| John Bigler | |
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| In office January 8, 1852 – January 9, 1856 |
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| Lieutenant | Samuel Purdy |
| Preceded by | John McDougall |
| Succeeded by | J. Neeley Johnson |
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| Born | January 8, 1805 Carlisle, Pennsylvania |
| Died | November 29, 1871 (aged 66) Sacramento, California |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Profession | Editor, lawyer, politician |
John Bigler (January 8, 1805 – November 29, 1871) was an American lawyer, politician and diplomat. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Lieutenant Governor of California is a statewide constitutional officer elected separately from the Governor who serves as the "vice-executive" of California Samuel Purdy was Lieutenant Governor of California, 1852 - 1856. John McDougall ( ca 1818 March 30, 1866) was the first Lieutenant governor of California from 1849 to 1851 and later Governor of John Neely Johnson ( August 2 1825 August 31 1872) was an American lawyer and politician Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Carlisle is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 18 miles (29 km west by southwest of Harrisburg, the State capital Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Editing Language, Images or Sound through correction condensation organization and other modifications in various media A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A Democrat, he served as the third Governor of California from 1852 to 1856 and was the first California governor to successfully complete an entire term in office, as well as the first to win re-election. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year His younger brother, William Bigler, was elected Governor of Pennsylvania during the same period. William Bigler ( January 11, 1814 August 9, 1880) was governor of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855 and later a Governors Pennsylvania was one of the original Thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12 1787 Bigler was also appointed by President James Buchanan as the U.S. Minister to Chile from 1857 to 1861. James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 The following is a list of Ambassadors that the United States has sent to Chile. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Contents |
Biography
Bigler was born in early 1805 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania to parents of German ancestry. Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Carlisle is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 18 miles (29 km west by southwest of Harrisburg, the State capital German Americans ( German: Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of Ethnic German ancestry Beginning work in the printing trade at an early age, Bigler, as well as his younger brother, William, never received a formal education, yet Bigler took it upon himself to educate his younger brother. In 1831, both brothers moved to Bellefonte in Centre County to buy the local Andrew Jackson-affiliated Centre Democrat newspaper, where older John assumed editorial duties. Bellefonte is a borough in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. Centre County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 Bigler worked as editor until 1835 when he sold the publication to study law. [1]
When news of the California gold rush reached the East Coast in mid 1848, Bigler, now a middle-aged lawyer, decided to leave for the West Coast to join a law practice. The California Gold Rush (1848&ndash1855 began on January 24 1848 when Gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern The " West Coast " " Western Seaboard " or " Pacific Seaboard " are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the Western United States Travelling overland with an ox train, Bigler reached Sacramento in 1849, only to quickly discover no open positions in law. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Bigler began to work a series of odd jobs, including becoming an auctioneer, a wood chopper, and a freight unloader at the town's docks along the Sacramento River. The Sacramento River is the longest River entirely within the U [2] Upon hearing of the territory's first general election in the same year, Bigler decided to turn to politics, and entered the California State Assembly as a Democrat, one of nine members representing the Sacramento district. The California State Assembly is the Lower house of the California State Legislature. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.
Political career
Upon being elected to the first session of the California State Legislature in 1849, Bigler enjoyed a rapid rise to power in the Assembly. The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U Within a year, Bigler was voted by the heavily Democratic majority in the body as the Speaker of the Assembly in February 1850. This is a list of Speakers of the California State Assembly. It does not number those individuals who serving abbreviated terms nor those serving during an ''extraordinary session'' For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Now one of the most powerful legislators in the state, Bigler enjoyed widespread name recognition. During the Sacramento Cholera Epidemic of October 1850, Bigler contracted cholera as a direct result of his remaining in the city and assisting doctors and undertakers. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium [2]
In May 1851, Bigler was nominated by the Democratic Party convention in Benicia as the party's choice for governor in California's first general election after achieving statehood. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Benicia is a waterside city in Solano County, California, United States. Bigler's challenger, the Whig Party's Pierson B. Reading, derided Bigler as an unpolished, gruff Yankee Northerner, while Reading articulated himself as an educated pioneering gentleman of the South. The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Pierson Barton Reading (November 26 1816-1868 was an early California pioneer The term Yankee, sometimes abbreviated to Yank, has a few related meanings often referring to someone of U The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive Bigler won the election by little more than a thousand votes, remaining today as the closest gubernatorial election in California history. [2]
Governorship
Assuming the governorship on January 8, 1852, Bigler set out in his priorities to protect the state's highly profitable mining interests from leasing or outside monopolies, declaring them in his first inaugural address as "[being] left as free as the air we breathe. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year "[3] Bigler also prioritized bringing industrialization to California, encouraging industrial investment on behalf of the state government.
Anti-Chinese laws
Bigler also set out on a policy to openly target Chinese "coolie" immigrants from entering California. Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent Coolie (variously spelled Cooly Kuli Quli Koelie etcis A historical term for manual labourers from Asia particularly China and India, in the 19th Claiming that the Chinese refused to and could never assimilate into American society, as well as their willingness to work with little pay, Bigler urged Californians to "check this tide of Asiatic immigration. "[4] While the previous administration of Governor John McDougall somewhat supported the Chinese presence in the state, Bigler advocated the revival of the 1850 Foreign Miners Tax, originally signed by anti-foreigner Governor Peter Burnett. John McDougall ( ca 1818 March 30, 1866) was the first Lieutenant governor of California from 1849 to 1851 and later Governor of Peter Hardeman Burnett ( November 15, 1807 May 17, 1895) was an American politician and the first state Governor of California Whereas the original 1850 law placed a US$20 a month tax on all miners of foreign origin, the Bigler-supported 1852 version of the law placed a US$3 a month tax exclusively for Chinese laborers. [5] Over the course of his two terms in office, taxes for Chinese steadily increased with ever harsher bills passing the Legislature and signed into law by Governor Bigler. One law passed by the Legislature and signed by the Governor created a US$50 tax per head for Chinese entering Californian ports that was to be paid within three days. The California Supreme Court later ruled the law unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of California is the State supreme court in California. [2]
As Sierra Nevada gold mine output came to a trickle by the early 1850s, followed by local financial panic caused by the discovery of gold in Australia, anger towards hard-working and labor-cheap Chinese grew from economically pressured miners, who desperately sought alternative work in California's cities and ports. The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U The Victorian Gold rush was a period in the history of Victoria, Australia approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s While Bigler aligned himself with popular anti-immigrant and anti-Chinese sentiment, these pressure ranks would later split from the Democrats and spill over into the anti-immigrant American Know-Nothing Party. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s
Free Soil period
Pressure was also mounting on the Democratic Party itself in California in regards to slavery. By the 1853 general election campaign, large majorities of pro-slavery Democrats from Southern California, calling themselves the Chivalry (later branded as Lecompton Democrats), threatened to divide the state in half should the state not accept slavery. Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Lecompton Constitution was the second of four proposed Constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and followed Bigler, along with former State Senator and Lieutenant Governor David C. Broderick from the previous McDougall Administration, formed the Free Soil Democratic faction, modeled after the federal Free Soil Party that argued against the spread of slavery. David Colbreth Broderick ( February 4, 1820 &ndash September 16, 1859) was a United States Senator and an anti- Slavery The Democrats effectively split into two camps, with both the Chivalry and Free Soilers nominating their own candidates for the 1853 election. [6] Despite the party split, Bigler was able to overcome Whig Party challenger William Waldo and win a second term of office, the first governor to win a second term. The Whig Party was a Political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. William Waldo (1812-1881 was a candidate for Governor of California in 1853 No other elected California governor would successfully win a first and second term until Hiram Johnson in 1914. Hiram Warren Johnson ( September 2, 1866 August 6, 1945) was a leading American progressive and later Isolationist Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Moving the capital
While Bigler continued to advocate and sign legislation restricting Chinese immigration and labor, the state government failed to find a permanent location for a capital or a capitol building. State Senator Mariano Vallejo's promises of Vallejo as being an ideal capital city failed to materialize. Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo ( 4 July 1807 - 18 January 1890) was a Californian military commander politician and rancher Vallejo (vəˈleɪoʊ or /vəˈleɪhoʊ/ in English /baˈjeho/ in the original Spanish) is the largest city in Solano County For one miserable week in early 1852, the California State Legislature met in the township, quickly discovering the lack of facilities, supplies and furniture. The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U [7] With the suggestion of Bigler and support from city government leaders, the Legislature would temporarily relocate to his adopted city of Sacramento, while Vallejo would remain the permanent capital. However, after flooding problems in Sacramento, and dire weather conditions in Vallejo, the Legislature and Bigler agreed to relocate the capital to nearby Benicia. Benicia is a waterside city in Solano County, California, United States. Conditions in Benicia proved once again poor for state bureaucrats. Sacramento offered its services again as a capital, and on February 25, 1854, Governor Bigler signed into law making Sacramento the capital of California. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year With the exception of a temporary move to San Francisco in 1862 while Sacramento was again flooded, the capital has stayed since. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday
Bigler's popularity peaked around 1854 to 1855. For the 1855 general election, the Democratic Party renominated Bigler in his bid to gain a third term of office. Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year However, his monopoly on anti-immigrant sentiment began to lose ground. Growing economic troubles due to the slow collapse of gold mining in the Sierras and other gold discoveries in Australia, as well as failures to solve growing state financial debt led to popular discontent with infrastructure and fiscal management within his administration, one that was generally perceived by the public for its fiscal extravagances. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. [8] The anti-immigrant and Nativist American Know-Nothing Party, led by its nominee, former Democrat J. Neely Johnson, defeated Bigler by a moderate margin during the 1855 election. The Know Nothing movement was a Nativist American political movement of the 1850s John Neely Johnson ( August 2 1825 August 31 1872) was an American lawyer and politician Bigler is the first California governor to be defeated through a general election.
Post governorship career
Following his defeat in the 1855 elections, Bigler's career turned to diplomacy. In 1857, at the insistence of his brother, Pennsylvania Governor William Bigler, President James Buchanan appointed Bigler as U.S. Minister to Chile. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Governors Pennsylvania was one of the original Thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12 1787 William Bigler ( January 11, 1814 August 9, 1880) was governor of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855 and later a James Buchanan Jr (April 23 1791 – June 1 1868 was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861 The following is a list of Ambassadors that the United States has sent to Chile. [9] Following the completion of his foreign assignment, Bigler re-entered politics, this time on the federal level. Bigler ran as a Southern-friendly Independent for Congress in the 1863 elections, yet failed to win. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 In Politics, an independent is a Politician who is not Affiliated with any Political party. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Bigler as the Internal Revenue Service's Federal Assessor for the Sacramento district, but due to open animosity between Congress and President Johnson at the time, the U.S. Senate never confirmed the nomination, and thus Bigler never took the position. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination The The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives [10]
In 1867, Bigler was appointed Railroad Commissioner for the Central Pacific Railroad. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Central Pacific Railroad was the California-to-Utah portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America In 1868, he founded the State Capitol Reporter and served as its editor until his death in Sacramento on November 29, 1871 at the age of 66. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Lake Tahoe/Lake Bigler
At the height of his popularity in 1854, the Democratic majority State Legislature named modern-day Lake Tahoe "Lake Bigler" in honor of California's third Governor, who was then beginning his second term. The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U Lake Tahoe is a large freshwater Lake in the Sierra Nevada mountains of the United States. For nearly ten years, the name of the lake had been in dispute. John C. Fremont, one of the lake's first White discoverers in 1844, named it "Lake Bonpland" after Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland, a French botanist who had accompanied Prussian explorer Alexander von Humboldt in his exploration of Mexico, Colombia and the Amazon River. John Charles Frémont ( January 21, 1813 July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, explorer, the Aimé Jacques Alexandre Bonpland ( 22 August 1773 - 4 May 1858) was a French explorer and botanist. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state (September 14 1769 &ndash May 6 1859 was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian minister philosopher and linguist The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers [11] Lake Bonpland's usage never became popular, with the name's lake changing from "Mountain Lake" to "Fremont's Lake. " several years after. By 1853, the name "Lake Bigler" began to be applied to maps of the lake after the then-popular California governor. The state legislature officially changed the name the following year. "[12]
Lake Bigler's usage never became universal. In just a year, different maps referred to the lake not only as Bigler, but also as "Mountain Lake" to "Maheon Lake. " By 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, former Governor Bigler, once a Free Soil Democrat, had become an ardent Confederate sympathizer. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Unionists and Republicans alike derided the former governor's name on the lake on official state maps. Pro-Union papers called for a "change from this Secesh appellation" and "no Copperhead names on our landmarks for us. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union (American Civil War) who opposed the American Civil "[11] Several Unionist members in the Legislature suggested changing the name to the fanciful sounding "Tula Tulia. " The Sacramento Union jokingly suggested the name "Largo Bergler" for Bigler's widely perceived financial incompetency in his final term and contemporary Southern sympathies. The Sacramento Union is a Tabloid -sized free Weekly newspaper currently distributed in the Sacramento, California area
The debate took a new direction when William Henry Knight, mapmaker for the federal U.S. Department of the Interior, and colleague Dr. The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally Henry DeGroot of the Sacramento Union joined the political argument in 1862. The Sacramento Union is a Tabloid -sized free Weekly newspaper currently distributed in the Sacramento, California area As Knight completed a new map of the lake, the mapmaker asked DeGroot for a new name of the lake. DeGroot suggested "Tahoe," a local tribal name he believed meant "water in a high place. " Knight agreed, and telegraphed to the Land Office in Washington, D.C. to officially change all federal maps to now read "Lake Tahoe. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D " Knight later explained his desire for a name change, writing, "I remarked (to many) that people had expressed dissatisfaction with the name "Bigler", bestowed in honor of a man who had not distinguished himself by any single achievement, and I thought now would be a good time to select an appropriate name and fix it forever on that beautiful sheet of water. "[13]
"Lake Tahoe," also like "Lake Bigler," did not gain universal acceptance. Mark Twain, a critic of the new name, called it an "unmusical cognomen. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist " In an 1864 editorial regarding the name in the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, Twain cited Bigler as being "the legitimate name of the Lake, and it will be retained until some name less flat, insipid and spooney than "Tahoe" is invented for it. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Territorial Enterprise, founded in 1858 is a newspaper currently published in Virginia City Nevada. "[14] In Twain's 1869 novel Innocents Abroad, Twain continued to deride the name in his foreign travels. The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress was published by American author Mark Twain in 1869. "People say that Tahoe means 'Silver Lake' - 'Limpid Water' - 'Falling Leaf. ' Bosh! It means grasshopper soup, the favorite dish of the digger tribe - and of the Piutes as well. "[15] The Placerville Mountain Democrat began a notorious rumor that "Tahoe" was actually an Indian renegade who plundered upon White settlers. Placerville is the County seat of El Dorado County California. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States To counter the federal government, the California State Legislature reaffirmed in 1870 that the lake was indeed called "Lake Bigler. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "
By the end of the 19th century, usage of "Lake Bigler" had nearly completely fallen out of popular vocabulary in favor of "Tahoe. " The California State Legislature officially reversed its previous decision in 1945, officially changing the name to Lake Tahoe. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
References
- ^ Douglas Macneal. 15 Historical Sketches of Our 200 Years. Centre County Government. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ a b c d Tinkham, George H. (1915). California Men and Events, Time 1769-1890. Stockton, CA: Record Publishing. OCLC 6109910. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose
- ^ John Bigler (8 Jan 1852). Inaugural Address. State of California. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Norman Asing. Becoming American: The Chinese Experience. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Norton, Henry K (1924). "Chapter XXIV the Chinese", The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present, 7th edition, Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. , pp. 283-296. OCLC 13193702. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ California Research Bureau (June 1853). Studies in the News. California State Library. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ The Office of the Assembly Chief Clerk (May 2000). "California's State Capitols" (. PDF). Second Edition. . State of California Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Theodore H. Hittell [1885] (1897). History of California, Vol IV. San Francisco, CA: N. J. Stone & Company.
- ^ Theodore H. Hittell [1885] (1897). History of California, Vol IV. San Francisco, CA: N. J. Stone & Company.
- ^ JoinCalifornia, Elections 1849-present
- ^ a b Where does the name "Tahoe" come from?. rubiconbay. net. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ California State Library. Governor John Bigler of California. State of California. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ History of Lake Tahoe. South Lake Tahoe Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ TwainQuotes.com - From the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, February 12, 1864
- ^ Mark Twain [1869] (2003). The Territorial Enterprise, founded in 1858 is a newspaper currently published in Virginia City Nevada. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Innocents Abroad. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 048642832X.
External links
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by First Legislature |
California State Assemblyman, Sacramento District 1849-1851 (with eight others) |
Succeeded by Numbered districts established |
| Preceded by Thomas J. Services to the public The California State Library makes a wide range of services available to Californians White |
Speaker of the California State Assembly February 1850–May 1851 |
Succeeded by Richard P. This is a list of Speakers of the California State Assembly. It does not number those individuals who serving abbreviated terms nor those serving during an ''extraordinary session'' Hammond |
| Preceded by District created |
California State Assemblyman, 12th District 1851-1852 (with Daniel J. Lisle, Charles Robinson) |
Succeeded by Four members |
| Preceded by John McDougall |
Governor of California January 8, 1852–January 9, 1856 |
Succeeded by John Neeley Johnson |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by David A. Starkweather |
United States Envoy to Chile October 5, 1857–October 4, 1861 |
Succeeded by Thomas H. Nelson |
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