John Davison Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller in 1885
Born	July 8, 1839(1839-07-08) Richford, New York, U.S.A
Died	May 23, 1937 (aged 97) The Casements, Ormond Beach, Florida, U. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Richford is a Town in Tioga County, New York, United States. The population was 1170 at the 2000 census The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Casements is a Building in Ormond Beach, Florida, US constructed in 1910 by the Reverend Harwood Huntington husband of a Pullman Ormond Beach is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States. S. A
Occupation	Chairman of Standard Oil Company; investor; philanthropist
Net worth	▲$318. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company 3 billion, according to Wealthy historical figures 2008, based on information from Forbes - February 2008. The list of the most wealthy historical figures of 2008 is based on research done around the world by Forbes magazine in 2007 and other sources of information and has been Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly

John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (July 8, 1839 –May 23, 1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by Oil tankers and pipelines Philanthropy is the act of donating money goods services time and/or effort to support a socially beneficial cause with a defined objective and with no financial or material In 1870, he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he officially retired in 1897. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[1] Standard Oil began as an Ohio partnership formed by John D. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Rockefeller, his brother William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner Stephen V. Harkness. William Avery Rockefeller Jr ( May 31, 1841 - June 24, 1922) American financier was a co-founder with his older brother John D Henry Morrison Flagler ( January 2 1830 &ndash May 20 1913) was an American tycoon, Real estate promoter Samuel Andrews (1836-1904 was a Chemist and Inventor. Born in England, he immigrated to the United States before the American Civil War Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness (1818–1888 was an American harnessmaker from Cleveland Ohio, who invested as a silent partner with oil titan John D Rockefeller kept his stock and as gasoline grew in importance, his wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and first U.S. dollar billionaire, and is often regarded as the richest person in history. This list of the 100 wealthiest people is a list of the world's 100 wealthiest people as of February 11 2008, based on each person's total net worth The dollar (often represented by the Dollar sign: "$" is the name of the official Currency in several countries dependencies and other A billionaire is a person who has a Net worth of at least one billion units of currency such as United States dollars ( USD /US$ U This list of the richest people ever or the most wealthy historical figures is essentially the list of the richest people in the history of mankind since the dawn of civilization (from ^[2][3][4][5] Standard Oil was convicted in Federal Court of monopolistic practices and broken up in 1911. The United States federal courts are the system of Courts organized under the Constitution and laws of the Federal government of the United States Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement. His fortune was mainly used to create the modern systematic approach of targeted philanthropy with foundations that had a major effect on medicine, education, and scientific research. His foundations pioneered the development of medical research, and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm and yellow fever. The hookworm is a parasitic Nematode worm that lives in the Small intestine of its host which may be a Mammal such as a Dog, Yellow fever (also called yellow jack, black vomit or sometimes American Plague) is an acute viral disease He is also the founder of both University of Chicago and Rockefeller University. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The Rockefeller University is a private University which focuses primarily on basic research in the biomedical fields and offers graduate and postgraduate education He was a devoted Northern Baptist and supported many church-based institutions throughout his life. The Northern Baptist Convention was founded in Washington DC on May 17, 1907. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life. ^[6]

He married Laura Celestia ("Cettie") Spelman in 1864. Laura Celestia Spelman Rockefeller, ( September 9, 1839 &ndash March 12, 1915) (known as "Cettie") was a philanthropist The Rockefellers had four daughters and one son; John D. Rockefeller, Jr. "Junior" was largely entrusted with the supervision of the foundations. John Davison Rockefeller Jr (January 29 1874 &ndash May 11 1960 was a major Philanthropist and a pivotal member of the prominent Rockefeller family.

Contents 1 Early life and business career 2 Standard Oil 2.1 Monopoly 3 Philanthropy 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Bibliography 7 References 8 External links

Early life and business career

Rockefeller was the second of six children born in Richford, New York, to William Avery Rockefeller (November 13, 1810 - May 11, 1906) and Eliza Davison (September 12, 1813 - March 28, 1889). Richford is a Town in Tioga County, New York, United States. The population was 1170 at the 2000 census William Avery Rockefeller Sr ( November 13, 1810 &ndash May 11, 1906) was the father of American oil tycoon and billionaire Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Genealogists trace his roots back to Germany in the 1600s^[7][8]. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. His father, a travelling salesman who the locals referred to as "Big Bill", was a sworn foe of conventional morality who had opted for a vagabond existence. Throughout his life, William Avery Rockefeller expended considerable energy on tricks and schemes to avoid plain hard work. ^[9] Eliza, a homemaker and devout baptist, struggled to maintain a semblance of stability at home as William was frequently gone for extended periods. Young John D. Rockefeller's contemporaries described him as articulate, methodical, and discreet.

When he was a boy, his family moved to Moravia, New York and, in 1851, to Owego, New York, where he attended Owego Academy. Moravia New York refers to two places in Cayuga County New York. In 1853, his family bought a house in Strongsville, a town close to Cleveland. Strongsville is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state In September 1855, when Rockefeller was 16 he got his first job as an assistant bookkeeper. Working for a small produce commission firm called "Hewitt & Tuttle", the full salary for his first three months' work was $50. At that time he promised when he retired he would give one tenth of his money to charity.

In 1859, Rockefeller went into the produce commission business with a partner, Maurice B. Clark. Their firm, Clark & Rockefeller, built an oil refinery in 1863 in "The Flats", then Cleveland's burgeoning industrial area. An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline The refinery was directly owned by Andrews, Clark & Company, which was composed of Clark & Rockefeller, chemist Samuel Andrews, and M. B. Clark's two brothers. In February 1865, in what was later described by oil industry historian Daniel Yergin as a "critical" auction, Rockefeller bought out the Clark brothers for $72,500, and established the firm of Rockefeller & Andrews. Daniel H Yergin (born February 6, 1947) is an American author speaker and economic researcher

In 1866, John D. Rockefeller's brother, William, built another refinery in Cleveland and he was brought into the partnership. In 1867, Henry M. Flagler beacame a partner, and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was established. Rockefeller Andrews & Flagler was a business concern formed in 1867 in Cleveland Ohio which was a predecessor of the Standard Oil Company By 1868, with Rockefeller borrowing heavily and reinvesting most of the profits while controlling cost and utilizing his refineries' waste, the company owned two Cleveland refineries and a marketing subsidiary in New York, and it was the largest oil refiner in the world. The City of New York ^[10][11] Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was the predecessor of the Standard Oil Company.

Standard Oil

Main article: Standard Oil

By the end of the Civil War, Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state S. (besides Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New York, and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated). Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern In January 1870, Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio, which rapidly became the most profitable refiner in Cleveland. When it was found that at least part of Standard Oil's cost advantage came from secret rebates from the railroads bringing oil into Cleveland, the competing refiners insisted on getting similar rebates, and the railroads quickly complied. By then, however, Standard Oil had grown to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country.

The railroads were fighting fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company. The South Improvement Company was a Pennsylvania corporation in 1871-1872 Rockefeller agreed to support this cartel if they gave him preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates for his product, but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. This touched off a firestorm of protest, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part of the deal. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. Charles Pratt and Company was an oil company that was formed in Brooklyn New York in the United States by Charles Pratt and Henry H Charles Pratt ( October 2 1830 – May 4 1891) was a United States capitalist, Businessman and Henry Huttleston Rogers ( January 29 1840 &ndash May 19 1909) was a United States capitalist, Businessman

Undeterred, Rockefeller continued with his self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of his operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting his competition, and buying them out. In less than two months in 1872, in what was later known as "The Cleveland Conquest", Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. Eventually, even his former antagonists, Pratt and Rogers, saw the futility of continuing to compete against Standard Oil: in 1874, they made a secret agreement with their old nemesis to be acquired. Pratt and Rogers became Rockefeller's partners. Rogers, in particular, became one of Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt became Secretary of Standard Oil.

For many of his competitors, Rockefeller had merely to show them his books so they could see what they were up against, then make them a decent offer. If they refused his offer, he told them he would run them into bankruptcy, then cheaply buy up their assets at auction.

Monopoly

Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States. At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. As a result, Rockefeller and his associates owned separate corporations across dozens of states, making their management of the whole enterprise rather unwieldy. In 1882, Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company The "trust" was a corporation of corporations, and the entity's size and wealth drew much attention. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for its monopolistic practices, giving momentum to the anti-trust movement. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient

One of the most effective attacks on Rockefeller and his firm was the 1904 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, a leading muckraker. Ida Minerva Tarbell ( November 5 1857 &ndash January 6 1944) was a American Teacher, Author and Journalist. For other meanings see Muckraker (disambiguation The term muckraker most associated with a group of American investigative reporters Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. “I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me. ” (Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. The South Improvement Company was a Pennsylvania corporation in 1871-1872 )

Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, leading to the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller continued to consolidate his oil interests as best as he could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. At its peak, Standard Oil had about 90% of the market for kerosene products.

By 1896, Rockefeller shed all of his policy involvement in the affairs of Standard Oil; however he retained his nominal title as president until 1911; he kept his stock.

In 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States held that Standard Oil, which by then still had a 64% market share, originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. Conoco Inc was an American oil company founded in 1875 as the Continental Oil and Transportation Company. ConocoPhillips Company ( is an international energy corporation with its headquarters located in Houston Texas. The American Oil Company, or Amoco, also known as Standard Oil of Indiana, was a global Chemical and oil company founded in Baltimore in BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major Esso (SO is an international trade name for ExxonMobil and its related companies Exxon is a brand of fuel sold by ExxonMobil. History Exxon formally replaced the Esso, Enco, The Exxon Mobil Corporation, or ExxonMobil, is an American oil and gas Corporation and a direct descendant of John D Mobil Gas Station by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|Mobil gas station East Village section of New York City]] Mobil was a major American oil company Standard Oil of Ohio or Sohio was an American oil company that was acquired by British Petroleum, now called BP Rockefeller, who had rarely sold shares, owned substantial stakes in all of them.

Philanthropy

From his very first paycheck, Rockefeller tithed ten percent of his earnings to his church. A tithe (from Old English teogoþa "tenth" is a one-tenth part of something paid as a (usually voluntary contribution or as a Tax or levy As his wealth grew, so did his giving, primarily to educational and public health causes, but also for basic science and the arts. He was advised primarily by Frederick T. Gates after 1891, and, after 1897, also by his son. Frederick Taylor Gates (1853–1929 was an American Baptist clergyman educator and the principal business and philanthropic advisor to the major oil industrialist and philanthropist

Rockefeller believed in the Efficiency Movement, arguing that

"To help an inefficient, ill-located, unnecessary school is a waste. The Efficiency Movement was a major dimension of the Progressive Era in the United States . . it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs, if the money had been properly directed to that end. "

He and his advisers invented the conditional grant that required the recipient to "root the institution in the affections of as many people as possible who, as contributors, become personally concerned, and thereafter may be counted on to give to the institution their watchful interest and cooperation. "^[12]

In 1884, he provided major funding for a college in Atlanta for African-American women that became Spelman College (named for Rockefeller's in-laws who were ardent abolitionists before the Civil War). Spelman College is a four-year liberal arts women's college located in Atlanta Georgia. Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The oldest existing building on Spelman's campus, Rockefeller Hall, is named after him. Rockefeller also gave considerable donations to Denison University and other Baptist colleges. Denison University is a private residential liberal arts and Sciences College in Granville Ohio, approximately 30 miles (50 km east of

Rockefeller gave $80 million to the University of Chicago under William Rainey Harper, turning a small Baptist college into a world-class institution by 1900. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. William Rainey Harper ( July 26, 1856 – January 10, 1906) was a noted academic who helped to organize the University of Chicago His General Education Board, founded in 1902, was established to promote education at all levels everywhere in the country. The General Education Board was an organization created for the purpose of distributing gifts made by John D It was especially active in supporting black schools in the South. Its most dramatic impact came by funding the recommendations of the Flexner Report of 1910, which had been funded by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; it revolutionized the study of medicine in the United States. The Flexner Report is a book-length study of medical education in the United States and Canada, written by the professional educator Abraham Flexner and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and Education, founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1905 and Chartered in 1906 by an Act of Congress, is a Rockefeller also provided financial support to Yale, Harvard, Columbia, Brown, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley and Vassar.

Despite his personal preference for homeopathy, Rockefeller, on Gates's advice, became one of the first great benefactors of medical science. This article has been the subject of edit wars and has been placed on probation Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the In 1901, he founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. The Rockefeller University is a private University which focuses primarily on basic research in the biomedical fields and offers graduate and postgraduate education It changed its name to Rockefeller University in 1965, after expanding its mission to include graduate education. The Rockefeller University is a private University which focuses primarily on basic research in the biomedical fields and offers graduate and postgraduate education It claims a connection to 23 Nobel laureates. He founded the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1909, an organization that eventually eradicated the hookworm disease that had long plagued the American South. The hookworm is a parasitic Nematode worm that lives in the Small intestine of its host which may be a Mammal such as a Dog, The Rockefeller Foundation was created in 1913 to continue and expand the scope of the work of the Sanitary Commission, which was closed in 1915. The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. He gave nearly $250 million to the foundation, which focused on public health, medical training, and the arts. It endowed Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the first of its kind. The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health is part of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore Maryland, U It built the Peking Union Medical College into a great institution, helped in World War I war relief, and it employed William Lyon Mackenzie King of Canada to study industrial relations. Peking Union Medical College Tsinghua University (北京协和医学院，清华大学医学部 is among the most selective medical colleges in the People's Republic of China World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian Rockefeller's fourth main philanthropy, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation, created in 1918, supported work in the social studies; it was later absorbed into the Rockefeller Foundation. However, all told, Rockefeller gave away about $550 million.

Oddly enough, Rockefeller was probably best known in his later life for the practice of giving dimes to children wherever he went. He even gave dimes as a playful gesture to men like tire mogul Harvey Firestone and President Hoover. Harvey Samuel Firestone ( December 20 1868 &ndash February 7, 1938) was the founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 During the Great Depression, Rockefeller switched to giving nickels instead of dimes.

Legacy

As a youth, Rockefeller allegedly said that his two great ambitions were to make $100,000 and to live 100 years. John Singer Sargent (January 12 1856 &ndash April 14 1925 was the most successful portrait painter of his era During his career he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than Rockefeller died of arteriosclerosis on May 23, 1937, two months shy of his 98th birthday^[13], at the Casements, his home in Ormond Beach, Florida. Arteriosclerosis refers to a hardening of medium and large Arteries. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Casements is a Building in Ormond Beach, Florida, US constructed in 1910 by the Reverend Harwood Huntington husband of a Pullman Ormond Beach is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States. He was buried in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Lake View Cemetery is located on the East side of the City of Cleveland Ohio, along the East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights borders

Rockefeller had a long and controversial career in the industry followed by a long career in philanthropy. His image is an amalgam of all of these experiences and the many ways he was viewed by his contemporaries. Amalgamation or amalgam, when used to refer to a fictional character or place refers to one that was created by combining or is perceived to be a combination of several other These contemporaries include his former competitors, many of whom were driven to ruin, but many others of whom sold out at a profit (or a profitable stake in Standard Oil, as Rockefeller often offered his shares as payment for a business), and quite a few of whom became very wealthy as managers as well as owners in Standard Oil. They also include politicians and writers, some of whom served Rockefeller's interests, and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the "robber barons. Robber baron is a term revived in the 19th century in the United States as a pejorative reference to businessmen and bankers who dominated their respective industries "

Biographer Allan Nevins, answering Rockefeller's enemies, concluded:

“

The rise of the Standard Oil men to great wealth was not from poverty. Allan Nevins ( May 20, 1890 - March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist It was not meteor-like, but accomplished over a quarter of a century by courageous venturing in a field so risky that most large capitalists avoided it, by arduous labors, and by more sagacious and farsighted planning than had been applied to any other American industry. The oil fortunes of 1894 were not larger than steel fortunes, banking fortunes, and railroad fortunes made in similar periods. But it is the assertion that the Standard magnates gained their wealth by appropriating "the property of others" that most challenges our attention. We have abundant evidence that Rockefeller's consistent policy was to offer fair terms to competitors and to buy them out, for cash, stock, or both, at fair appraisals; we have the statement of one impartial historian that Rockefeller was decidedly "more humane toward competitors" than Carnegie; we have the conclusion of another that his wealth was "the least tainted of all the great fortunes of his day. Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist "[14]

”

Biographer Ron Chernow wrote of Rockefeller:

“

What makes him problematic—and why he continues to inspire ambivalent reactions—-is that his good side was every bit as good as his bad side was bad. Ronald Chernow (born 1949 is an American biographical author of Alexander Hamilton, The House of Morgan, and Titan The Life of John D Seldom has history produced such a contradictory figure. "[15]

”

Notwithstanding these varied aspects of his public life, Rockefeller may ultimately be remembered simply for the raw size of his wealth. In 1902, an audit showed Rockefeller was worth about $200 million—compared to the total national GDP of $101 billion then. His wealth continued to grow significantly (in line with US economic growth) after as the demand for gasoline soared, eventually reaching about $900 million on the eve of WW1, including significant interests in banking, shipping, mining, railroads, and other industries. By the time of his death in 1937, Rockefeller's remaining fortune, largely tied up in permanent family trusts, was estimated at $1. 4 billion. According to some methods of wealth calculation, Rockefeller's net worth over the last decades of his life would easily place him as the wealthiest known person in recent history. As a percentage of the United States' GDP, no other American fortune—including Bill Gates or Sam Walton—would even come close. If you would like to experiment with Wikipedia please copy Samuel Moore Walton ( March 29 1918 &ndash April 5 1992) was an American businessman and entrepreneur born in Kingfisher Oklahoma

The Rockefeller wealth, distributed as it was through a system of foundations and trusts, continued to fund family philanthropic, commercial, and, eventually, political aspirations throughout the 20th century. Grandson David Rockefeller was a leading New York banker, serving for over 20 years as CEO of Chase Manhattan (now part of JPMorgan Chase). David Rockefeller Sr (born June 12, 1915) is a prominent American Banker, Statesman, Globalist and the current patriarch Chase is the consumer and commercial banking division of JPMorgan Chase. JPMorgan Chase & Co ( is the largest Banking institution in the United States by deposits and market capitalization and is one of the oldest operating Another grandson, Nelson A. Rockefeller, was Republican governor of New York and the 41st Vice President of the United States. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller ( July 8, 1908 January 26, 1979) was the forty-first Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death A third grandson, Winthrop Rockefeller, served as Republican Governor of Arkansas. Winthrop A Rockefeller ( May 1, 1912 February 22, 1973) was a Politician and Philanthropist who served as the first The Governor of the State of Arkansas is the chief executive of the state and Commander-in-chief of its military forces. Great-grandson, John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV is currently a Democratic Senator from West Virginia, and another, Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, served ten years as Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas. John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) generally known as Jay Rockefeller, has served as a Democratic U The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Class 1 Class 2 Winthrop Paul Rockefeller ( September 17, 1948 &ndash July 16, 2006) was Republican lieutenant governor of the

JD Rockefeller rests at Cleveland, Ohio's Lake View Cemetery. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Lake View Cemetery is located on the East side of the City of Cleveland Ohio, along the East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights borders

See also

Standard Oil Exxon Mobil Rockefeller family Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller University Rockefeller Center John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Stephen V. Harkness Laura Celestia Spelman Frederick T. Gates William Rockefeller Henry Flagler Henry H. Rogers Charles Pratt

John D. Archbold Ida Tarbell Ivy Lee Jay Gould Andrew Carnegie J. P. Morgan GE Building - The Rockefeller family office, Room 5600 Kykuit - The Rockefeller family estate, Pocantico Monopoly Petroleum industry Robber baron Bilderberg Group Ludlow Massacre

Bibliography

• Bringhurst, Bruce. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company The Exxon Mobil Corporation, or ExxonMobil, is an American oil and gas Corporation and a direct descendant of John D The Rockefeller family, the renowned Cleveland family of John D The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. The Rockefeller University is a private University which focuses primarily on basic research in the biomedical fields and offers graduate and postgraduate education Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st streets in New York City. John Davison Rockefeller Jr (January 29 1874 &ndash May 11 1960 was a major Philanthropist and a pivotal member of the prominent Rockefeller family. Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness (1818–1888 was an American harnessmaker from Cleveland Ohio, who invested as a silent partner with oil titan John D Laura Celestia Spelman Rockefeller, ( September 9, 1839 &ndash March 12, 1915) (known as "Cettie") was a philanthropist Frederick Taylor Gates (1853–1929 was an American Baptist clergyman educator and the principal business and philanthropic advisor to the major oil industrialist and philanthropist William Avery Rockefeller Jr ( May 31, 1841 - June 24, 1922) American financier was a co-founder with his older brother John D Henry Morrison Flagler ( January 2 1830 &ndash May 20 1913) was an American tycoon, Real estate promoter Henry Huttleston Rogers ( January 29 1840 &ndash May 19 1909) was a United States capitalist, Businessman Charles Pratt ( October 2 1830 – May 4 1891) was a United States capitalist, Businessman and John Dustin Archbold (1848-1916 was an American capitalist and one of the United States' earliest oil refiners Ida Minerva Tarbell ( November 5 1857 &ndash January 6 1944) was a American Teacher, Author and Journalist. Ivy Ledbetter Lee ( July 16, 1877 – November 9, 1934) is considered by some to be the founder of modern Public relations, although Jason "Jay" Gould ( May 27, 1836 &ndash December 2, 1892) was an American Financier who became a leading American railroad Andrew Carnegie (properly kɑrˈneɪgi but commonly /ˈkɑrnɨgi/ or /kɑrˈnɛgi/ (25 November 1835 – 11 August 1919 was a Scottish -born American Industrialist John Pierpont Morgan ( April 17, 1837 &ndash March 31, 1913) was an American financier banker and art collector who The GE Building is an Art Deco Skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of the Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan. Kykuit, also known as John D Rockefeller Estate, is a 40-room National Trust house in Westchester County, New York, built by the oil businessman In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by Oil tankers and pipelines Robber baron is a term revived in the 19th century in the United States as a pejorative reference to businessmen and bankers who dominated their respective industries The Bilderberg Group, Bilderberg conference, or Bilderberg Club is an unofficial annual invitation-only conference of around The Ludlow massacre refers to the violent deaths of 20 people 11 of them children during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a Tent colony of 1200 striking Antitrust
• Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Warner Books. (1998). ISBN 0-679-75703-1 Online review.
• Collier, Peter, and David Horowitz. The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.
• Ernst, Joseph W. , editor. "Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994.
• Folsom, Jr. , Burton W. The Myth of the Robber Barons. New York: Young America, 2003.
• Fosdick, Raymond B. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
• Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in My Life. New York: The Free Press, 1977.
• Giddens, Paul H. Standard Oil Company (Companies and men). New York: Ayer Co. Publishing, 1976.
• Goulder, Grace. John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years. Western Reserve Historical Society, 1972.
• Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
• Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992.
• Hawke, David Freeman. John D: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
• Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey : Pioneering in Big Business). New York: Ayer Co. Publishing, Reprint, 1987.
• Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. , 1989.
• Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. London: Harcourt, 1962.
• Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993.
• Klein, Henry H. Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. New York: Kessinger Publishing, [1921] Reprint, 2003.
• Knowlton, Evelyn H. and George S. Gibb. History of Standard Oil Company: Resurgent Years 1956.
• Latham, Earl ed. John D. Rockefeller: Robber Baron or Industrial Statesman? 1949.
• Manchester, William. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson. New York: Little, Brown, 1958.
• Morris, Charles R. The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy . New York: Owl Books, Reprint, 2006.
• Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
• Nevins, Allan. Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
• Pyle, Tom, as told to Beth Day. Pocantico: Fifty Years on the Rockefeller Domain. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1964.
• Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. The Rockefeller Family Home: Kykuit. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998.
• Rockefeller, John D. ; Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. New York: Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center, 1984 [1909].
• Rose, Kenneth W. and Stapleton, Darwin H. "Toward a "Universal Heritage": Education and the Development of Rockefeller Philanthropy, 1884; 1913 " Teachers College Record" 1992/93(3): 536-555. ISSN.
• Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made. Hodder & Stoughton. , 1975.
• Smith, Sharon. Rockefeller Family Fables Counterpunch May 8, 2008 http://www.counterpunch.org/sharon05082008.html
• Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service. St. Martins Press, 1995.
• Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company 2 vols, Gloucester, Mass: Peter Smith , 1963. [1904].
• Williamson, Harold F. and Arnold R. Daum. The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination,, 1959; also vol 2, American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Energy, 1964.
• Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. The Prize The Epic Quest for Oil Money and Power is Daniel Yergin 's 800-page history of the global Oil industry from the 1850s through 1990 New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

References

External links

• The Rockefeller Archive Center: The authorised Rockefeller family bibliography
• American Experience: The Rockefellers A full transcript of the PBS documentary on the family history, with contributions from Paul Krugman and author Ron Chernow. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Paul Robin Krugman ( born February 28 1953 is an American Economist, Columnist, Author, and Intellectual. Ronald Chernow (born 1949 is an American biographical author of Alexander Hamilton, The House of Morgan, and Titan The Life of John D
• The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, full text, HTML
• John D. Rockefeller Biography
• Timeline of the Rockefeller family history since his birth
• A genealogy of his family
• Illustrated article about John D Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company
• Works by John D. Rockefeller at Project Gutenberg
• Financier's Fortune in Oil Amassed in Industrial Era of 'Rugged Individualism' NY Times Obituary, May 24, 1937
• A Capital Life A New York Times book review of "Titan" by Ron Chernow (1998). Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• The Wycliffe Bible Translators, John Mott & Rockefeller Connections

Persondata
NAME	Rockefeller, John Davison
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Rockefeller, John
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American industrialist, philanthropist
DATE OF BIRTH	8 July 1839
PLACE OF BIRTH	Richford, New York, U.S.A
DATE OF DEATH	23 May 1937
PLACE OF DEATH	The Casements, Ormond Beach, Florida

Richford is a Town in Tioga County, New York, United States. The population was 1170 at the 2000 census The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Casements is a Building in Ormond Beach, Florida, US constructed in 1910 by the Reverend Harwood Huntington husband of a Pullman Ormond Beach is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States.

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