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John Bartram
John Bartram by Howard Pyle
John Bartram by Howard Pyle
Born May 23, 1699
Darby, Pennsylvania
Died September 22, 1777
Philadelphia
Nationality American
Fields botanist

John Bartram (May 23, 1699 O. Howard Pyle ( March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American Illustrator and writer primarily of books for young audiences Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Darby is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 5 miles (8 km southwest of Philadelphia and on Darby Creek. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne S. , Darby, Pennsylvania - September 22, 1777, Philadelphia) was an early American botanist and horticulturalist. Darby is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 5 miles (8 km southwest of Philadelphia and on Darby Creek. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Carolus Linnaeus said he was the "greatest natural botanist in the world. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for "[1]

Bartram was born into a Quaker farm family in colonial Pennsylvania. He considered himself a plain farmer, with no formal education beyond the local school, although he had a lifelong interest in medicine and medicinal plants, and read widely. His botanical career started with a small area of his farm devoted to growing plants he found interesting; later he made contact with Europeans interested in North American plants, and developed his hobby into a thriving business. He came to travel extensively in the eastern American colonies collecting plants, from Lake Ontario in the north, to Florida in the south and the Ohio River in the west. Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. Many of his acquisitions were transported to collectors in Europe.

Bartram is considered the father of American Botany, and was one of the first practicing Linnaean botanists in North America. His plant specimens were forwarded to Linnaeus, Dillenius and Gronovius and he assisted Linnaeus' student Pehr Kalm during his extended collecting trip to North America in 1748-1750.

His 12 acre botanic garden, Bartram's Garden in Kingsessing on the west bank of the Schuylkill, about three miles from the center of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is frequently cited as the first true botanic collection in North America. Bartram's Garden (46 acres is the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America including an historic Botanical garden and Arboretum (8 acres established circa Kingsessing is a neighborhood in the Southwest section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, located adjacent to the neighborhoods The Schuylkill, Dutch for hidden river is a river in Pennsylvania in the United States Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə He was one of the co-founders, with Benjamin Franklin, of the American Philosophical Society in 1743. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. The American Philosophical Society is a discussion group founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin as an offshoot of his earlier club the Junto. Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

Contents

Contact with other botanists

Bartram was particularly instrumental in sending seeds from the New World to European gardeners: many North American trees and flowers were first introduced into cultivation in Europe by this route. Beginning ca. 1733, Bartram's work was assisted by his association with the English Quaker merchant Peter Collinson. Peter Collinson (January 1694 &ndash August 11, 1768) was a Fellow of the Royal Society, an avid gardener and the middleman for an international Collinson, himself a lover of plants, shared Bartram's new plants with friends and fellow gardeners. Early Bartram collections went to Lord Petre, Philip Miller at the Chelsea Physick Garden, Mark Catesby, the Duke of Richmond, and the Duke of Norfolk. Philip Miller ( 1691 - 18 December 1771) was a botanist of Scottish descent Mark Catesby ( April 3, 1683 - December 1749 was an English naturalist. Robert James Petre, 8th Baron Petre of Thorndon Hall, Essex was the foremost collector of American trees and shrubs in Europe. Robert James Petre 8th Lord Petre ( 3 June 1713 – 2 July 1742) was a reknown horticulturist and a British peer Earl Petre's untimely death in 1743 led to his American tree collection being auctioned off to Woburn, Goodwood and other large English country estates; and thereafter Collinson became Bartram's chief London agent.

Bartram's Boxes as they then became known, were regularly sent to Peter Collison every fall for distribution in England to a wide list of clients, including the Duke of Argyll, James Gordon, James Lee, and John Busch, progenitor of the exotic Loddiges nursery in London. The Loddiges family (not uncommonly mis-spelt Loddige) managed one of the most notable of the eighteenth and nineteenth century plant nurseries that traded in The boxes generally contained 100 or more varieities of seeds, and sometimes included dried plant specimens and natural history curiosities as well. Live plants were more difficult and expensive to send and were reserved for Collinson and a few special correspondents.

In 1765 George III gave Bartram a pension as King's Botanist for North America, a post he held until his death. Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places With this postition, Bartram's seeds and plants also went to Kew Gardens. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm in 1769.

Most of John Bartram's many plant discoveries were named by botanists in Europe. He is best known today for the discovery of the Franklin Tree, [[Franklinia alatamaha]] in southeastern Georgia in 1765, later named by his son William Bartram. Bartram's name is remembered in the North American genera of mosses, Bartramia, and in plants such the North American service berry, Amelanchier bartramiana, and the subtropical tree Commersonia bartramia (Christmas Kurrajong) growing from the Bellinger River in coastal eastern Australia to Cape York, Vanuatu and Malaysia. Commersonia is a genus of 14 species of small to medium-sized Tree in the family Malvaceae. This article is about the peninsula located in the Australian state of Queensland; it should not be confused with either Yorke Peninsula in South Australia Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu ( French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) is an Island For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and


Family

Bartram was married twice, firstly in 1723 to Mary Maris (d. 1727), who bore him two sons, Richard and Isaac, and after her death, in 1729 to Ann Mendenhall (1703-1789), who gave birth to five boys and four girls. His third son, William Bartram (1739-1823) was to become a famous botanist, natural history artist, and ornithologist, in his own right, and author of Travels Through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida,…. William Bartram ( April 20, 1739 — July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Ornithology (from Greek ὄρνις ὄρνιθος ornis, ornithos, "bird" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Philadelphia, James & Johnson, 1791.

The family business in North American plants was continued by Bartram's sons John Bartram, Jr. and William Bartram after the American Revolution, and the botanic garden grew through three generations of the Bartram family. Bartram's Garden remained the major botanic garden in Philadelphia until the last Bartram heirs sold out in 1850.


John Bartram High School in Philadelphia is named after him. John Bartram High School is a public secondary school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

See also

References

  1. ^ Duyker, Edward, Nature's Argonaut. Bartram's Garden (46 acres is the oldest surviving botanic garden in North America including an historic Botanical garden and Arboretum (8 acres established circa William Bartram ( April 20, 1739 — July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. Franklinia is a Monotypic genus in the family Theaceae. The sole species in this genus is a flowering tree Franklinia alatamaha, commonly Peter Collinson may refer to Peter Collinson (botanist, English scientist and horticulturalist Peter Collinson (film director, film Humphry Marshall ( October 10, 1722 - November 5, 1801) was an American Botanist and plant dealer Daniel Solander 1733-1782, The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne, 1988, p66
  2. ^ Brummitt, R. K. ; C. E. Powell (1992). Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. The Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, usually referred to simply as Kew Gardens, are extensive Gardens and botanical glasshouses between Richmond and ISBN 1-84246-085-4.  

External links

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