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For other persons named John Alexander Macdonald, see John Alexander Macdonald (disambiguation). John Alexander Macdonald may refer to John A Macdonald (1815–1891 first Canadian prime minister John Alexander MacDonald (Prince Edward
The Right Honourable
Sir John Alexander Macdonald 
John A. Macdonald

Macdonald in 1868. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain
(age 53)
Monarch Queen Victoria
In office
July 1, 1867 – November 5, 1873
Succeeded by Alexander Mackenzie
In office
October 17, 1878 – June 6, 1891
Preceded by Alexander Mackenzie
Succeeded by John Abbott
Born January 10 or 11, 1815
Glasgow, Scotland
Died June 6, 1891
Ottawa, Ontario
Political party Conservative
Spouse Isabella Clark (1st wife)
Agnes Bernard (2nd wife)
Children John Alexander (died in infancy) and Hugh John by Isabella;
Mary by Agnes. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, PC, KCMG, QC ( March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was the third Prime Minister Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. Isabella Clark (1811&ndash1857 was the first wife of John A Macdonald, the premier of the Province of Canada in 1856 (after Clark's death he went on to become the Susan Agnes Macdonald née Bernard ( August 24, 1836 &ndash September 5, 1920) was the second wife of Sir John A Sir Hugh John Macdonald PC, BA ( March 13, 1850 – March 29, 1929) was the only surviving son of the first Prime Minister
Alma mater none (articled with a lawyer in Kingston)
Profession Lawyer
Religion Presbyterian; later Anglican

Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB, KCMG, PC (January 11,[1] 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada and the dominant figure of Canadian Confederation. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the Macdonald's tenure in office spanned 19 years, making him the second longest serving Prime Minister of Canada. He is the only Canadian Prime Minister to win six majority governments. In the Westminster System, there is a majority government when the governing party enjoys an Absolute majority of seats in the Legislature or He was the major proponent of a national railway, completed in 1885, linking Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. He won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, with two diverse European colonial origins, and a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views.

Contents

Early years, 1815–1830

John Alexander Macdonald was born in Glasgow, Scotland on January 11,[2] 1815 at 4:15 (am or pm is not listed). Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [1] His father was Hugh Macdonald, an unsuccessful merchant, who had married his mother, Helen Shaw, on October 21, 1811. [3] Together, they produced five children. The first-born, William died in infancy. The next was Margaret who was followed a year and a half later by John Alexander, then a younger brother, James and a baby sister named Louisa. After the failure of Hugh Macdonald's business ventures, the family emigrated to Kingston, Upper Canada in 1820 along with thousands of others seeking affordable land and promises of new prosperity. Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario [4]

Bad luck followed the family to their new country. When he was only seven, Macdonald watched as his younger brother, James was struck and killed by a drunken servant who was supposed to be looking after them. [5] And, Hugh Macdonald's business ventures in the Kingston area were scarcely more successful than they had been in Scotland. [6] However, the family still managed to scrape up the money to send Macdonald to Kingston's Midland Grammar School where, according to biographer Donald Creighton, he studied subjects such as Latin, French and mathematics. Donald Grant Creighton, CC, ( July 15, 1902 &ndash December 19, 1979) was a noted Canadian Historian. "Already he was a voracious reader," Creighton writes, "and he would sit for hours deep in a book, almost oblivious to what was going on. "[7] At 14, Macdonald switched to a school for "general and classical education" founded by a newly-arrived Presbyterian minister from Scotland. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity It was one of the few schools in Upper Canada that taught both boys and girls. [8]

Macdonald's formal schooling ended at 15, a common experience at the time when only the most prosperous were able to attend university. [9] Nevertheless, Macdonald later regretted leaving school when he did remarking to his private secretary Joseph Pope that if he had attended university, he might have embarked on a literary career. Sir Joseph Pope, KCMG, CVO, ISO ( 16 August 1854 &ndash 2 December 1926) was a Canadian "He did not add, as he might have done," Pope wrote in his biography of Macdonald, "that the successful government of millions of men, the strengthening of an empire, the creation of a great dominion, call for the possession and exercise of rarer qualities than are necessary to the achievement of literary fame. "[10]

Law career, 1830–1843

Professional training, 1830–1836

Macdonald's parents decided he should become a lawyer after leaving school. [11] As Donald Creighton writes, "law was a broad, well-trodden path to comfort, influence, even to power. " It was also "the obvious choice for a boy who seemed as attracted to study as he was uninterested in trade. "[12] Besides, Macdonald needed to start earning money immediately to support his family because his father's business ventures were failing. "I had no boyhood," he complained many years later. "From the age of 16, I began to earn my own living. "[13]

A few months after he opened his first law office in 1835, Macdonald moved with his parents and sisters to this two and a half storey stone house on Kingston's Rideau Street.Library and Archives Canada.
A few months after he opened his first law office in 1835, Macdonald moved with his parents and sisters to this two and a half storey stone house on Kingston's Rideau Street.
Library and Archives Canada.

He travelled by steamboat to Toronto (then known as York), where he passed an examination set by the Law Society of Upper Canada. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario York was the name of Toronto, Ontario, between 1793 and 1834 and second capital of Upper Canada. The Law Society of Upper Canada (LSUC is responsible for the self-regulation of Lawyers in the Canadian province of Ontario, Canada. [14] In 1830, there were no law schools, so prospective lawyers wrote the entrance exam, then learned the trade through on-the-job training by articling with an established lawyer. An articled clerk is an Apprentice in a professional firm in Commonwealth countries Macdonald was extremely fortunate to begin his apprenticeship with William Lyon Mackenzie, a young lawyer who was a prominent member of Kingston's rising Scottish community. Mackenzie practised corporate law, a lucrative specialty that Macdonald himself would later pursue. [15] A promising law student, Macdonald was managing a branch office for Mackenzie in Napanee at age 17. Greater Napanee (2001 population 15132 is a Town in Lennox and Addington County in eastern Ontario, Canada and is approximately 40 It meant much more independence and responsibility. [16] In 1833, Mackenzie permitted his articling student to leave his firm to run the law practice of Macdonald's ailing cousin, Lowther Pennington Macpherson, at Picton. Picton is the largest community and the County seat of Prince Edward County in southern central Ontario, Canada. By all accounts, the 19-year-old Macdonald did well. [17] But in the summer of 1835, he decided to return to Kingston to open his own practice after George Mackenzie's sudden death during a cholera epidemic. [18] Biographer Donald Swainson writes that Macdonald was determined to step into Mackenzie's shoes as the "leading lawyer within Kingston's Scottish Presbyterian community, a community that was quickly becoming the dominant force in the life of the city. "[19]

Early successes, 1836–1837

Macdonald was then called to the Bar on February 6, 1836. The Call to the Bar is a legal Term of art in most Common law jurisdictions Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap [20] Soon after opening his own law firm he took in two students: Oliver Mowat, a future premier of Ontario and like Macdonald himself, a Father of Confederation, and Alexander Campbell, future Father of Confederation, federal cabinet minister and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. Sir Oliver Mowat GCMG, PC, QC ( July 22, 1820 &ndash 19 April, 1903) was a Canadian politician Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the Sir Alexander Campbell, PC, KCMG, QC ( March 9, 1822 &ndash 24 May, 1892) was an English -born A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction [21] With the help of his students, Macdonald "busied himself with lucrative but tedious work, such as chasing down unpaid bills and searching titles. "[22] Then suddenly, in 1837, Macdonald switched to criminal law for two years. Biographer Richard Gwyn writes that although there's no documentary evidence, there is a "plausible explanation" for Macdonald's motives:

As a criminal lawyer who took on dramatic cases, Macdonald got himself noticed well beyond the narrow confines of the Kingston business community. He was operating now in the arena where he would spend by far the greatest part of his life – the court of public opinion. And while there he was learning the arts of argument and of persuasion that would serve him all his political life. [23]

Macdonald unsuccessfully defended a man accused of raping an eight-year-old girl but won praise from a local newspaper for conducting "a very able defence. " He then won the acquittal of a man accused of murdering a friend after an argument. Alexander Campbell, Macdonald's student wrote years later that Macdonald had persuaded the jury by his "humour and strong liking for anecdote more than for his professional knowledge. "[24]

Rebellions of 1837

The Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada proved to be a crucial turning point in Macdonald's legal career. The Rebellions of 1837 were a pair of Canadian armed uprisings that occurred in 1837 and 1838 in response to frustrations in political reform and ethnic conflict The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the In fact, biographer Donald Creighton argues that the rebellions "made him as a lawyer," giving him the "reputation of a conservative who was not afraid to battle for liberal principles. Donald Grant Creighton, CC, ( July 15, 1902 &ndash December 19, 1979) was a noted Canadian Historian. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined "[25] Macdonald showed he was willing to take professional risks first by defending eight political prisoners from nearby counties who had been charged with treason for allegedly participating in the uprisings against colonial authorities. Macdonald succeeded in winning acquittals for all eight earning praise for his "ingenuity and ability" from a Kingston newspaper which also noted that the young barrister "is rapidly rising in his profession. Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation "[26]

Then, Macdonald served as co-counsel for John Ashley, the man in charge of a local military jail, who had himself been arrested and briefly imprisoned for allegedly helping 15 political prisoners escape from custody. Ashley sued Colonel Dundas, the military commander for illegal arrest. Dundas was a popular figure, but Macdonald helped persuade the jury to award Ashley substantial monetary damages. Macdonald, Creighton writes, was now associated "with the defence of the plain people against the encroachments of military power. The solid blue of his inherited conservatism was varied now, in a pleasantly interesting fashion, with a few threads of a different and livelier colour. "[27]

Battle of the Windmill, near Prescott, Upper Canada, November 13, 1838.
Battle of the Windmill, near Prescott, Upper Canada, November 13, 1838.

Finally, Macdonald took his biggest risk of all by agreeing to advise American raiders who had participated in an abortive invasion to liberate Canada from what they saw as the yoke of British colonial oppression. The inept raiders had been captured after the Battle of the Windmill (1838, near Prescott, Ontario) – a battle in which 16 Canadians were killed and 60 wounded. The " Battle of the Windmill " is also a fictional battle in the book Animal Farm. Prescott is a town of approximately 4200 people on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Ontario, Canada, directly across from Ogdensburg Worst of all, the American invaders were accused of mutilating the body of a dead Canadian lieutenant. Creighton writes that Kingston was "mad with grief and rage and horror. "[28] At least two other lawyers refused to help when the brother-in-law of one of the Americans pleaded with them to provide legal advice. Macdonald must have hesitated, but eventually said yes after the frantic brother-in-law knocked on his door one morning before he was out of bed.

It was surely wisdom to have nothing to do with the whole affair. And yet, he took the case. Even he might have found it difficult to say why. A curious interest in people, a relish for cases which were odd and difficult, a jaunty recognition of the fact that professional prestige involved publicity, and, perhaps, a certain stubborn, independent conviction that these helpless and deluded men deserved at least the bare minimum of assistance – all these may have helped to move him to his decision. [29]

There was little Macdonald could do to defend the Americans. Under military rules governing courts martial, civilian lawyers were not allowed to question witnesses or address the judge. Macdonald could only give private advice which helped the brother-in-law to ask searching questions during his trial, but did not save him from the gallows. Macdonald also advised "General" Nils Szoltevcky Von Schoultz, the brave and charismatic Polish immigrant who had led the American raiders after their real commanders abandoned them at Windmill Point. Nils Von Schoultz, ( October 7 1807 &ndash December 8, 1838) was a Finnish-born Swedish national who helped lead the Battle of the Windmill Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Von Shoultz insisted on pleading guilty and wanted to leave Macdonald $100 in his will. Macdonald had to refuse it, but he never forgot the tragic story of the tall, handsome Pole. [30]

Biographer Donald Creighton writes that although the rebellions and their aftermath helped Macdonald's career, they also had lasting psychological effects. "For him, and for Kingston," Creighton writes, "the 'rebellion' had been not so much a native uprising as a succession of American raids; and from then on he never quite lost a certain lingering anxiety for the problem of British North American defence. "[25]

Political rise, 1843–1864

John A. Macdonald in 1843, age 28.
John A. Macdonald in 1843, age 28.

In 1843, Macdonald entered politics, standing for the office of Alderman in Kingston, a position to which he was elected. An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions [31] In 1844 he was elected to the legislature of the Province of Canada to represent Kingston,[32] gained the recognition of his peers and in 1847 was appointed Receiver General in William Henry Draper's administration. William Henry Draper ( March 11 1801 &ndash November 3 1877) was a lawyer judge and political figure in Upper Canada and However, Macdonald had to give up his portfolio when Draper's government lost the next election. He left the Conservatives, hoping to build a more moderate and palatable base. In 1854, he helped with the founding of the Liberal-Conservative Party under the leadership of Sir Allan McNab. Sir Allan Napier MacNab 1st Baronet (b Niagara, Ontario, 19 February 1798 &ndash d Within a few years, the Liberal-Conservatives would attract all of the old Conservative base as well as some centrist Reformers. The Liberal-Conservatives came to power in 1854 and under the new administration

John A. Macdonald in 1856, age 41.
John A. Macdonald in 1856, age 41.

Macdonald was appointed Attorney-General. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition During his time in cabinet, Macdonald was usually the most powerful minister, even when other men held the premiership. In the next election Macdonald continued his rise in politics by becoming Joint Premier of the Province of Canada with Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché of Canada East for the years 1856 and 1857. Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada were the leaders of the Province of Canada, from the 1841 unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché KCMG ( 5 September 1795 &ndash 30 July 1865) was a Canadian doctor politician and one of the

Taché resigned in 1857, and George-Étienne Cartier took his place. Sir George-Étienne Cartier, Bart, KCMG, PC ( September 6, 1814 &ndash May 20, 1873) was a French-Canadian In the election of 1858, the Macdonald-Cartier government was defeated and they resigned as Premiers. In an interesting piece of politics, the Governor General of Canada asked Cartier to become the senior Premier, only a week after his defeat. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Cartier accepted and brought Macdonald into office along with him. This was legal as any member of the cabinet could re-enter the cabinet provided they did so within a month of resigning their previous position. Macdonald focused on communications and defence, especially the Intercolonial Railway. Canada had to pressure the Colonial Office, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island to, as one historian notes, "consider an ambitious scheme proposed by their pushing and turbulent neighbour, Canada. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P " [Creighton, 1956, p. 273]

The coalition government was again defeated in 1862. Macdonald then served as the leader of the opposition until the election of 1864, when Taché came out of retirement and joined ranks with Macdonald to form the governing party yet again.

The Confederation of Canada, 1864–1867

To resolve the frequent legislative deadlocks in the Province of Canada, George Brown, the leader of the Clear Grits (the forerunners to the Liberal Party of Canada) and an extremely vocal opponent of Macdonald's Conservatives, joined with Macdonald's Conservatives and George-Étienne Cartier's Parti Bleu in 1864 to form the Great Coalition. George Brown (November 28 1818 May 10 1880 was a Scottish -born Canadian journalist politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation. Clear Grits were reformers in the Province of Upper Canada, a British colony that is now the Province of Ontario, Canada. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The parti bleu was a moderate political group in Quebec, Canada that emerged in 1854 The Great Coalition refers to the Grand coalition of political parties that formed in the Province of Canada in 1864 The coalition sought to reform the political system of Canada, and was a crucial step in achieving a consensus to support future reform. However, the Parti Rouge of Canada East, led by Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion, still refused to join the coalition. The Parti rouge (alternatively known as the parti démocratique) was formed in the Province of Canada (now Quebec, Canada) around 1848 by radical Jean-Baptiste-Éric Dorion ( September 17 1826 &ndash November 1 1866) was a journalist and political figure in Canada East. Macdonald then spent 1864 to 1867 organizing the legislation needed to confederate the colonies into the country of Canada. In September 1864, he led the Canadian delegation at the Charlottetown Conference in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, to present his idea to the Maritime colonies, who were discussing a union of their own. The Charlottetown Conference was held in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island for representatives from the colonies of British North America to discuss Charlottetown (ˈʃɑrlɪtaʊn (2006 population 32174 is a Canadian city and the provincial capital of Prince Edward Island, making it the seat Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P In October 1864 delegates for confederation met in Quebec City, Quebec, for the Quebec Conference, where the Seventy-Two Resolutions were created – the plan for confederation. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk By 1866, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada had agreed to confederation. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island were opposed. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P In the final conference of confederation held in 1866 in London, England the agreement to confederate was completed. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

In 1867 the agreement was brought to the British Parliament, which passed the British North America Act creating the Dominion of Canada. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The British North America Acts 1867&ndash1975 are the original names of a series of Acts at the core of the Constitution of Canada. Upon the creation of the Dominion of Canada, the Province of Canada was then divided into the individual provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Macdonald was asked by the first Governor General of Canada Charles Monck, to form the first administration. Charles Stanley Monck 4th Viscount Monck, GCMG, PC ( Templemore October 10, 1819 &ndash November 29, 1894 He was subsequently knighted on Canada Day, 1867, the only colonial leader ever to receive that honour. The rank of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. Canada Day (Fête du Canada formerly Dominion Day, is Canada 's national day, a federal statutory holiday, celebrating the anniversary of the

Macdonald in 1870, age 55.
Macdonald in 1870, age 55.

First term as prime minister, 1867–1871

Queen Victoria knighted John A. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Macdonald for playing an integral role in bringing about Confederation. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the His appointment as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George was announced at the birth of the Dominion, July 1, 1867. The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting An election was held in August which put Macdonald and his Conservative party into power. The Canadian federal election of 1867, held from August 7 to September 20, was the first election for the new nation of Canada.

Macdonald's vision as prime minister was to enlarge the country and unify it. Accordingly, under his rule Canada bought Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company for £300,000 (about $11,500,000 in modern Canadian dollars). Rupert's Land, also sometimes called "Prince Rupert's Land" was a territory in British North America, consisting of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, that For other geographical names that use the term "Northwest" see Northwest. This became the Northwest Territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory In 1870 Parliament passed the Manitoba Act, creating the province of Manitoba out of a portion of the Northwest Territories in response to the Red River Rebellion led by Louis Riel. The Manitoba Act was given Royal Assent in the 33rd year of Queen Victoria's reign May 12, 1870. The Red River Rebellion or Red River Resistance are names given to the events surrounding the actions of a Provisional government established by Métis Louis Riel (22 October 1844 &ndash 16 November 1885 in English was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and leader of the Métis

Second term and resignation over Pacific scandal, 1871–1873

Macdonald in November 1883, age 68.
Macdonald in November 1883, age 68.

In 1871 Britain added British Columbia to Confederation, making it the sixth province. The United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia was the name informally given to the defacto amalgamation of the two crown colonies from 1866 until their incorporation Macdonald promised a transcontinental railway connection to persuade the province to join, which his opponents decried as a highly unrealistic and expensive promise. In 1873 Prince Edward Island joined Confederation, and Macdonald created the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (then called the "North-West Mounted Police") to act as a police force for the vast Northwest Territories.

In 1873, Macdonald was accused of taking bribes to award contracts for the construction of the railway. The Pacific Scandal broke and Macdonald was forced to resign on November 5th, 1873. The Pacific Scandal involves the allegations of bribes being taken by Canada's Conservative government of Sir John A Liberal leader Alexander Mackenzie formed a caretaker government. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. In Politics, a caretaker government rules temporarily A caretaker government is often set up following a War until stable Democratic rule can be restored After New Years, 1874, the Liberals called an election. The Canadian federal election of 1874 was held on January 22, 1874, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 3rd Parliament Macdonald's Tories were unable to recover from the scandal and the Liberals formed a majority government. This election was also the first in Canada to use a secret ballot. The secret ballot is a voting method in which a Voter 's choices are confidential

Final years as prime minister, 1878–1891

1890 painting of Macdonald, age 75, by Robert Harris.
1890 painting of Macdonald, age 75, by Robert Harris. Robert Harris ( 18 September, 1848 - 27 February, 1919) was a Welsh-born Canadian painter most noted for his portrait of the Fathers of Confederation

Macdonald was returned to power in 1878 on the strength of the National Policy, a plan to promote trade within the country by protecting it from the industries of other nations and renewing the effort to complete the previously promised Canadian Pacific Railway, which was accomplished in 1885. The National Policy was a Canadian economic program introduced by John A The Canadian Pacific Railway ( That year, Louis Riel also returned to Canada and launched the North-West Rebellion in the territory of Saskatchewan, but now that there was a railway through the area, militia were quickly sent to put it down. The North-West Rebellion (or North-West Resistance or the Saskatchewan Rebellion) of 1885 was a brief and unsuccessful uprising by the Métis Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 The success of this operation gave the CPR enough political capitol to garner sufficient support to complete its construction. The trial and subsequent execution of Riel for treason caused a deep political division between French Canadians, who supported Riel (a culturally French Métis) and English Canadians, who supported Macdonald. The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans,

A Conservative election poster from 1891.
A Conservative election poster from 1891. The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation.

In 1891, Macdonald won the elections again, but by this time, the 76-year-old political warhorse started to feel the years of overwork, stress, drink and several bouts of severe illness, including a gallstone problem in 1870 that turned his office into a sick room for two months. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On May 29, 1891, Sir John A. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common suffered a severe stroke, which robbed him of the ability to speak, and from which he would never recover. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain He died a week later on June 6, 1891 at the age of 76. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He would lie in state in the Canadian Senate Chamber (prime ministers now lie in state in the Hall of Honour in the Centre Block) where grieving Canadians turned out in the thousands to pay their respects. Lying in state is a term used to describe the tradition in which a Coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the deceased The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general The Centre Block is the main building of the three on Parliament Hill in Ottawa Ontario. His state funeral was held on June 9, attended by hundreds of thousands of people. A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony held to honour Heads of state or other important people of national significance Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits He is buried in Cataraqui Cemetery in Kingston, Ontario. The Cataraqui Cemetery, in Kingston Ontario, Canada, is the city's largest and holds the distinction of being the burial site of Canada's first Prime minister Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St None of his children left heirs; he is survived by relative Hugh Gainsford.

Personal life

Tragic first marriage

Portrait of Isabella Clark Macdonald, artist unknown. Donald Creighton writes that within two years, her marriage to John A. became "a grey, unrelieved tragedy."Library and Archives Canada.
Portrait of Isabella Clark Macdonald, artist unknown. Donald Creighton writes that within two years, her marriage to John A. became "a grey, unrelieved tragedy. "
Library and Archives Canada.

John A. Macdonald's adult life was marked by sickness, death, drunkenness and tragedy. Yet, he rose above his private unhappiness and personal failings to become a well-loved and highly successful public figure, applying "all his passion to politics". [33] He officially became head of his family on September 29, 1841, with the sudden death of his father Hugh from a brain hemorrhage. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain [34] Now, John A. was solely responsible for the financial support of his mother and two unmarried sisters. Fortunately, his law practice was going well and his income was supplemented by extensive business activities. He served for example, as a director of the prosperous Commercial Bank of the Midland District as well as its lawyer. The Bank provided him with a large part of his income. [35] He also bought real estate and eventually became a director of a dozen Kingston companies. [36]

But at the same time, he frequently suffered from an undiagnosed illness. The symptoms, weakness and listlessness, began in 1840 and continued sporadically throughout 1841. [37] Macdonald decided he needed a complete rest, and in January 1842 he set sail for Britain, his pockets full of the money (about two thousand dollars) he had won during three nights of playing a card game called Loo. [38] Macdonald's trip proved to be fateful. He recovered his health and met his first cousin Isabella Clark. Isabella Clark (1811&ndash1857 was the first wife of John A Macdonald, the premier of the Province of Canada in 1856 (after Clark's death he went on to become the [39] Isabella's features were gentle and tranquil, according to biographer Donald Creighton, "her hair brushed smoothly away from its centre part in the demure fashion of the 1840s. Donald Grant Creighton, CC, ( July 15, 1902 &ndash December 19, 1979) was a noted Canadian Historian. "[40] She also had "large, beautiful blue eyes with an imploring expression that melted more than one observer's heart. "[41] "Isa," as Macdonald called her, followed him home to Kingston and on September 1, 1843, they were married. Macdonald was 28, Isabella, 34. Isabella Clark (1811&ndash1857 was the first wife of John A Macdonald, the premier of the Province of Canada in 1856 (after Clark's death he went on to become the [42]

For the first year and a half, the Macdonalds lived the life of a happy, successful couple. John A. had been elected city alderman a few months before his marriage, so he was now a prominent local politician, and his law partnership with his former student, Alexander Campbell, continued to flourish. An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions Sir Alexander Campbell, PC, KCMG, QC ( March 9, 1822 &ndash 24 May, 1892) was an English -born [43] In the fall of 1844, Macdonald was elected as a Conservative Member of Parliament for Kingston. [44] Then, in 1845, everything changed when his beloved "Isa" got sick. She suffered periodic attacks that included severe headaches and numbness. Biographer Patricia Phenix writes that Isabella was diagnosed "as suffering from everything from tic douloureux, a devastating pain in the fifth nerve of her face, to 'uterine neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN, or Tic Doloureux, (also known as prosopalgia is a neuropathic disorder of the Trigeminal nerve that causes episodes of intense Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the Nerves. Under the general heading of neuralgia are Trigeminal neuralgia (TN Atypical trigeminal neuralgia (ATN '"[45]. To relieve the pain, she drank liquid opium as well as sherry. Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The opium and alcohol combined with the painful attacks left her groggy, exhausted and bedridden. [46] Her chronic illness may also have had psychological causes rooted in an "hysterical personality" compounded by migraine headaches and her dependence on opium. Hysteria in its colloquial use describes a state of Mind, one of unmanageable Fear or Emotional excesses Migraine is a neurological Syndrome characterized by altered bodily experiences painful headaches and nausea [47] As the illness continued, Macdonald feared Isabella would die. "The warm, pleasant edifice of his domestic happiness," Donald Creighton writes, "was crumbling towards utter ruin. "[48]

Macdonald's two sons

John A. responded to his wife's protracted illness by taking her to Savannah, Georgia where he hoped the warm climate and the company of her sisters would restore her health. Savannah is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. They set off on their journey in the summer of 1845. The trip turned out to be long and gruelling with Isabella often unable to walk and suffering excruciating pain. They first joined Isabella's sisters in New Haven, Connecticut, finally reaching Savannah in late November. John A. was anxious to return home to continue his political career. He had to remain in the American south however, until Isabella's sisters arrived in mid-January 1846. He would not see his wife again until Christmas when they were reunited in New York City. [49] There, Isabella became pregnant. After Macdonald returned to Canada, she remained under medical care in New York. [50] Their first son, John Alexander, was born in New York on August 3, 1847 after a long and agonizing labour. [51] "His eyes are dark blue, very large & nose to match," Macdonald wrote to his sister-in-law. "When born his length was 1 foot 9 inches & was strong and healthy, though thin. "[52]

Miniature of an oil painting depicting the infant, Hugh John Macdonald in a gold locket.Library and Archives Canada.
Miniature of an oil painting depicting the infant, Hugh John Macdonald in a gold locket.
Library and Archives Canada.

Macdonald rented Bellevue House in Kingston in 1848 in the hope that the fresh suburban air and quiet would help Isabella's condition after her return from New York. Bellevue House National Historic Site of Canada was the home to Canada 's first Prime Minister Sir John Alexander Macdonald from 1848 to 1849 This experiment, however, was a failure. Worse still, shortly after the Macdonalds moved into their new home, 13-month-old John Alexander was found dead in his crib, a possible victim of SIDS or sudden infant death syndrome. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS is a syndrome marked by the symptoms of sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy Infant aged one month to one year [53] Isabella became pregnant again in 1849, yet another miracle for a 40-year-old chronically-ill woman. [54] Their second son, Hugh John, was born on March 13, 1850. Sir Hugh John Macdonald PC, BA ( March 13, 1850 – March 29, 1929) was the only surviving son of the first Prime Minister "We have got Johnnie back again," Macdonald wrote to his sister. "I don't think he is so pretty, but he is not so delicate. He was born fat & coarse. "[55]

Hugh John and his father were never close. The boy was raised by Macdonald's sister Margaret and her husband, James Williamson, after Isabella's death in 1857. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Hugh John went on to become premier of the Province of Manitoba. In Canada, a premier is the Head of government of a province or territory. The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America

Debt and drinking

Macdonald's frequent absences from his law practice to care for Isabella and the expenses of providing medical and nursing care drove him into debt. Salaries for politicians during this period were meager stipends. His partner objected to his casual habit of using law firm revenues to pay his expenses and in 1849, Alexander Campbell decided to leave the partnership. [56] Macdonald had already turned to the bottle for solace during the 12 lonely years of Isabella's illness. They were years in which, according to Donald Creighton, he had become "a bachelor husband who had to go for companionship to bars and lounges and smoking rooms; a frustrated host who drank too much on occasion, partly because it was the only way he could entertain, and because it passed the empty time, and because it was an easy way to forget. "[57]

Second marriage and daughter

In 1867, at the age of 52, Macdonald married his second wife Susan Agnes Bernard (1836–1920). Susan Agnes Macdonald née Bernard ( August 24, 1836 &ndash September 5, 1920) was the second wife of Sir John A They had one daughter, Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (1869–1933), who was born with hydrocephalus and suffered from physical and mental disabilities. Hydrocephalus (pronunciation ˌhaɪˌdɹoʊˈsɛfələs is a term derived from the Greek words "hydro" meaning water and "cephalus" meaning head and this condition Macdonald always hoped she would recover, but she never did. She died in 1933.

Supreme Court appointments

Macdonald chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

Freemasonry

Macdonald was a Freemason, initiated in 1844 at St. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Christopher Salmon Patterson ( January 16, 1823 &ndash July 24, 1893) was a Canadian Puisne judge of the Supreme Court Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common John Wellington Gwynne ( March 30, 1814 &ndash January 7, 1902) was a Canadian lawyer and Puisne Justice of the Supreme Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Sir William Johnstone Ritchie, PC, Kt ( October 28, 1813 &ndash September 25, 1892) was one of the first judges Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year A Puisne Justice or Puisne Judge (pronounced puny, and derived from the obsolete French puisné, modern French puîné, "junior" is Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common John’s Lodge No. 5 in Kingston. In 1868, he was named by the United Grand Lodge of England as its Grand Representative near the Grand Lodge of Canada (in Ontario) and the rank of Past Grand Senior Warden conferred upon him. The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE is the main governing body of Freemasonry within England and Wales and in some countries predominantly ex- The Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Canada in the Province of Ontario is a masonic Grand Lodge with jurisdiction over 578 masonic lodges located He continued to represent the Grand Lodge of England until his death in 1891. His commission, together with his apron and earmuffs, are in the Masonic Temple at Kingston, along with his regalia as Past Grand Senior Warden. Among the books in his library was a very rare copy of the first Masonic book published in Canada, A History of Freemasonry in Nova Scotia (1786). [58][59]

Trivia

Legacy

Macdonald is depicted on the Canadian ten-dollar bill. The Canadian ten-dollar bill is one of the most common Banknotes of the Canadian dollar. He also has bridges (Macdonald-Cartier Bridge), airports (Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, and highways (Macdonald-Cartier Freeway) named after him, as well as statues and a plethora of schools across the country. The Macdonald-Cartier Bridge is a bridge connecting Ottawa, Ontario, to Gatineau Quebec. In Kingston, Macdonald Park and Sir John A. Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St Macdonald Boulevard are both named in his honour. The Hotel Macdonald in Edmonton and Macdonald House, part of Canada's high commission in London, are also named for him. The Hotel Macdonald is a hotel built in 1912 in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Macdonald House is a building on Grosvenor Square in Mayfair, London that is part of the High Commission of Canada in London.

Macdonald and his son, Hugh John Macdonald, briefly sat together in the Canadian House of Commons prior to the elder Macdonald's death. Sir Hugh John Macdonald PC, BA ( March 13, 1850 – March 29, 1929) was the only surviving son of the first Prime Minister The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and

Macdonald's funeral train carried his remains on June 10, 1891, from Ottawa to Kingston.
Macdonald's funeral train carried his remains on June 10, 1891, from Ottawa to Kingston. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Kingston Ontario is a Canadian city located at the eastern end of Lake Ontario, where the lake runs into the St

In 2004, Macdonald was nominated as one of the top 10 "Greatest Canadians" by viewers of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Officially launched on April 5, 2004, The Greatest Canadian was a television program series by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC to He is considered by some Canadian political scientists to be the founder of the Red Tory tradition. Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy tradition and disposition in Canada.

Biographical and historical studies

Notes

  1. ^ a b Pope, Sir Joseph (1930) Memoirs of The Right Honourable John Alexander Macdonald. Toronto: ON: The Musson Book Company Ltd. , p. 3. Pope relates that Hugh Macdonald recorded the time of Sir John's birth as 4:15, January 11, 1815.
  2. ^ Waite, P. B. (1976) John A. Macdonald. Don Mills: ON: Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, p. 7. Waite points out that there is some debate over the actual birthday. January 10 is the official date recorded in the Glasgow Registry Office, but January 11 is the day Macdonald and his family celebrated his birthday.
  3. ^ Phenix, Patricia. (2007) Private Demons: The Tragic Personal Life of John A. Macdonald. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 6.
  4. ^ Swainson, Donald. (1989) Sir John A. Macdonald: The Man and the Politician. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press, p. 17.
  5. ^ Pope, Joseph. (1894) Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, vol. 1. Ottawa: J. Durie and Son, p. 5. The death was treated as an accident.
  6. ^ Pope, p. 3.
  7. ^ Creighton, Donald (1952) John A. Macdonald: The Young Politician. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited, p. 14–15.
  8. ^ Creighton, pp. 17–18
  9. ^ Creighton, p. 18.
  10. ^ Pope, pp. 4–5.
  11. ^ Swainson, p. 19.
  12. ^ Creighton, p. 19.
  13. ^ Pope, p. 6.
  14. ^ Gwyn, p. 34.
  15. ^ Gwyn, pp. 46–47.
  16. ^ Creighton, p. 25.
  17. ^ Swainson, p. 21.
  18. ^ Creighton, p. 34.
  19. ^ Swainson, pp. 21&23.
  20. ^ Johnson J. K. and Waite P. B. (2007) "Sir John Alexander Macdonald" in Canada's Prime Ministers, Macdonald to Trudeau: Portraits from the Canadian Dictionary of Biography, p. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  21. ^ Pope, p. 8.
  22. ^ Gwyn, pp. 48–49.
  23. ^ Gwyn, p. 49.
  24. ^ The details of these cases are recounted in Gywn, pp. 49–50.
  25. ^ a b Creighton, p. 68.
  26. ^ Quoted in Creighton, p. 54.
  27. ^ Creighton, pp. 55–58
  28. ^ Creighton, p. 63.
  29. ^ Creighton, pp. 63–64.
  30. ^ Creighton, pp. 65–68. The information about the $100 legacy appears in Pope, p. 10.
  31. ^ Sir John A. Macdonald – Canadian Confederation. Libraries and Archives Canada.
  32. ^ Sir John A. Macdonald. The Quebec History Encyclopedia.
  33. ^ Gwyn, p. 86.
  34. ^ Phenix, p. 49.
  35. ^ Swainson, p. 29.
  36. ^ Gwyn, pp. 54–55.
  37. ^ Swainson, p. 31.
  38. ^ Creighton, p. 84. The two thousand dollar figure is from Gwyn, p. 55.
  39. ^ Waite, P. B. (1975) Macdonald: His Life and World. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, p. 24. Waite notes that "strictly speaking" Isabella was "a half-second cousin. " The two had a maternal grandmother in common.
  40. ^ Creighton, p. 85.
  41. ^ Phenix, pp. 56–57.
  42. ^ Phenix pp. 56 & 59
  43. ^ Swainson, p. 33. Macdonald concluded his partnership agreement with Campbell on the same day as his wedding. See, Phenix, p. 61.
  44. ^ Creighton, p. 99.
  45. ^ Phenix, p. 70.
  46. ^ Phenix, pp. 69–71, 82 & 86.
  47. ^ McSherry, James. (1984) "The invisible lady: Sir John A. Macdonald's first wife. " In Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, pp. 91–97. See also Phenix, pp. 71–72 & 77.
  48. ^ Creighton, p. 112
  49. ^ Phenix gives a detailed account of the couple's arduous travels, pp. 72–79.
  50. ^ Gwyn, p. 83
  51. ^ Phenix, p. 85.
  52. ^ Johnson, J. K. (1969) Affectionately Yours: The Letters of Sir John A. Macdonald and His Family. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, p. 53.
  53. ^ Phenix, pp. 93–94. Phenix writes: "According to Dr. Josephine Faveraux of the Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, the rate of SIDS increases in infants and toddlers born to mothers addicted to opiates, especially if alcohol has also played a part in the equation. "
  54. ^ Phenix, p. 100.
  55. ^ Johnson, p. 71.
  56. ^ Creighton, pp. 147–149.
  57. ^ Creighton, pp. 260–261.
  58. ^ Canadian Prime Ministers
  59. ^ Sir John A. Macdonald, Freemason
  60. ^ Top Ten Greatest Canadians
  61. ^ Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada
  62. ^ Glenn Ford, Leading Man in Films and TV, Dies at 90

External links

Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada

Political offices
Preceded by
Sir Allan Napier MacNab
 Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada – Canada West
1856 – 1858		 Succeeded by
George Brown
Preceded by
George Brown		 Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada – Canada West
1858 – 1867		 Succeeded by
himself as Prime Minister of Canada and Sir John Sandfield Macdonald as Premier of Ontario
Preceded by
None		 Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada
1867 – 1891		 Succeeded by
Sir John J.C. Abbott
Preceded by
None		 Prime Minister of Canada
1867 – 1873		 Succeeded by
Alexander Mackenzie
Preceded by
none		 Minister of Justice and Attorney General
1867 – 1873		 Succeeded by
Antoine Dorion
Preceded by
Alexander Mackenzie		 Leader of the Opposition
1873 – 1878		 Succeeded by
Alexander Mackenzie
Preceded by
Alexander Mackenzie		 Prime Minister of Canada
1878 – 1891		 Succeeded by
Sir John J.C. Abbott
Preceded by
David Mills		 Minister of the Interior
1878 – 1888		 Succeeded by
Edgar Dewdney
Preceded by
John Henry Pope		 Minister of Railways and Canals
1889 – 1891		 Succeeded by
Mackenzie Bowell (acting)
Parliament of Canada
Preceded by
none		 Member of Parliament for Kingston
1867 – 1878		 Succeeded by
Alexander Gunn
Preceded by
Francis James Roscoe		 Member of Parliament for Victoria
1878 – 1882		 Succeeded by
E.C. Baker
Preceded by
John Rochester		 Member of Parliament for Carleton
1882 – 1887		 Succeeded by
George Dickinson
Preceded by
Alexander Gunn		 Member of Parliament for Kingston
1887 – 1891		 Succeeded by
James H. Metcalfe


Persondata
NAME Macdonald, John Alexander
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION 1st Prime Minister of Canada (1867–1973, 1878–1891)
DATE OF BIRTH January 11, 1815(1815-01-11)
PLACE OF BIRTH Glasgow, Scotland
DATE OF DEATH June 6, 1891
PLACE OF DEATH Ottawa
Sir Allan Napier MacNab 1st Baronet (b Niagara, Ontario, 19 February 1798 &ndash d Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada were the leaders of the Province of Canada, from the 1841 unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada George Brown (November 28 1818 May 10 1880 was a Scottish -born Canadian journalist politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation. George Brown (November 28 1818 May 10 1880 was a Scottish -born Canadian journalist politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation. Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada were the leaders of the Province of Canada, from the 1841 unification of Upper Canada and Lower Canada The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus John Sandfield Macdonald QC ( December 12, 1812 &ndash June 1, 1872) was the first Premier of the Canadian The Premier of Ontario is the first Minister of the Crown for the Canadian province of Ontario. The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, PC, KCMG, QC ( March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was the third Prime Minister The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. The Minister of Justice (Ministre de la Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice Sir Antoine-Aimé Dorion PC ( January 17 1818 &ndash May 31 1891) was a French Canadian politician and jurist Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. Sir Alexander Mackenzie (Alasdair MacCoinnich 1764 - March 12, 1820) was a Scottish-Canadian explorer. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, PC, KCMG, QC ( March 12, 1821 – October 30, 1893) was the third Prime Minister David Mills, PC ( March 18 1831 &ndash May 8 1903) was a Canadian politician author poet and jurist The Minister of the Interior (Canada was a cabinet post responsible for federal land management Indian affairs and natural resources extraction Edgar Dewdney PC ( 5 November 1835 &ndash August 8, 1916) was a Canadian politician born in Devonshire John Henry Pope ( December 19, 1824 &ndash April 1, 1889) was a Canadian farmer lumberman railway entrepreneur and politician The portfolio of Minister of Railways and Canals was created by Statute 42 Victoria c WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC, KCMG The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Kingston was a federal electoral district represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1867 to 1925 and from 1953 to 1968 Alexander Gunn ( October 5, 1828   September 26, 1907) was a Scottish Grocery Wholesaler who immigrated Francis James Roscoe (1831 &ndash December 20, 1878) was a Canadian entrepreneur and Member of Parliament. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Victoria is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1872 Edgar Crow Baker ( September 16, 1845 &ndash November 3, 1920) was a Canadian politician from British Columbia. John Rochester may refer to John Rochester (martyr, Catholic priest and martyr declared Blessed John Rochester (politician, Canadian politician A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. George Ritchie Dickinson (11 March 1903 in Dunedin – 17 March 1978 in Lower Hutt) played three tests for New Zealand. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Kingston was a federal electoral district represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1867 to 1925 and from 1953 to 1968 James Henry Metcalfe ( January 8 1848 &ndash January 1 1925) was an Ontario businessman and political figure Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality.
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