1920 &ndash March 18, 2002) was a Canadian There was a fear within the party that even though ditching Diefenbaker would probably improve Eastern results, they might lose the Western seats Diefenbaker brought to the party.

Anti-Diefenbaker efforts by Camp and others resulted in a leadership review, a measure for which there was no provision in the party's constitution. The Progressive Conservatives called a leadership convention in 1967. In Canadian politics, a leadership convention is held by a political party when the party needs to choose a leader due to a vacancy or a challenge to the incumbent Although Diefenbaker stood as a candidate for the leadership, against the proposed Deux Nations policy, he was defeated by Nova Scotia Premier Robert Stanfield. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's In Canada, a premier is the Head of government of a province or territory. Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia His exit was considered the most emotional moment of the convention.

Diefenbaker retained his parliamentary seat for the next twelve years until his death, while also serving as the chancellor at the University of Saskatchewan beginning in 1969. The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S) is a Coeducational public Research university located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan The opening night of the 1976 Tory leadership convention in Ottawa was a tribute in his honour, and he made a passionate speech which met with sustained applause. He was a favourite of the Press Gallery, and frequently made snide remarks about other Conservatives. The press gallery is the part of a Parliament, or other legislative body where political journalists are allowed to sit or gather to observe and then report speeches and This reached a head in 1979, when he joked that Canada had celebrated the International Year of the Child by electing Joe Clark, who as a student had defended Diefenbaker. UNESCO proclaimed 1979 as the International Year of the Child. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman

Death

Diefenbaker died on 16 August 1979 from heart failure^[3] in Ottawa, Ontario. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. In accordance with his funeral plans, his body was shipped from Ottawa to Saskatoon by train for burial. Thousands of Canadians lined the tracks and more watched on television to bid farewell to "Dief" before he was buried beside the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker Centre at the University of Saskatchewan. The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S) is a Coeducational public Research university located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan In his will, he had a special ceremony in place, so that the Maple Leaf flag was draped on his casket first, and then the Red Ensign that he defended so intensely in Parliament was laid over it. The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, and fr l'Unifolié ( French for "the one-leafed" is a red Flag His state funeral was carried out as he had planned years earlier. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance

The funeral was presided over by the short-lived government of Prime Minister Joe Clark, a fellow Tory. Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman During the burial services, Clark took part in eulogizing Diefenbaker, only days after Diefenbaker had delivered insults against Clark to the press. Years later, in a 4 February 2006 Globe and Mail newspaper article, as part of an ongoing series on Canadian prime ministers, Clark delivered a frank but heart-felt review of the Diefenbaker legacy, calling him a people's "advocate. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities "^[8]

Legacy

Diefenbaker's legacy remains a controversial one. During his tenure, economically, the country fared poorly, but this could be ascribed to conditions elsewhere. However, his love for the "common man" and his near-universal stand for human rights seem to shed a more positive light: for example, he was one of the few dissenters in the internment of Japanese Canadians, led the fight against South Africa being in the Commonwealth, and extended the right to vote to status Indians. Japanese Canadians are Canadians of Japanese ancestry and are largely concentrated on the west coast especially in and around Vancouver.

Diefenbaker's populism raised the popularity of the Progressive Conservatives in the Western provinces, and the West became a PC and Conservative mainstay for the next half-century.

His decision to oppose nuclear warheads on the Bomarc missiles was supported by a young journalist Pierre Trudeau. When Trudeau succeeded Lester B. Pearson as prime minister and Liberal leader in 1968, he announced that the missiles would be phased out by 1971.

Between 1993 and 2003, Diefenbaker was frequently touted as a "spiritual father" of the values espoused by the then-beleaguered PC Party and its membership. In his 2000 book, In Defence of Civility, Tory strategist and former PC leadership candidate, Senator Hugh Segal noted that Diefenbaker "defined Progressive Conservatism as the ultimate balance for free enterprise, profit-making and economic growth on the one hand, and social justice and respect for the interests of the common man on the other. Hugh Segal, CM (born October 13 1950) is a Canadian senator, political strategist author and commentator " Many Red Tory PCs, such as David Orchard and Heward Grafftey, who were not enamoured of the more recent PC Prime Ministerships of Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney and Kim Campbell, frequently referenced their own political traditions, values and stances to the Diefenbaker era. Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy tradition and disposition in Canada. David Orchard (born June 28, 1950, in Borden, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian political figure member of the Liberal Party of Canada William Heward Grafftey, PC (born August 5, 1928) is a Canadian politician and businessman Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE (born June 5 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Politician, Statesman Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada Ironically, in his memoirs, Diefenbaker stated that he preferred the name "Conservative" to "Progressive Conservative. " Diefenbaker was also noted for his opposition to official bilingualism which placed him offside with the more progressive element of his party.

Ultimately, his legacy to many Canadians is as the man who killed the Avro Arrow. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout While Diefenbaker's long political career was filled with many difficult controversies, he kept a very high personal ethical standard, and was never implicated or involved in personal wrongdoing of any form.

Supreme Court appointments

Diefenbaker chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

• Ronald Martland (15 January 1958 – 10 February 1982)
• Wilfred Judson (5 February 1958 – 20 July 1977)
• Roland Almon Ritchie (5 May 1959 – 31 October 1984)
• Emmett Matthew Hall (23 November 1962 – 1 March 1973)

Honours

• Lake Diefenbaker is named for the late prime minister. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Ronald Martland, CC, AOE, LLB, BA (1909 — November 20, 1997) was a Canadian Justice of the Supreme Court Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Wilfred Judson ( July 20, 1902 – June 15, 1980) was a Canadian lawyer and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Roland Almon Ritchie ( June 19, 1910 - June 5, 1988) was a Canadian Lawyer Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Emmett Matthew Hall CC, QC, LLB, LLD ( November 9 1898 - November 11 1995) was a Canadian Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Lake Diefenbaker is a man-made Lake in Southern Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a reservoir on the South Saskatchewan River created following the construction of the Gardiner Dam which gained support from the Prime Minister. A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use The South Saskatchewan River (French rivière Saskatchewan Sud) is a major river in Canada that flows through the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan The Gardiner Dam on the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan is the largest earth fill Dam in Canada. ^[2]
• Saskatoon's airport is named John G. Saskatoon is a city located in central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the South Saskatchewan River, with a Diefenbaker International Airport in his honour. A display depicting his life and career is found in the departure area of the terminal.
• The Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker Centre for the Study of Canada (popularly known as the Diefenbaker Canada Centre) on the University of Saskatchewan is a museum and archives dedicated to the late John Diefenbaker. The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S) is a Coeducational public Research university located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan It contains virtually all of Diefenbaker's chattels, which he willed to the University. Included are his personal effects, personal, legal and Prime Ministerial Papers, photographs, and audio-visual material.
• 2007: A British Columbia mountain near Valemount was named Mount John Diefenbaker. British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Valemount is a Village of 1018 people in east central British Columbia, Canada. After the naming proposal was accepted, it was discovered that Diefenbaker had an earlier connection with the mountain. In November 1950, a telegraph operator was charged with manslaughter following a collision between a passenger train and a military transport train that killed 21 men. Diefenbaker's wife insisted he take the case and, at great personal expense, he managed to clear the telegraph operator. ^[9][10]
• Diefenbaker Drive in Saskatoon's west end and Diefenbaker Park on the city's east side have been named in Mr. Diefenbaker's honour.
• The southeast corner of 21st Street E. and 1st Ave. S. in downtown Saskatoon was dedicated as Diefenbaker Corner by the City of Saskatoon in the 1970s. According to legend, it was on this spot where Diefenbaker, selling newspapers as a boy, met Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier during Laurier's visit to the city. A statue commemorating this event was installed at the site.
• John Diefenbaker Secondary School High school is in Hanover, Ontario.
• John George Diefenbaker Public School on 70 Dean Park Road in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada is named after the former prime minister.
• John Diefenbaker Public School in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan is also named after the former prime minister.
• John G. Diefenbaker High School in northwest Calgary is named in honour of John G. John G Diefenbaker High School is a senior high school located at 6620 4th Street N Diefenbaker.
• John G. Diefenbaker Elementary School in Richmond, BC is named after the former prime minister. John G Diefenbaker Elementary School in Richmond British Columbia is an Elementary school named after John Diefenbaker, the Prime Minister of Canada
• Diefenbaker Elementary School, formerly Plains Road Public School, at 175 Plains Road in Toronto, ON was named after the former prime minister in 1976. ^[11] Diefenbaker had attended the school as a child while his father was principal. ^[12]
• Diefenbaker House in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan is a former official residence and now museum
• The emergency retreat for the Canadian government built during the Cold War in case of nuclear attack is jocularly known as the "Diefenbunker". Diefenbaker House is a Museum located in Prince Albert Saskatchewan. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The seven Emergency Government Headquarters (commonly referred to as Diefenbunkers) are Nuclear fallout shelters that were built across Canada at the height

Honorary degrees

John G. Diefenbaker received 36 honorary degrees from numerous universities in Canada and the USA. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the They include:

• McMaster University (LL.D) October 1952 [1]
• St. Mary's University (LL.D) 12 February 1958 [2] [3]
• University of Saskatchewan (DCL), 9 May 1958 [4]
• University of British Columbia (LL.D), 25 September 1958 [5] [6]
• University of New Brunswick (LL.D), 1958
• University of Western Ontario (DCL), 30 May 1959 [7] [8]
• Princeton University (LL.D), June 1959 [9]
• University of Toronto (LL.D), 1959 [10]
• University of Windsor (LL.D), 1959 [11]
• Queen's University (LL.D), 1960 [12]
• Dalhousie University (LL.D), 1961 [13]
• Memorial University of Newfoundland (LL.D), October 1961 [14] [15]
• Waterloo Lutheran University (LL.D), November 1968 [16]
• University of Alberta (LL.D), 1974 [17] [18]

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Political Biography from the Library of Parliament
• Diefenbaker Homestead
• CBC Digital Archives – Dief the Chief
• Canadian Parliamentary Review Article

Party political offices
Preceded by James T. M. Anderson	Leader of the Conservative Party of Saskatchewan 1936–1940	Succeeded by H. James Thomas Milton Anderson ( 23 July 1878 &ndash 29 December 1946) was Saskatchewan 's fifth Premier and the first The Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan is a right-of-centre Political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. E. Keown
Preceded by George Drew	Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party 1956–1967	Succeeded by Robert Stanfield
Government offices
Preceded by Louis St. Laurent	Prime Minister of Canada 1957–1963	Succeeded by Lester B. Pearson
Preceded by Lester B. Pearson	Secretary of State for External Affairs 1957	Succeeded by Sidney Earle Smith
Preceded by Sidney Earle Smith	Secretary of State for External Affairs (acting) 1959	Succeeded by Howard Green
Parliament of Canada
Preceded by John Frederick Johnson	MP for Lake Centre, SK 1940–1953	Succeeded by Abolished
Preceded by Francis Helme	MP for Prince Albert, SK 1953–1979	Succeeded by Stan Hovdebo
Academic offices
Preceded by E. M. Culliton	Chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan 1969–1979	Succeeded by Emmett Matthew Hall

Persondata
NAME	Diefenbaker, John George
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	13th Prime Minister of Canada (1957-1963)
DATE OF BIRTH	September 18, 1895(1895-09-18)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Neustadt, Ontario
DATE OF DEATH	August 16, 1979
PLACE OF DEATH	Ottawa

George Alexander Drew, PC, CC, QC ( May 7, 1894 - January 4, 1973) was a Canadian conservative The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia Louis Stephen St-Laurent PC CC QC ( Saint-Laurent or St-Laurent in French, baptized Louis-Étienne The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Canada 's Secretary of State for External Affairs was from 1909 to 1993 the member of the Cabinet of Canada responsible for overseeing the federal government's Sidney Earle Smith, PC ( March 9, 1897 &ndash March 17, 1959) was a noted academic and Canada 's Secretary of State Sidney Earle Smith, PC ( March 9, 1897 &ndash March 17, 1959) was a noted academic and Canada 's Secretary of State Canada 's Secretary of State for External Affairs was from 1909 to 1993 the member of the Cabinet of Canada responsible for overseeing the federal government's Howard Charles Green PC ( November 5 1895 &ndash June 26 1989) was a Canadian politician and parliamentarian The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Lake Centre (electoral district ---> Lake Centre was a federal electoral Prince Albert is a federal electoral district in Saskatchewan, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1908 Stanley J Hovdebo (born 20 July 1925 in Domremy Saskatchewan) was a New Democratic Party member of the Canadian House of Commons Edward Milton (EM Culliton, CC, SOM ( April 9, 1906 &ndash March 14, 1991) was a member of Legislative Assembly A Chancellor is the head of a University. Other titles are sometimes used such as President or Rector. The University of Saskatchewan ( U of S) is a Coeducational public Research university located on the east side of the South Saskatchewan Emmett Matthew Hall CC, QC, LLB, LLD ( November 9 1898 - November 11 1995) was a Canadian Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Neustadt Ontario is a community in the Municipality of West Grey in Grey County in southern Ontario, Canada. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality.

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