Johannesburg
Johannesburg skyline with the Hillbrow Tower in the background
Flag Seal
Nickname: Joburg; Jozi; Egoli (City of Gold); Gauteng Maboneng (City of Lights); Joburg my Joburg, Africa's greatest City
Motto: Unity in Development
Location of Johannesburg
Map of South Africa showing Johannesburg's location
Coordinates: 26°08′S 27°54′E / -26.133, 27.9
Country	South Africa
Province	Gauteng
Established	1886
Government
- Mayor	Amos Masondo
Area [1]
- Total	1,644. The Hillbrow Tower is a tall mast located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. The current design of the flag of Johannesburg was adopted on 16 May 1997, replacing a previous version of the flag that had been in service since A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group South Africa is currently divided into nine provinces On the eve of the 1994 general election, South Africa's former homelands also known as Bantustans, were reintegrated Gauteng (xaʊˈtɛŋ Sotho xɑ́útʼèŋ̀ is a province of South Africa. The Mayor of Johannesburg is the Chief executive of the City Council and the highest elected position in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa Amos Mosando (born 1953 -) is the current mayor of the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 96 km² (635. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here areas between 1000 km2 and 10000 km2 1 sq mi)
Elevation	1,753 m (5,751 ft)
Population (2007)[2]
- Total	3,888,180
- Density	2,364/km² (6,122. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 7/sq mi)
Time zone	SAST (UTC+2)
Area code(s)	011
Website: www.joburg.org.za

Johannesburg (pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/) is the largest and most populous city in South Africa. SAST redirects here For the comedy programme see Short Attention Span Theater. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Gauteng (xaʊˈtɛŋ Sotho xɑ́útʼèŋ̀ is a province of South Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world ([1]), it is Africa's most advanced city, and one of Africa's only two global cities, the other being Cairo according to the Globalization and World Cities group's 1999 inventory, which classified it as a gamma world city)^[3]. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) While Johannesburg does not form one of South Africa's three capital cities, it does house the Constitutional Court – South Africa's highest court. The South African Constitutional Court was established in 1994 by South Africa 's first democratic Constitution: the Interim Constitution

Johannesburg is the source of a large-scale gold and diamond trade, due to its location on the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in Johannesburg is also served by O.R. Tambo International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Africa and a gateway for international air travel to and from the rest of southern Africa. OR Tambo International Airport is a large Airport near the city of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Southern Africa is the Southernmost Region of the African Continent, variably defined by Geography or Geopolitics.

According to the 2007 Community Survey, The population of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area is almost eight million. The Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area is the name of the area surrounding the city of Johannesburg, in South Africa. The population of the municipal city is almost 4 million. Johannesburg's land area of 1,645 square kilometres (635 sq mi) is very large when compared to other cities, resulting in a population density of 2,364 inhabitants per square kilometre (6,123/sq mi). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Johannesburg also encompasses Soweto to the south west, a township that the apartheid government established to accommodate the large number of migrant workers. Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. In South Africa, the term Township usually refers to the (often underdeveloped urban living areas that under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world the United Nations' definition is very broad essentially including anyone It should be noted that Johannesburg and Pretoria are beginning to act as one functional entity, connecting the province of Gauteng together and forming one Megacity of roughly 10 million people. Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa.

Gauteng (as a city) is growing rapidly, due to mass urbanisation that is a feature of many developing countries. According to the State of the Cities Report, the urban portion of Gauteng – comprised primarily of the cities of Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (the East Rand) and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) – will be a polycentric urban region with a projected population of some 14. 6 million people by 2015, making it one of the largest cities in the world.

Contents 1 History 2 Government 3 Crime 4 Geography and climate 5 Demographics 6 Economy 7 Communications and media 8 Music 9 Suburbs 10 Tourism 11 Sports teams and stadiums 12 Transport 12.1 Mass transit 12.2 Airports 12.3 Buses 12.4 Taxis 12.5 Freeways 12.6 Trains 13 Universities in Johannesburg 14 Sister cities 15 Written Works 16 References 17 See also 18 External links

History

Main article: History of Johannesburg

The region is the surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San tribes Rock paintings. This article documents the history of Johannesburg, part of present day Gauteng Province, in South Africa. By the 1200s, groups of Nthu people started moving southwards from central Africa and encrouched on the indigenous San population. White trekboers started entering the area from the Cape Colony after 1860. Gold was discovered in the 1880s and triggered the gold rush. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a Gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Gold was initially discovered some 400 km to the east of present-day Johannesburg, in Barberton. History Prehistoric The mountains around Barberton are the oldest in the world dating back 3 Gold prospectors soon discovered that there were even richer gold reefs in the Witwatersrand. Prospecting is the physical search for Minerals Fossils precious metals or mineral specimens and is also known as Fossicking. The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in Gold was discovered at Langlaagte, Johannesburg in 1886.

Johannesburg was a dusty settlement some 90km from the Transvaal Republic capital which was Pretoria. Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. The town was much the same as any small prospecting settlement, but, as word spread, people flocked to the area from all other regions of the country, as well as from North America, the United Kingdom and Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located See Charles van Onselen: New Nineveh and New Babylon. As the value of control of the land increased, tensions developed between the Boer government in Pretoria and the British, culminating in the South African War. Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: The Boers lost the war and control of the area was ceded to the British. Controversy surrounds the origin of the name, as there were any number of people with the name "Johannes" who were involved in the early history of the city. The principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general, Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, member of the Volksraad and the Republic's chief of mining, Paul Kruger, President of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal). South Africa The Volksraad (English " People's Council " was the Parliament of the former South African Republic (ZAR (also sometimes For the Russian theme park see Transvaal Park. The Transvaal (Afrikaans lit Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik street is today a main street where the (now delapidated) Post Office and City Hall are located.

Currently the Johannesburg Metropolitan Council is implementing a large scale Inner City Revival project, leading to some business moving back to the inner city.

Government

Main articles: City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and Regions of Johannesburg

During the apartheid era, Johannesburg was divided into 11 local authorities, seven of which were white and four black or coloured. Ponte City, originally called The Strydom Tower is a Skyscraper in the Hillbrow neighbourhood of Johannesburg, South Africa. The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality is a Metropolitan Municipality that manages the local governance of Johannesburg, South Africa. The administration of Johannesburg has been decentralised into 11 regions. In the South African Namibian Zambian Botswanan and Zimbabwean context the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense The white authorities were 90% self-sufficient from property tax and other local taxes, and spent ZAR 600 (USD 93) per person, while the black authorities were only 10% self-sufficient, spending R 100 (USD 15) per person. Property tax, or millage tax, is an Ad valorem tax that an owner pays on the value of the property being taxed The rand ( sign: R; code: ZAR) is the Currency of South Africa. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

The first post-apartheid City Council was created in 1995. The council adopted the slogan "One City, One Taxpayer" in order to highlight its primary goal of addressing unequal tax revenue distribution. To this end, revenue from wealthy, traditionally white areas would help pay for services needed in poorer, black areas. The City Council was divided into four regions, each with a substantially autonomous local regional authority that was to be overseen by a central metropolitan council. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Furthermore, the municipal boundaries were expanded to include wealthy satellite towns like Sandton and Randburg, poorer neighbouring townships such as Soweto and Alexandra, and informal settlements like Orange Farm. Sandton is a town in the northern part of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area, South Africa Randburg is a large city located in Gauteng, South Africa. While it was once proclaimed as a separate municipality its administration has since been devolved Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. Alexandra (sometimes nicknamed "Alex" is a township located in Gauteng province, South Africa. Orange Farm is a township located approximately 45 km from Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa.

In 1999, Johannesburg appointed a city manager in order to reshape the city's ailing financial situation. The manager, together with the Municipal Council, drew up a blueprint called "Igoli 2002". See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. This was a three-year plan that called upon the government to sell non-core assets, restructure certain utilities, and required that all others become self-sufficient. The plan took the city from near insolvency to an operating surplus of R 153 million (USD 23. Insolvency means the inability to pay one's debts This is defined in two different waysCash flow insolvency unable to pay debts as they fall dueBalance sheet insolvency 6 million).

Following the creation of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, Johannesburg was divided into eleven administrative regions (these regions did not correspond to the areas governed by the former local authorities). In 2006, the number of administrative regions was consolidated, from eleven to seven. ^[4]

Crime

According to the Johannesburg Victim Survey (1993–1997) the crime most afflicting the city's residents between 1993 and 1997 was burglary, with nearly a quarter of the respondents (24%) reporting this crime to the survey. The second most frequently reported incidents were violent crimes: mugging and robbery (16. 5%) and assault (15. 5%). The vast majority of assaults were of a serious nature, with 84% involving the use of a weapon. ^[5]

After the Group Areas Act was scrapped in the early 1990s, Johannesburg was affected by urban blight. The Group Areas Act of 1950 (Act No 41 of 1950 was an Act of parliament created under the Apartheid Government of South Africa that assigned Racial Urban decay is a process by which a City, or a part of a city falls into a state of disrepair Thousands of poor, mostly black, people, who had been forbidden to live in the city proper, moved into the city from surrounding black townships like Soweto. Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. Many immigrants from economically beleaguered and war torn African nations flooded into South Africa, with Johannesburg the most Northerly major city and therein a logical choice. Crime levels rose, and especially the rate of violent crime. Many buildings were abandoned by landlords, especially in high-density areas, such as Hillbrow. Landlord is the owner of a House, Apartment, Condominium, or Real estate which is rented or Leased to an individual or business Hillbrow is the inner city residential neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Many corporations and institutions, including the stock exchange, moved their headquarters away from the city centre, to suburbs like Sandton. Sandton is a town in the northern part of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area, South Africa By the late 1990s, Johannesburg was rated as one of the most dangerous cities in the world.

Reviving the city centre is one of the main aims of the municipal government of Johannesburg. Drastic measures have been taken to reduce crime in the city. These measures include closed-circuit television on street corners. Closed-circuit television ( CCTV) is the use of Video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place limited set of monitors Statistics show that crime levels in Johannesburg have dropped as the economy has stabilised and begun to grow. ^[6] In an effort to prepare Johannesburg for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, local government has enlisted the help of former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani to help bring down the crime rate, as the opening and closing matches of the tournament will be played in the city. The 2010 FIFA World Cup will be the 19th FIFA World Cup, an international tournament for football, that is scheduled to take place between 11 June and KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with ^[7]

Geography and climate

Johannesburg is located in the eastern plateau area of South Africa known as the Highveld, at an elevation of 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). The Highveld is a high Plateau region of South Africa which is largely home to the largest metropolitan area in the country the Gauteng City Region The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The former CBD is located on the south side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand (Afrikaans: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

The city enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the exception of occasional late afternoon downpours in the summer months of October to April. Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild thanks to the city's high altitude, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 26 °C (79 °F), dropping to an average maximum of around 16 °C (61 °F) in June. Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with cool days and cold nights. Winter is one of the four Seasons of Temperate zones Calculated astronomically, it begins on the Solstice and ends on the Equinox The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in May 1956, September 1981, and August 2006 (light). "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Snow fell again on 27 June 2007,^[8] accumulating up to 10 centimeters (3. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 9 in) in the southern suburbs. Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is 713 millimetres (28. 1 in), which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months.

Despite the relatively dry climate, Johannesburg has over ten million trees,^[9] and it is now the biggest man-made forest in the world, followed by Graskop in Mpumalanga that is the second biggest. ^[10] Many trees were originally planted in the northern areas of the city at the end of the 19th century, to provide wood for the mining industry. The areas were developed by the Randlord, Hermann Eckstein, a German immigrant, who called the forest estates Sachsenwald. Randlord is a term used to denote the entrepreneurs who controlled the Diamond and Gold mining industries in South Africa in its pioneer phase from the Hermann Ludwig Eckstein ( 3 August 1847 &ndash 16 January 1893) was a South African mining magnate and banker The name was changed to Saxonwold, now the name of a suburb, during World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Early (white) residents who moved into the areas (Parkhurst, Parktown, Parkview, Westcliff, Saxonwold, Houghton Estate, Illovo, Hyde Park, Dunkeld, Melrose, Inanda, Sandhurst) now collectively referred to as the Northern Suburbs retained many of the original trees and planted new ones, with the encouragement of successive city councils. In recent years, however, a considerable number of trees have been felled, to make way for the Northern Suburbs' residential and commercial redevelopment.

Weather averages for Johannesburg
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35 (95)	34 (93)	32 (90)	29 (84)	26 (79)	23 (73)	24 (75)	26 (79)	31 (88)	32 (90)	33 (91)	32 (90)	35 (95)
Average high °C (°F)	26 (79)	25 (77)	24 (75)	21 (70)	19 (66)	16 (61)	17 (63)	19 (66)	23 (73)	24 (75)	24 (75)	25 (77)	22 (72)
Average low °C (°F)	15 (59)	14 (57)	13 (55)	10 (50)	7 (45)	4 (39)	4 (39)	6 (43)	9 (48)	11 (52)	13 (55)	14 (57)	10 (50)
Record low °C (°F)	7 (45)	6 (43)	2 (36)	1 (34)	-3 (27)	-8 (18)	-5 (23)	-5 (23)	-3 (27)	0 (32)	2 (36)	4 (39)	-8 (18)
Precipitation mm (inches)	125 (4. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 9)	90 (3. 5)	91 (3. 6)	54 (2. 1)	13 (0. 5)	9 (0. 4)	4 (0. 2)	6 (0. 2)	27 (1. 1)	72 (2. 8)	117 (4. 6)	105 (4. 1)	713 (28. 1)
Source: South African Weather Service [11] 26 July 2007

Demographics

According to the 2001 South African National Census, the population of Johannesburg is 3,225,812 people, though including the East Rand and other suburban areas it's around 7 million, consisting of people who live in 1,006,930 formal households, of which 86% have a flush or chemical toilet, and 91% have refuse removed by the municipality at least once a week. Statistics South Africa is the national Statistics board of South Africa. A toilet is a Plumbing fixture and disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the bodily wastes: Urine and fecal matter. WASTE is a Peer-to-peer and Friend-to-friend protocol and software application developed by Justin Frankel at Nullsoft in 2003 that features 81% of households have access to running water, and 80% use electricity as the main source of energy. 22% of Johannesburg residents stay in informal dwellings. 66% of households are headed by one person.

Black Africans account for 73% of the population, followed by whites at 16%, coloureds at 6% and Asians at 4%. In the South African Namibian Zambian Botswanan and Zimbabwean context the term Coloured (also known as Bruinmense 42% of the population is under the age of 24, while 6% of the population is over 60 years of age. 37% of city residents are unemployed. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 91% of the unemployed are black. Women comprise 43% of the working population. 19% of economically active adults work in wholesale and retail sectors, 18% in financial, real estate and business services, 17% in community, social and personal services and 12% are in manufacturing. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Only 0. 7% work in mining. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body

34% of Johannesburg residents speak Nguni languages at home, 26% speak Sotho languages, 19% speak English, and 8% speak Afrikaans. The Sotho-Tswana language group is a group of closely related Bantu languages spoken in Southern Africa including Tswana ( Setswana) Northern Sotho Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in 29% of adults have graduated from high school. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution 14% have higher education (University or Technical school). A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Technical school is a general term used for Two-year college which provide mostly Employment -preparation skills for trained labor, such as Welding 7% of residents are completely illiterate. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, 15% have primary education.

34% use public transportation to commute to work or school. Commuting is the process of Travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. 32% walk to work or school. 34% use private transportation to travel to work or school.

53% belong to mainstream Christian churches, 24% are not affiliated with any organized religion, 14% are members of African Independent Churches, 3% are Muslim, 1% are Jewish and 1% are Hindu. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

Economy

Johannesburg is the economic and financial hub of South Africa, producing 16% of South Africa's gross domestic product, and accounts for 40% of Gauteng's economic activity. In a 2007 survey conducted by Mastercard, Johannesburg ranked 47 out of 50 top cities in the world as a worldwide centre of commerce (the only city in Africa) ([2]). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

Mining was the foundation of the Witwatersrand's economy, but its importance is gradually declining due to dwindling reserves and service and manufacturing industries have become more significant to the city's economy. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in While gold mining no longer takes place within the city limits, most mining companies still have their headquarters in Johannesburg. ----The term city limits (or city boundary) refers to the defined boundary of a City. Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated The city's manufacturing industries extend across a range of areas and there is still a reliance on heavy industries including steel and cement plants. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together The service and other industries include banking, IT, real estate, transport, broadcast and print media, private health care, transport and a vibrant leisure and consumer retail market. Johannesburg has Africa's largest stock exchange, the JSE Securities Exchange although it has moved out of the central business district. Due to its commercial role, the city is the seat of the provincial government and the site of a number of government branch offices, as well as consular offices and other institutions. There is also a significant informal economy consisting of cash-only street traders and vendors. The level of this economic activity is difficult to track in official statistics and it supports a sector of the population including immigrants who are not in formal employment. However, it is clear that the informal economy operating in Johannesburg is certainly one of the biggest in the world. The Witwatersrand urban complex is a major consumer of water in a dry region. Its continued economic and population growth has depended on schemes to divert water from other regions of South Africa and from the highlands of Lesotho, the biggest of which is the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, but additional sources will be needed early in the 21st century. Lesotho (lɪˈsuːtuː) officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a Landlocked country and Enclave — entirely surrounded by the Republic of South The 21st century is the current century of the Christian Era or Common Era in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

The container terminal at City Deep is purported to be the largest "dry port" in the world, with some 60% of cargo that arrives through the port of Durban arriving in Johannesburg. Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The City Deep area has been declared an IDZ (industrial development zone) by the Gauteng government, as part of the Blue IQ Project. Blue IQ is a multi-billion Rand initiative to develop economic Infrastructure for specific major projects in the Technology sector high value-added

Johannesburg's largest shopping centre is Sandton City, while Hyde Park is one of its most prestigious. Sandton City is a Shopping centre located in Sandton, Johannesburg that was built as pioneer centre in 1973 Hyde Park Corner is a Shopping centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. Other centres include Rosebank, Eastgate, Westgate, Northgate, Southgate, and Cresta. Eastgate was Johannesburg 's first super-regional Shopping centre. Northgate Shopping Centre is a Shopping centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. Southgate Shopping Centre is a large Shopping centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. Cresta Shopping Centre is a Shopping centre in Johannesburg, South Africa. There are also plans to build a large shopping centre, known as the Zonk'Izizwe Shopping Resort, in Midrand. Midrand is in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was established as a Local Municipality in 1981 but was incorporated into Region 2 of the City "Zonk'Izizwe" means "All Nations" in Zulu language, indicating that the centre will cater to the city's diverse mix of peoples and races. The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal Also a complex named Greenstone in Modderfontein has been opened and is intended to become the largest shopping complex in the southern hemisphere

Communications and media

The city is home to several media groups which own a number of newspaper and magazine titles. The Hillbrow Tower is a tall mast located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. The two main print media groups are Independent Newspapers and Naspers (Media24). The electronic media is also headquartered in the greater metropolitan region. Beeld is a leading Afrikaans newspaper for the city and the country, while the City Press is a Sunday newspaper that is the third largest selling newspaper in South Africa. Beeld is an Afrikaans language Daily Newspaper that was launched on 16 September 1974. Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in The Sowetan is one of a number of titles catering for the black market although in recent years it competes against newly arrived tabloids. The Sowetan is an English language, South African newspaper that started in 1981 as a liberation struggle newspaper and was freely distributed The Mail & Guardian is an investigative liberal newspaper while The Citizen is a tabloid-style paper, and The Star is a local newspaper that mostly covers Gauteng-related issues. The Mail & Guardian is a South African weekly investigative newspaper published by M&G Media in Johannesburg, South Africa, with a strong focus The Citizen is a Tabloid style Newspaper that is distributed nationally in South Africa. A tabloid is a Newspaper industry term which refers to a smaller newspaper format per spread to a weekly or semi-weekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest The Star is a daily newspaper based in Gauteng, South Africa. Gauteng (xaʊˈtɛŋ Sotho xɑ́útʼèŋ̀ is a province of South Africa. The Sunday Times is the most widely read national Sunday newspaper. The Sunday Times is a popular South African Sunday newspaper It has an audited circulation of 504 000 and a weekly readership of 32 million making it the largest True Love is the most widely read women's magazine, catering primarily to the up and coming middle class black female market, published by Media 24.

Media ownership is relatively complicated with a number of cross shareholdings which have been rationalised in recent years resulting in the movement of some ownership into the hands of black shareholders. This has been accompanied by a growth in black editorship and journalism.

Johannesburg has a number of regional radio stations such as YFM, Metro FM, 702, Highveld Stereo, 5FM, Kaya FM and Classic FM. YFM (992 FM) is a "Youth" Radio station in Johannesburg, South Africa. Highveld Stereo is a Radio station that broadcasts on the 947FM frequency from Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. 5FM is a SABC radio station mainly based in Johannesburg, South Africa. The number of radio stations has increased in recent years as the government sold off frequencies to private companies. Johannesburg is also the headquarters of state-owned broadcaster South African Broadcasting Corporation and pay broadcast network Multichoice which distributes M-Net and DStv a digital satellite service, while eTV also has a presence in the city. SABC redirects here as this is the most common use of the abbreviation in English M-Net is also the name of a computer bulletin board service operated by Arbornet in Ann Arbor Michigan. etv is the fifth terrestrial Television channel in South Africa, following three channels operated by the state-owned South African Broadcasting Corporation etv is the only other terrestrial broadcaster and it is free-to-air and funded by advertising revenue. The city has two television towers, the Hillbrow Tower and the Sentech Tower. The Hillbrow Tower is a tall mast located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. Sentech Tower is a 237 metre high TV tower in the Brixton suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Music

Kwaito is the musical genre from Johannesburg that is considered to be the post-struggle (post-apartheid) music of choice by South African youth. Kwaito is a Music genre that emerged in Johannesburg, South Africa in the early 1990s Some consider Kwaito to be apolitical dance music because the same lyrics are typically repeated throughout the entire song and are placed over the rhythms and beats of House music. House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino However, others argue that Kwaito has an important political message to spread, despite the fact people are able to dance to this music. For example, the artist called Arthur stands up against the established system set during apartheid saying, "Nee baas, don't call me kaffir" in his 1995 song titled "Kaffir". The timing of such a politically charged statement was necessary in the South African society because apartheid had recently been abolished. It is important to note the significance of the words in this phrase. The word "baas" is equivalent to the English word "boss" and was the mandatory title all black employees had to use to address their white employers during apartheid. "Kaffir" is one of the most derogatory and degrading racial names someone can call a black person in South Africa. Because Arthur was commenting on the social relation between black workers and their white bosses and the racial inequality that existed between them, his EP was "an incredibly powerful and provocative statement" that "went straight to the hearts of thousands of South African. "^[12] This may be the reason Arthur is arguably the "king" of Kwaito music. Kwaito artist Mandoza is another reason why many people argue Kwaito music does have significant political standing in South Africa. Mandoza (real name Mduduzi Tshabalala) (1978 -) is a South African Kwaito musician One example of Mandoza's political message can be heard with his song "Uzoyithola Kkanjani", which means "how are you going to get it if you don't get up and go for it". Mandoza is an artist that tries to add substance to his won music to inspire and reach out to others in South Africa who are still going through hard times.

Kwaito has touched more than the music scene in this country. In recent years, it has become deeply embedded in young South African culture because it represents "the streets", street life, and the people who live there. As Grant Clark notes after his trip to Johannesburg, "Kwaito has evolved its own street style. It's not just music, it's the way you walk, talk, dance, and of course, dress. " ^[13] On the other hand, Kwaito deos receive its share of criticism from the older generations for embracing what is considered to be Western ideals and beliefs, like materialism and living life in excess. Despite this, there are some older South African musicians who fully support this musical style. Hugh Masekela is a huge fan of Kwaito. Hugh Ramopolo Masekela (b Witbank, South Africa, April 4, 1939) is a South African trumpeter, flugelhornist When talking about Kwaito, the artist said, "there has been criticism of some of the content of Kwaito music but older people always seem to be jealous of young people who are coming up with new things. " ^[14] Whether Kwaito is criticized for its lack of a political stance or looked down upon by South African elders for straying from their own traditions and values, it definitely has had a profound impact on the music, culture, and life of post-apartheid society in South Africa.

Suburbs

Main article: Suburbs of Johannesburg

Johannesburg's suburbs are the product of extensive urban sprawl and are regionalised into north, south, east and west, and they generally have different personalities. Sandton is a town in the northern part of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area, South Africa The suburbs of Johannesburg are officially demarcated areas within the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. While the Central Business District and the immediate surrounding areas were formerly desirable living areas, the spatial accommodation of the suburbs has tended to see a flight from the city and immediate surrounds. The Central Business District, commonly called Johannesburg CBD, is one of the main business centres of Johannesburg, South Africa. The inner city buildings have been let out to the lower income groups and illegal immigrants and as a result abandoned buildings and crime have become a feature of inner city life. The immediate city suburbs include Yeoville, a hot spot for black nightlife despite its otherwise poor reputation. Yeoville is a suburb of Johannesburg, in the province of Gauteng, South Africa. The suburbs to the south of the city are mainly blue collar neighbourhoods and situated closer to some townships. In South Africa, the term Township usually refers to the (often underdeveloped urban living areas that under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites The suburbs to the west have in recent years floundered with the decline of the mining industry but have in some cases experienced some revival with properties being bought up by the black middle class. The biggest sprawl lies to the east and north. The eastern suburbs are relatively prosperous and close to various industrial zones. The northern suburbs have been the recipient of most of the flight from the inner city and some residential areas have become commercialised particularly around the area of Sandton, stretching north towards Midrand, a half way point between Johannesburg and the capital Pretoria.

Traditionally the northern and northwestern suburbs have been the centre for the wealthy, containing the high-end retail shops as well as several upper-class residential areas such as Hyde Park, Sandhurst, Northcliff and Houghton, where Nelson Mandela makes his home. Houghton is an extremely wealthy suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative The northwestern area in particular is vibrant and lively, with the mostly-black suburb of Sophiatown once centre of political activity and the Bohemian-flavoured Melville featuring restaurants and nightlife. Sophiatown (pronounced with a long stressed i) (also known as Sof'town or Kofifi) is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa Melville is a bohemian suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. Auckland Park is home to the headquarters of the South African Broadcasting Corporation and the University of Johannesburg. Auckland Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Both the University of Johannesburg and the South African Broadcasting Corporation SABC redirects here as this is the most common use of the abbreviation in English The University of Johannesburg ( Johannesburg, South Africa) came into existence on 1 January 2005 as the result of a merger between

To the southwest of the City Centre is Soweto, a mostly black urban area constructed during the apartheid regime specifically for housing African people who were then living in areas designated by the government for white settlement. Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. Today, Soweto is among the poorest parts of Johannesburg.

Tourism

Johannesburg has not traditionally been known as a tourist destination, but the city is a transit point for connecting flights to Cape Town, Durban, and the Kruger National Park. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. Kruger National Park is the largest Game reserve in South Africa. Consequently, most international visitors to South Africa pass through Johannesburg at least once, which has led to the development of more attractions for tourists. Recent additions have centred around history museums, such as the Apartheid Museum and the Hector Pieterson Museum. Ancient history The Bushmen See also Ancient History of South Africa Some three million years ago Ape -human-like Hominids A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the The Hector Pieterson Museum is a large Museum located in Orlando West, Soweto, South Africa, two blocks away from where Hector Pieterson Gold Reef City, a large amusement park to the south of the Central Business District, is also a large draw for tourists in the city. Gold Reef City is a large Amusement park in Johannesburg, South Africa. Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group The Johannesburg Zoo is also one of the largest in South Africa. The Johannesburg Zoo is a Zoo in Johannesburg, South Africa. Established in 1904 it has traditionally been owned and operated by the City of Johannesburg

The city also has several art museums, such as the Johannesburg Art Gallery, which featured South African and European landscape and figurative paintings. Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual The Johannesburg Art Gallery is an Art gallery located in Joubert Park, in the central business district of The Museum Africa covers the history of the city of Johannesburg, as well as housing a large collection of rock art. MuseuMAfricA (formerly known as the Africana Museum) is a historical museum in Johannesburg, South Africa. Rock art is a term in Archaeology for any man-made markings made on natural stone The Market Theatre complex attained notoriety in the 1970s and 1980s by staging anti-apartheid plays, and has now become a centre for modern South African playwriting. The Market Theatre in Johannesburg, South Africa was established in 1976 as an independent non-racial theatre under Apartheid South Africa

There is also a large industry around visiting former townships, such as Soweto and Alexandra. In South Africa, the term Township usually refers to the (often underdeveloped urban living areas that under Apartheid, were reserved for non-whites Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. Alexandra (sometimes nicknamed "Alex" is a township located in Gauteng province, South Africa. Most visitors to Soweto go to see the Mandela Museum, which is located in the former home of Nelson Mandela. The Nelson Mandela National Museum is one of the largest tourist attractions in Soweto, South Africa. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative

The Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site is 25 kilometers (16 mi) to the northwest of the city. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Sterkfontein fossil site is famous for being the world's richest hominid site and produced the first adult Australopithecus africanus and the first near-complete skeleton of an early Australopithecine. Sterkfontein ( Afrikaans for Strong Spring) is a set of Limestone Caves of special interest to paleo - Anthropologists FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Australopithecus africanus was an early hominid, an Australopithecine, who lived between 2-3 million years ago in the Pliocene. The term australopithecine refers to two very closely related genera within the Hominina subtribe of the Hominini tribe.

Sports teams and stadiums

Club	Sport	League	Stadium
Kaizer Chiefs	Football	Premier Soccer League	Johannesburg Stadium
Moroka Swallows	Football	Premier Soccer League	Rand Stadium
Orlando Pirates	Football	Premier Soccer League	FNB Stadium
Alexander United	Football	MTN Supersport Leagues	Alexander Stadium
Katlehong City	Football	MTN Supersport Leagues	Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium
Highveld Lions	Cricket	Standard Bank Cup Series	Wanderers Stadium
Lions	Rugby union	Super 14	Ellis Park Stadium
Golden Lions	Rugby union	Currie Cup	Ellis Park Stadium

Johannesburg's most popular sports by participation are association football, cricket, rugby union, and running. Kaizer Chiefs is a South African Football (soccer club founded 7 January, 1970 in Soweto, Johannesburg. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Premier Soccer League is the trading name of the National Soccer League (NSL of South Africa, also known by its initials ( PSL) Johannesburg Stadium is a Stadium in the Doornfontein suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Moroka Swallows are a South African Football (soccer club based in Johannesburg that participates in the Premier Soccer League. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Premier Soccer League is the trading name of the National Soccer League (NSL of South Africa, also known by its initials ( PSL) Rand Stadium is a Stadium located in Rosettenville, a Suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Orlando Pirates are a South African Football (soccer club founded in 1937 in the Orlando section Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Premier Soccer League is the trading name of the National Soccer League (NSL of South Africa, also known by its initials ( PSL) First National Bank Stadium ( FNB Stadium or Soccer City) is a stadium located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Potgietersrus Rugby Stadium is a Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Highveld Lions is the name used by the combined Gauteng and North West First class cricket teams in South Africa Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries The MTN Domestic Competitions is the premier domestic One-day cricket competition of South Africa, its matches having List A status. Wanderers Stadium is a Stadium situated just south of Sandton in Illovo, Johannesburg in Gauteng Province, South Africa The Lions, known as the Cats through the 2006 season, are a South African Rugby union franchise that competes in the Super Rugby competition Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The Super 14 is the largest Rugby union football club championship in the Southern hemisphere, consisting of four state teams from Australia (Queensland/Reds Ellis Park Stadium, known for sponsorship reasons as Coca-Cola Park following a ZAR 450 million ( USD 58 million/ £ 30 million naming rights deal The Golden Lions are the main Rugby union for Johannesburg, South Africa, although they also represent a substantial portion of Gauteng Province Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short For the cricket competition originally known as the Currie Cup see SuperSport Series. Ellis Park Stadium, known for sponsorship reasons as Coca-Cola Park following a ZAR 450 million ( USD 58 million/ £ 30 million naming rights deal Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Running is a means for an animal to move on Foot. It is defined in Sporting terms as a Gait in which at some point all feet are off the ground The Lions, formerly the Cats, represent Johannesburg, North West and Mpumalanga in the Southern Hemisphere's Super 14 Rugby Competition, which includes teams from South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The Lions, known as the Cats through the 2006 season, are a South African Rugby union franchise that competes in the Super Rugby competition North West is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Mafikeng. Mpumalanga, (umˈpuːməlɑŋɡə – name changed from Eastern Transvaal on 24 August 1995) is a province of South Africa The Super 14 is the largest Rugby union football club championship in the Southern hemisphere, consisting of four state teams from Australia (Queensland/Reds

Cricket is one of the more popular sports. In cricket, the Highveld Lions represent Johannesburg, the rest of Gauteng as well as the North West Province at the Wanderers Stadium which was the venue for the 2003 Cricket World Cup Final in which Australia successfully defended their title. The Highveld Lions is the name used by the combined Gauteng and North West First class cricket teams in South Africa Wanderers Stadium is a Stadium situated just south of Sandton in Illovo, Johannesburg in Gauteng Province, South Africa The 2003 Cricket World Cup ( Official name: ICC Cricket World Cup 2003) was played in South Africa from February 9 to March 24. Wanderers Stadium hosted what many cricket fans consider the greatest ever ODI match in which South Africa successfully chased down 434 runs. They take part in the Supersport and MTN Domestic Championship. The SuperSport Series is the main domestic first class Cricket competition in South Africa, first contested (as the Currie Cup) in The MTN Domestic Competitions is the premier domestic One-day cricket competition of South Africa, its matches having List A status.

Johannesburg also hosted matches from and thepspank the PSL, the top spank teams are all fierce rivals and include Kaizer Chiefs (also known as the Amakhosi), Orlando Pirates (also known as the Buccaneers) and Moroka Swallows, based at the city's Johannesburg, Rand, and FNB stadiums respectively. Kaizer Chiefs is a South African Football (soccer club founded 7 January, 1970 in Soweto, Johannesburg. Orlando Pirates are a South African Football (soccer club founded in 1937 in the Orlando section Moroka Swallows are a South African Football (soccer club based in Johannesburg that participates in the Premier Soccer League. Ellis Park Stadium, known for sponsorship reasons as Coca-Cola Park following a ZAR 450 million ( USD 58 million/ £ 30 million naming rights deal Rand Stadium is a Stadium located in Rosettenville, a Suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa. First National Bank Stadium ( FNB Stadium or Soccer City) is a stadium located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Witwatersrand University, nicknamed the Clever Boys, who have a player membership of over 1,500, one of the world's largest are also part of the premier league. Wits University Football Club, known under their sponsored title as Bidvest Wits, is a South African football team, founded in 1921 First Division teams include Katlehong City and Alexander United, who play at Alexander and Reiger Park stadiums respectively

Transport

Johannesburg, much like Los Angeles, is a young and sprawling city geared towards private motorists, and lacks a convenient public transportation system. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West A significant number of the city's residents are dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.

Mass transit

Johannesburg's metro railway system connects central Johannesburg to Soweto, Pretoria, and most of the satellite towns along the Witwatersrand. Metrorail is the Commuter rail service in the major Urban areas of South Africa. Soweto is an urban area in the City of Johannesburg, in Gauteng, South Africa. Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. The Witwatersrand is a low sedimentary range of hills at an elevation of 1700-1800 metres above sea-level which runs in an east-west direction through Gauteng in The railways transport huge numbers of workers every day. However, the railway infrastructure was built in Johannesburg's infancy and covers only the older areas in the city's south. The northern areas, including the business districts of Sandton, Midrand, Randburg, and Rosebank, currently lack rail infrastructure. Sandton is a town in the northern part of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area, South Africa Midrand is in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was established as a Local Municipality in 1981 but was incorporated into Region 2 of the City Randburg is a large city located in Gauteng, South Africa. While it was once proclaimed as a separate municipality its administration has since been devolved Rosebank is a cosmopolitan commercial and residential suburb in the northwestern part of Johannesburg, South Africa.

The Gauteng Provincial Government's Blue IQ Project, Gautrain, however, has made provisions for the creation of a rapid rail link, running north to south, between Johannesburg and Pretoria, and east-west between Sandton and Johannesburg International Airport. Gautrain is an 80-kilometre mass rapid transit Railway system under construction in Gauteng Province, South Africa that will ultimately "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. OR Tambo International Airport is a large Airport near the city of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. Slated to be ready in time for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the rail system is being designed to alleviate traffic on the N1 freeway between Johannesburg and Pretoria, which records vehicle loads of up to 300,000 per day. The 2010 FIFA World Cup will be the 19th FIFA World Cup, an international tournament for football, that is scheduled to take place between 11 June and

Airports

Johannesburg is served by OR Tambo International Airport (formerly Johannesburg International Airport) for both domestic and international flights. OR Tambo International Airport is a large Airport near the city of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. Other airports include Rand Airport, Grand Central Airport, and Lanseria. Rand Airport is an Airport in Germiston, South Africa. It was constructed in the 1920s as the main airport for Johannesburg, but the city Grand Central Airport is a small privately-owned airfield which is open to public air traffic Lanseria Airport is a privately owned international Airport that is situated in the North West of Johannesburg, South Africa Rand Airport, located in Germiston, is a small airfield used mostly for private aircraft and the home of South African Airways's first Boeing 747 Classic, the Lebombo, which is now an aviation museum. This article is about Germiston in Gauteng South Africa For the Germiston in Scotland see Germiston Glasgow. South African Airways (SAA is South Africa 's flag carrier and largest domestic and international Airline Company, with hubs in Cape Town WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the Grand Central is located in Midrand and also caters to small, private aircraft. Lanseria Airport is used for commercial flights to Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Botswana, and Sun City. Lanseria Airport is a privately owned international Airport that is situated in the North West of Johannesburg, South Africa Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. Sun City is a luxury South African Casino resort situated in the North West Province.

Buses

Johannesburg is served by a bus fleet operated by Metrobus, a corporate unit of the City of Johannesburg. It has a fleet consisting of approximately 550 single and double-decker buses, plying 84 different routes in the city. This total includes 200 modern buses (150 double-deckers and 50 single-deckers), made by Volvo and Marcopolo/Brasa in 2002. This article is about Volvo Group - AB Volvo Volvo Cars is the passenger vehicle maker owned by Ford Motor Company, using the Volvo Trademark Metrobus' fleet carries approximately 20 million passengers per annum. Metrobus also operates a number of open-top buses in the "City Slicker" role, using them to provide guided tours around the city. In addition there are a number of private bus operators, though most focus on the inter-city routes, or on bus charters for touring groups. The City's main bus terminus is situated in Gandhi Square, where passengers can also obtain information regarding the Metrobus service from the walk-in customer information desk.

Taxis

Johannesburg has two kinds of taxis, metered taxis and minibus taxis. Types of vehicle Share taxis come in various Vehicle types including Minibuses Midibuses covered Pickup trucks Station wagons Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The Gauteng Provincial Government has launched a new metered taxi programme in an attempt to increase use of metered taxis in the city. Safecab and Rose Taxis are two of the most highly trusted and used metered taxi companies.

The minibus "taxis" are the de facto standard and essential form of transport for the majority of the population. Since the 1980s The minibus taxi industry has been severely affected by turf wars. Causes Prior to 1987 the taxi industry was highly regulated and controlled with Black taxi operators declined

Although essential, these taxis are often of a poor standard in not only road-worthiness, but also in terms of driver quality with a majority of taxi drivers breaking traffic laws regularly (such as driving in the emergency lane while speeding on a highway). With the high demand for transport by the working class of South Africa, minibus taxis are often over-filled with passengers causing yet another hazard for road users. However, without subsidies from Government and a lack of other feasible public transport, minibus taxis will remain an essential form of transport for many of Joburg's working class.

Freeways

Main article: Johannesburg freeways

The fact that Johannesburg is not built near a large navigable body of water has meant that from the very beginning of the city's history, ground transportation has been the most important method of transporting people and goods in and out of the city. Johannesburg is heavily dependent upon freeways for transportation around the city due to its location 1500 Metres above Sea level, far from the coast or One of Africa's most famous "beltways" or ring roads/orbitals is the Johannesburg Ring Road. The Johannesburg Ring Road is Africa's most famous Beltway. It is made up of a subset of the freeways that circle the city of Johannesburg, South The road is composed of three freeways that converge on the city, forming an 80 kilometers (50 mi) loop around it: the N3 Eastern Bypass, which links Johannesburg with Durban; the N1 Western Bypass, which links Johannesburg with Pretoria and Cape Town; and the N12 Southern Bypass, which links Johannesburg with Witbank and Kimberley. The N3 Eastern Bypass is a section of the Johannesburg Ring Road that forms a beltway around the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Durban (eThekwini is the third most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the EThekwini metropolitan municipality. The N1 Western Bypass, also known as the Concrete Highway, is a section of the Johannesburg Ring Road located in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the The N12 Southern Bypass is a section of the Johannesburg Ring Road located in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. Witbank is situated on the Highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa, within the Emalahleni Local Municipality. Kimberley is a town in South Africa, and the capital of the Northern Cape. The N3 was built exclusively with asphalt, while the N12 and N1 sections were made with concrete, hence the nickname given to the N1 Western Bypass, "The Concrete Highway". Asphalt ( is a sticky black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude Petroleums and in some natural deposits sometimes termed asphaltum Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag In spite of being up to 12 lanes wide in some areas (6 lanes in either direction), the Johannesburg Ring Road is frequently clogged with traffic. The Gillooly's Interchange, built on an old farm and the point at which the N3 Eastern Bypass and the R24 Airport Freeway intersect, is purported to be the busiest interchange in the Southern Hemisphere. The R24 is a major East-West Regional Route in the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area that links Johannesburg International Airport with Magaliesburg It is also claimed that the N1 is the busiest road in South Africa.

Trains

Construction of the Gautrain Rapid Rail started in October 2006 and will be completed by 2010, in time for the FIFA World Cup. Gautrain is an 80-kilometre mass rapid transit Railway system under construction in Gauteng Province, South Africa that will ultimately It will consist of a number of underground stations, as well as above ground stations. It will run from Johannesburg's Park Station, through Rosebank, Sandton, Midrand and into Pretoria. There will also be a line from the OR Tambo International Airport traveling to Sandton. OR Tambo International Airport is a large Airport near the city of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. This will be the first new railway system that has been laid in South Africa since 1977.

Universities in Johannesburg

Johannesburg has a well-developed higher education system of both private and public universities. Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Unlike Public universities, private universities generally do not receive direct operational funding from national or subnational governments and thus rely on private A public university is a University that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government as opposed to private universities. Johannesburg is served by the public universities University of the Witwatersrand and the University of Johannesburg. The University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg is a leading South African University situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg. The University of Johannesburg ( Johannesburg, South Africa) came into existence on 1 January 2005 as the result of a merger between

University of Johannesburg was formed on 1 January 2005 when three separate universities and campuses—Rand Afrikaans University, Technikon Witwatersrand, and the Johannesburg campuses of Vista University—were merged. The University of Johannesburg ( Johannesburg, South Africa) came into existence on 1 January 2005 as the result of a merger between New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. == A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE RAU == On 5 November 1963 468 delegates at a conference unanimously accepted a motion to establish an Afrikaans University The Technikon Witwatersrand was a Technikon located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Vista University, South Africa was established in 1981 by the Apartheid government to ensure that urban black South Africans seeking Tertiary education The new university offers education primarily in English and Afrikaans, although courses may be taken in any of South Africa's official languages. Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in

The University of the Witwatersrand is one of the leading universities in South Africa, and is famous as a centre of resistance to apartheid, earning it the nickname "Moscow on the Hill". The University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg is a leading South African University situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg.

Private universities include Monash University, which has one of its eight campuses in Johannesburg (six of the other campuses are in Australia, while the eighth is in Malaysia), and Midrand Graduate Institute which is located in Midrand. Monash University is a Public university based in Melbourne, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Midrand Graduate Institute (MGI is a South African Private Higher Education Institution based in Midrand, Gauteng Province.

Sister cities

Johannesburg's sister cities are:

• Birmingham, England (United Kingdom)
• New York City, New York (United States)
• Xi'an, China. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES
• São Paulo, Brazil. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

Written Works

• The Lover of Johannesburg, a novel written by Harshad Sarpotdar

References

• Early Johannesburg, Its Buildings and People. Hannes Meiring, Human & Rousseau. 1986. 143 pages. ISBN 0-7981-1456-8
• Gold! Gold! Gold! The Johannesburg Gold Rush. Eric Rosenthal, AD. Donker, 1970, ISBN 0-949937-64-9
• Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Sarah Nuttall. Duke University Press. 9 January 2005. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 210 pages. ISBN 0-8223-6610-X.
• The Corner House: The Early History of Johannesburg. Alan Patrick Cartwright. MacDonald. 1965. 293 pages.

See also

• Large Cities Climate Leadership Group

External links

Government

• Official website of the City of Johannesburg
• Gauteng Provincial Government

News

• Beeld
• City Press
• The Sowetan
• Mail & Guardian
• The Citizen
• The Star
• The Sunday Times

Other

• Johannesburg travel guide from Wikitravel
• Johannesburg Tourism official website
• Gauteng Tourism Authority
• Official Web Portal of South Africa
• VisitSouthAfrica.net
• Johannesburg Guide
• Johannesburg on Google Maps
• Johannesburg on Birmingham's Partner City page
• Economist.com City Guide
• Current Happenings and Tourist Info
• Pictures of Johannesburg post-apartheid
• Business in Johannesburg

	Province of Gauteng
Provincial Capital:	Johannesburg
Major Metros:	Johannesburg, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni
District Municipalities:	Sedibeng , West Rand, Metsweding
Cities:	Johannesburg, Pretoria
Smaller Cities:	Benoni, Boksburg, Vereeniging

The Large Cities Climate Leadership Group, also known as the C40 Cities (and originally as the C20 Cities is a group of cities committed to the reduction of urban Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. Gauteng (xaʊˈtɛŋ Sotho xɑ́útʼèŋ̀ is a province of South Africa. The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (also known as the City of Tshwane, ˈtswɑːneɪ (listen) is a metropolitan municipality contained in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of the East Rand region of Gauteng, South Sedibeng is one of the districts of Gauteng province of South Africa. West Rand is the name of the urban western part of the Witwatersrand that is functionally merged with the Johannesburg Conurbation. Metsweding is one of the 6 districts of Gauteng province of South Africa. Pretoria is a city located in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. Benoni ( Hebrew: בֶּןאוֹנִי) is a City on the East Rand in the South African Province of Gauteng Boksburg is a city on the East Rand of Gauteng, South Africa. Vereeniging is a city in Gauteng province, South Africa, with a population of more than 350000

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