Jan Vermeer van Delft
Girl with a Pearl Earring, known as the "Mona Lisa of the North"
Born	baptized October 31, 1632 Delft, Netherlands
Died	December 15, 1675 Delft, Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Field	Painting
Movement	Baroque
Works	Girl with a Pearl Earring, A Lady Writing a Letter and The Geographer

Johannes Vermeer or Jan Vermeer (baptized October 31, 1632, died December 15, 1675) was a Dutch Baroque painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of ordinary life. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. Baroque painting is the Painting associated with the Baroque Cultural movement, a movement often identified with the existence of important Baroque His entire life was spent in the town of Delft. Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial painter in his lifetime. He seems to have never been particularly wealthy, perhaps because he produced relatively few paintings, leaving his wife and eleven children in debt at his death.

Virtually forgotten for nearly two hundred years, in 1866 the art critic Thoré Bürger published an essay attributing 66 pictures to him (only 35 paintings are firmly attributed to him today). Théophile Thoré-Bürger (1807–1869 was a French Art critic of the 19th Century who discovered the work of Johannes Vermeer in 1866. Since that time Vermeer's reputation has grown, and he is now acknowledged as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age, and is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work. This article focuses on social and cultural history For political events see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568–1648 Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700

Contents 1 Life 1.1 Youth 1.2 Marriage and family 1.3 Career 2 Technique 3 Themes 4 Influence of other painters 5 Works 6 Gallery 7 Disputed works 8 Forgeries 9 Vermeer in other works 10 References and notes 11 Sources 12 External links

Life

Relatively little is known about Vermeer's life. He seems to have been exclusively devoted to his art. The only sources of information are some registers, a few official documents and comments by other artists; it was for this reason that Thoré Bürger named him "The Sphinx of Delft". ^[1] Ver­meer became the subject of a biography by John Michael Montias: Vermeer and his milieu: a web of social history (Princeton, 1989), where the social history covers up for the elusiveness of the central character. John Michael Montias (1928–2005 was an Economist and Art historian, well-known for his contributions to the economic history of Dutch Golden Age painting

Youth

Johannes Vermeer was born in 1632, in the city of Delft in the Netherlands. Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The precise date of his birth is unknown but it is known that he was baptised on October 31, 1632, in the Reformed Church. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Reynier Jansz, his father, was a lower middle-class silk or caffa worker. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons ^[2] In 1615 he married Digna Baltens, a woman from Antwerp. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the In 1620 Gertruy was born. In 1625 his father was involved in a fight with a soldier, who died from his wounds five months later. Around 1631 Reynier Jansz. hired an inn, called the Flying Fox; Vermeer also started in that year to deal in art. In 1641, when the lease ran out, his father bought a large inn at the market square in Delft, named after the Belgian town, "Mechelen". Mechelen ( Mechlin in English is a Dutch-speaking city and municipality in the province of Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium. Gertruy, who helped her parents, serving drinks and making beds, married a sought after framemaker in 1647. When Reynier Jansz. died in 1652, Johannes Vermeer replaced his father as a merchant of paintings.

Marriage and family

Despite the fact that he came from a Protestant family, he married in April 1653 a Catholic girl, named Catherina Bolnes in Schipluiden. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Schipluiden is a village in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It was an unlikely marriage: his future mother-in-law, Maria Thins was significantly wealthier. Maria Thins (ca Gouda 1593- Delft, December 27 1680 was the mother-in-law of Johannes Vermeer and a member of the Gouda Thins' family For Vermeer it was a good match and he converted to Catholicism shortly before their marriage. ^[3] One of his paintings, The Allegory of Catholic Faith, (made between 1670 and 1672) reflects the belief in the Eucharist. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those It treats the concept of his adopted religion and it was probably made expressly for a Catholic patron or for a schuilkerk, or hidden church. In the Netherlands, a schuilkerk (Dutch - House church; plural - schuilkerken is a kind of church that is not recognisable as a church from the outside of the building ^[4] Soon after their marriage, the couple left the Mechelen and moved in with Catherina's mother at Oude Langendijk, near the gate. Vermeer would live there with his wife and children for the rest of his life, producing paintings in the front room on the top floor. Vermeer and his wife had fourteen children in total: three sons and seven daughters, the others were buried without having a name. ^[5]

Career

Vermeer was apprenticed as a painter, but it is not certain where he studied, nor with whom. It is generally believed that he studied in Delft and it is suggested that his teacher was either Carel Fabritius or likelier Leonaert Bramer. Carel Fabritius (bapt Feb 27 1622, Middenbeemster - Oct 12 1654, Delft) was a Dutch painter and one of Leonaert/Leonard Bramer alias Nestelghat ( Dec 24 1596, Delft - buried Feb 10 1674, Delft was a Dutch painter ^[6] It is possible he taught himself or he had information from one of his father connections. ^[7]

On December 29, 1653, Vermeer became a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, a trade association for painters. The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city Guild for painters and other artists in Early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries The guild's records, which indicate that he could not initially pay the admission fee, hint that Vermeer had financial difficulties. In later years he might have got a patron in the local art collector Pieter van Ruijven. Pieter Claesz van Ruijven (Delft 1624 - Delft August 7 1674 is known as Johannes Vermeers patron ^[8] In 1662 Vermeer was elected head of the guild and was reelected in 1663, 1670, and 1671, evidence that he was considered an established craftsman among his peers, and a respectable middle-class citizen. When the diplomat Balthasar de Monconys visited him in 1663 to see some of his work, he was sent to the baker, who owned three paintings in exchange for free bread. Balthasar de Monconys (1611 - 1665 was a French Diplomat, Physician and a Magistrate.

In 1672 (the "Rampjaar"), a severe economic downturn struck the Netherlands, when the French invaded the Dutch Republic. The rampjaar ("disaster year" was the year 1672 in Dutch history. Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Not only the French but also the English fleet and two German bishops were attacking the country in what was later known as the Franco-Dutch War. The Franco-Dutch War (1672&ndash1678 was a War fought between the Kingdom of France, Münster-->, Cologne--> and Kingdom of England Many people panicked and it took some years before the circumstances would improve. This led to a collapse of the art-market, and consequently damaged Vermeer's business both as a painter and an art dealer.

With a large family to support, Vermeer was forced to borrow money. In December 1675 Vermeer fell into a frenzy and died within two days. He left Catherina with very little money and several debts. In a written document she attributed her husband's death to the stress of financial pressures. Catharina Bolnes asked the city council to take over the estate, including paintings, in order to pay off the debts.

The Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who sometimes worked for the city council, was appointed trustee. Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (October 24 1632 &ndash August 30 1723 was a Dutch tradesman and Scientist from Delft, the Netherlands Trustee is a Legal term that refers to a holder of property on behalf of a beneficiary. The house, with eight rooms on the first floor, was filled with paintings, (Vermeer did own three paintings by Fabritius), drawings, clothes, chairs and beds. In his atelier there were among rummage not worthy being itimized, two chairs, two painter's easels, three palets, ten canvases, a desk, an oak pull table and a small wooden cupboard with drawers. ^[9] Nineteen of Vermeer's paintings were bequeathed to his wife and her mother; Catherina sold some of these paintings to pay creditors.

In Delft, Vermeer had been a respected artist, but he was almost unknown outside his home town, and the fact that a local patron, van Ruijven, purchased much of his output reduced the possibility of his fame spreading. Vermeer never had any pupils and his relatively short life, the demands of separate careers, and his extraordinary precision as a painter all help to explain his limited output. Vermeer worked slowly, probably producing three paintings a year.

Technique

Vermeer produced transparent colours by applying paint to the canvas in loosely granular layers, a technique called pointillé (not to be confused with pointillism). Pointillé is a decorative technique in which patterns are formed on a surface by a means of punched dots See also Neo-Impressionism Pointillism is a style of Painting in which small distinct points of Primary colors create the impression of a wide selection No drawings have been securely attributed to Vermeer, and his paintings offer few clues to preparatory methods. David Hockney, among other historians and advocates of the Hockney-Falco thesis, has speculated that Vermeer used a camera obscura to achieve precise positioning in his compositions, and this view seems to be supported by certain light and perspective effects which would result from the use of such lenses and not the naked eye alone; however, the extent of Vermeer's dependence upon the camera obscura is disputed by historians. David Hockney, CH, RA, (born 9 July 1937 is an English Artist, based in Los Angeles California, United States The Hockney-Falco thesis is a controversial theory of Art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment

There is no other seventeenth century artist who from very early on in his career employed, in the most lavish way, the exorbitantly expensive pigment lapis lazuli, natural ultramarine. Ultramarine is a Blue Pigment consisting primarily of a double Silicate of Aluminium and Sodium with some Sulfides or Not only used in elements that are intended to be shown as appearance: the earth colours umber and ochre should be understood as warm light from the strongly-lit interior, reflecting its multiple colours back on to the wall. Umber is a natural brown Clay Pigment which contains Iron and Manganese Oxides The color becomes more intense when calcined (heated Ochre or Ocher (pronounced /'əʊkə(r/ from the Greek ὠχρός yellow is a Color, usually described as golden - Yellow

This working method most probably was inspired by Vermeer’s understanding of Leonardo’s observations that the surface of every object partakes of the colour of the adjacent object. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer ^[10] This means that no object is ever seen entirely in its natural colour.

A comparable but even more remarkable yet effectual use of natural ultramarine is in The Girl with a Wineglass (Braunschweig). The shadows of the red satin dress are underpainted in natural ultramarine, and due to this underlying blue paint layer, the red lake and vermilion mixture applied over it acquires a slightly purple, cool and crisp appearance that is most powerful. In art an underpainting is an initial layer of paint applied to a ground which serves as a base for subsequent layers of paint Vermilion, sometimes spelled vermillion, when found naturally-occurring is an opaque orangish Red Pigment, used since antiquity originally derived

Even after Vermeer’s supposed financial breakdown following the so-called rampjaar (year of disaster) in 1672, he continued to employ natural ultramarine most generously, such as in "Lady Seated at a Virginal. " This could suggest that Vermeer was supplied with materials by a collector, and would coincide with John Michael Montias’ theory of Pieter Claesz van Ruijven being Vermeer’s patron.

Themes

Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes. His works are largely genre pieces and portraits, with the exception of two cityscapes. Genre works, also called genre scenes or genre views, are pictorial representations in any of various media that represent scenes or events from everyday life

His subjects offer a cross-section of seventeenth century Dutch society, ranging from the portrayal of a simple milkmaid at work, to the luxury and splendour of rich notables and merchantmen in their roomy houses. Religious and scientific connotations can be found in his works.

Influence of other painters

• Carel Fabritius (1622–1654) who spent his final years in Delft. Carel Fabritius (bapt Feb 27 1622, Middenbeemster - Oct 12 1654, Delft) was a Dutch painter and one of Vermeer's ideas about perspective, and his tendency to paint everyday themes were possibly influenced by Fabritius.
• Italian painter Caravaggio (1573–1610), indirectly through Dutch followers. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually just known as Caravaggio, (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 was an Italian Artist active in Rome
• Leonaert Bramer, another painter from Delft, and witness to his marriage. Leonaert/Leonard Bramer alias Nestelghat ( Dec 24 1596, Delft - buried Feb 10 1674, Delft was a Dutch painter
• Vermeer's mother-in-law, Maria Thins, owned Dirck van Baburen's Procuress (or a copy of it), which appears in the background of two of Vermeer's paintings. Dirck Jaspersz van Baburen (c 1595 – February 21, 1624) was a Dutch painter associated with the Utrecht caravaggisti. The same subject was also painted by Vermeer in one of the artist's early works.

Works

Only three paintings are dated: The Procuress (1656, Dresden, Gemäldegalerie), The Astronomer (1668, Paris, Louvre), and The Geographer (1669, Frankfurt, Städelsches Kunstinstitut). Two pictures are generally accepted as earlier than The Procuress; both are history paintings, painted in a warm palette and in a relatively large format for Vermeer — Christ in the House of Mary and Martha (Edinburgh, National Gallery) and Diana and her Companions (The Hague, Mauritshuis).

After The Procuress almost all of Vermeer's paintings are of contemporary subjects in a smaller format, with a cooler palette dominated by blues, yellows and greys. It is to this period that practically all of his surviving works belong. They are usually domestic interiors with one or two figures lit by a window on the left. They are characterized by a serene sense of compositional balance and spatial order, unified by a pearly light. Mundane domestic or recreational activities become thereby imbued with a poetic timelessness (e. g. Woman Reading a Letter at an Open Window, Dresden, Gemäldegalerie). To this period also have been allocated Vermeer's two townscapes, View of Delft (The Hague, Mauritshuis) and A Street in Delft (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum). A cityscape is the urban equivalent of a Landscape. Townscape is roughly synonymous with cityscape though it of course implies the same difference in urban

A few of his paintings show a certain hardening of manner and these are generally thought to represent his late works. From this period come The Allegory of Faith (c 1670, New York, Metropolitan Museum) and The Letter (c 1670, Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum).

The often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings have been linked to his possible use of a camera obscura, the primitive lens of which would produce halation and, even more noticeably, exaggerated perspective. The camera obscura (Latin dark chamber) is an optical device used for example in drawing or for entertainment Such effects can be seen in Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman (London, Royal Collection). The Royal Collection is the art collection of the British Royal Family. Vermeer's interest in optics is also attested in this work by the accurately observed mirror reflection above the lady at the virginals.

Today, 35 paintings are clearly attributed to Vermeer, although in 1866, Thoré Burger attributed a list of 66 pictures to him. The known paintings are:

1. Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (1654-1655) - Oil on canvas, 160 x 142 cm, National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh
2. Diana and Her Companions (1655-1656) - Oil on canvas, 98,5 x 105 cm, Mauritshuis, The Hague
3. The Procuress (1656) - Oil on canvas, 143 x 130 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
4. Girl reading a Letter at an Open Window (1657) - Oil on canvas, 83 x 64,5 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
5. A Girl Asleep (1657) - Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
6. The Little Street (1657/58) - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
7. Officer with a Laughing Girl (c. The National Gallery of Scotland, in Edinburgh, is the national Art gallery of Scotland. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis ( English: "Maurice's House" is an Art museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (English Old Masters Picture Gallery) is an state Art museum located in the Semper wing of the Zwinger Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Girl reading a Letter at an Open Window is a painting finished in 1657 by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. The Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (English Old Masters Picture Gallery) is an state Art museum located in the Semper wing of the Zwinger Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German A Girl Asleep, also known as A Woman Asleep at Table, is a painting by the Dutch master Johannes Vermeer, 1657. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The City of New York The Little Street ( Het Straatje) is a painting by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer, executed c Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west 1657) - Oil on canvas, 50,5 x 46 cm, Frick Collection, New York
8. The Milkmaid (c. The Frick Collection is an art museum located in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The City of New York The Milkmaid ( De Melkmeid) sometimes called The Kitchen Maid, is a painting of a Milkmaid by the Dutch artist Johannes 1658) - Oil on canvas, 45,5 x 41 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
9. A Lady Drinking and a Gentleman (1658-1660) - Oil on canvas, 39,4 x 44,5 cm,Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
10. The Girl with the Wineglass (c. Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The collection The Gemäldegalerie prides itself on its scientific methodology in collecting and displaying art Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. 1659) - Oil on canvas, Herzog Anton-Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig
11. View of Delft (1659-1660) - Oil on canvas, 98,5 x 117,5 cm, Mauritshuis, The Hague
12. Girl Interrupted at her Music (1660-1661) - Oil on canvas, 39,4 x 44,5 cm, Frick Collection, New York
13. Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (1663-1664) - Oil on canvas, 46,6 x 39,1 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
14. The Music Lesson or A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman (1662/5) - Oil on canvas, 73,3 x 64,5 cm, Queen's Gallery, London
15. Woman with a Lute near a Window (c. The Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum (HAUM is an art museum in the German city of Braunschweig, Lower Saxony Braunschweig, known as Brunswiek in Low German, is a city of 245810 people (as of 31 December 2007 located in Lower Saxony, Germany. The View of Delft is a painting made between 1659 and 1660 by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. The Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis ( English: "Maurice's House" is an Art museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. Girl Interrupted at her Music is a painting by the Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer. The Frick Collection is an art museum located in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The City of New York Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Music Lesson by Johannes Vermeer, also known as Jan Vermeer is a painting of young female pupil receiving the titular Music lesson. The Queen's Gallery is a public Art gallery located at Buckingham Palace, home of the British monarch, in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. 1663) - Oil on canvas, 51,4 x 45,7 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
16. Woman with a Pearl Necklace (1662-1664) - Oil on canvas, 55 x 45 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
17. Woman with a Water Jug (1660-1662) - Oil on canvas, 45,7 x 40,6 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
18. A Woman Holding a Balance (1662-1663) - Oil on canvas, 42,5 x 38 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
19. A Lady Writing a Letter (1665-1666) - Oil on canvas, 45 x 40 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
20. Girl with a Pearl Earring (a. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The City of New York The collection The Gemäldegalerie prides itself on its scientific methodology in collecting and displaying art Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The City of New York This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D A Lady Writing a Letter (also known as A Lady Writing; Dutch: Schrijvend meisje) is an oil painting attributed to 17th century Dutch This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The painting Girl with a Pearl Earring ( Het Meisje met de Parel) is one of Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer 's masterworks and as the k. a. Girl In A Turban, Head Of Girl In A Turban, The Young Girl With Turban) (c. 1665) - Oil on canvas, 46,5 x 40 cm, Mauritshuis, The Hague
21. The Concert (1665-1666) - Oil on canvas, 69 x 63 cm, stolen in March 1990 from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston^[11]
22. Portrait of a Young Woman (1666-1667) - Oil on canvas, 44,5 x 40 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
23. The Allegory of Painting or The Art of Painting (1666/67) - Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
24. Mistress and Maid (1667/68) - Frick Collection, New York
25. Girl with a Red Hat (1668) - National Gallery of Art, Washington
26. The Astronomer (1668) - Louvre, Paris
27. The Geographer (1668/69) - Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main
28. The Lacemaker (1669/70) - Louvre, Paris
29. The Love Letter (1669/70) - Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
30. Lady writing a Letter with her Maid (1670) - Oil on canvas, 71,1 x 58,4 cm, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
31. The Allegory of Faith (1671/74) - Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
32. The Guitar Player (1672) - Iveagh Bequest Kenwood House, London
33. Lady Standing at a Virginal (1673/75) - National Gallery, London
34. Lady Seated at a Virginal (1673/75) - National Gallery, London

Gallery

Paintings by Vermeer, ordered chronologically

Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (1654-1655)	The Procuress (1656)	Young woman sleeping (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) (1656-1657)	Officer and a Laughing Girl (Frick Collection, New York) (1657-1659)
Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window (1657-1659)	The Little Street (1657/58)	The Milkmaid (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) (c. The Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis ( English: "Maurice's House" is an Art museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Concert is a painting by Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. It was stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston in March 1990 The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum or Fenway Court is a Museum in Boston, Massachusetts with a collection of over 2500 works of European The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The City of New York The Art of Painting, also known as The Allegory of Painting, Die Allegorie der Malerei or Painter in his Studio, is a famous 17th century oil on The Kunsthistorisches Museum ( English: "Museum of Art History" in Vienna, housed in its festive palatial building on Ringstraße, crowned Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The Frick Collection is an art museum located in Manhattan, New York City, United States. The City of New York This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Astronomer is a painting finished about 1668 by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Städel, officially the Städelsches Kunstinstitut und Städtische Galerie, is an art museum in Frankfurt am Main, with one of the most important collections in The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Love Letter (De liefdesbrief is a 17th century Painting by Johannes Vermeer. Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The National Gallery of Ireland (Ghailearaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann houses the Irish national collection of Irish and European art. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, The City of New York Kenwood House (also known as the Iveagh Bequest) is a former Stately home, in Hampstead, London, on the northern boundary of Hampstead Heath London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Frick Collection is an art museum located in Manhattan, New York City, United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west 1658)	The Wine Glass (1658-1661)
The Girl with a Wine Glass (1659-1660)	View of Delft (Mauritshuis, The Hague) (1660-1661)	Girl Interrupted at her Music (1660-1661)	The Music Lesson (1662)
Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1662-1663)	The Lacemaker (Louvre, Paris) (1664)	Woman with a Pearl Necklace (1664)	Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) (after 1664)
Woman Holding a Balance (1665)[12]	The Girl with the Pearl Earring (Mauritshuis, The Hague) (1665)	The Concert (1665-66)	Girl with a Flute (1665-1670)
The Allegory of Painting (1666-1667)	Lady with her Maidservant Holding a Letter (1667)	Portrait of a Young Woman (1665-67)	The Geographer (1669)
The Guitar Player (1669-1672)	The Loveletter (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) (1670)	Lady writing a Letter with her Maid (1670)	A Lady Standing at a Virginal (1670-1673)
A Lady Seated at a Virginal (National Gallery, London) (1672)

Disputed works

• Saint Praxidis (c. The Wine Glass ( Het glas wijn) also known as The Glass of Wine and Lady and Gentleman Drinking Wine, is a painting by The Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis ( English: "Maurice's House" is an Art museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis ( English: "Maurice's House" is an Art museum in The Hague, the Netherlands. Rijksmuseum ( English: State Museum is the general name for a National museum in the Dutch language. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Saint Praxidis is an Oil painting attributed to both Felice Ficherelli and Johannes Vermeer van Delft. 1655) - Oil on canvas, 102 x 83 cm, Private Collection
• Girl with a Flute (1665-1670) - Oil on panel, 20 x 17,8 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington
• A Young Woman Seated at the Virginals (1670) - Wynn Las Vegas, Las Vegas
• Portrait of a Woman (1655-1660) -

Forgeries

Han van Meegeren was a Dutch painter who worked in the classic tradition. This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Wynn Las Vegas Resort and Country Club (often just called " Wynn " is a AAA five diamond/ Mobil four-star and Mobil five-star (for Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Han van Meegeren (10 October 1889 in Deventer, Overijssel – 30 December 1947 in Amsterdam) born Henricus Antonius van Meegeren, was a Initially seeking to prove that critics had underestimated his abilities as a painter, he decided to paint a fake Vermeer. Later, he forged more Vermeers and works of other painters to make money. Van Meegeren fooled the art establishment, and was only taken seriously after demonstrating his skills in front of police witnesses. His aptitude at forgery shocked the art world and complicated efforts to assess the authenticity of works attributed to Vermeer. Art forgery refers to creating and in particular selling works of Art that are falsely attributed to be work of another usually more famous artist After Van Meegeren's exposure in 1945 a wave of self-criticism surged through the world of art-museums and many so-called Old Masters disappeared from their walls. Examples are given in the Van Meegeren biography A New Vermeer, see references below.

Vermeer in other works

• Vermeer's View of Delft features in a pivotal sequence of Marcel Proust's The Captive. Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past (À la recherche du temps perdu is a semi-autobiographical
• The book Girl with a Pearl Earring and the film of the same name are named after the painting; they present a fictional account of its creation by Vermeer and his relationship with the model. Girl with a Pearl Earring is a 1999 historical novel written by Tracy Chevalier. Girl with a Pearl Earring is a 2003 United Kingdom / Luxembourg Drama film directed by Peter Webber.
• The book Girl in Hyacinth Blue is about a fictional Vermeer painting of the same name, and the 2003 made-for-TV film Brush with Fate is based on the book. Brush with Fate was a made-for-TV film debuted on February 2, 2003, on CBS.
• The liqueur Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur was inspired by and named after Vermeer and its bottle is embossed with his signature and has a logo incorporating the Girl with a Pearl Earring. A liqueur is a sweet Alcoholic beverage, often flavored with Fruits, Herbs Spices Flowers Seeds Roots Plants Vermeer Dutch Chocolate Cream Liqueur is a sweet-tasting Liqueur made of Dutch chocolate, cream and Vodka. The painting Girl with a Pearl Earring ( Het Meisje met de Parel) is one of Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer 's masterworks and as the
• Salvador Dalí, with great admiration for Vermeer, painted his own version of The Lacemaker and pitted large copies of the original against a rhinoceros in some now-famous surrealist experiments. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Dali also immortalized the Dutch Master in The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table, 1934. "Dutch Masters" redirects here for the cigar see Dutch Masters (cigar. The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table ( 1934) is a painting by Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí.
• The 2003 children's novel Chasing Vermeer by Blue Balliett describes the theft of A Lady Writing and has the authenticity of Vermeer's paintings as a central theme. Chasing Vermeer is a children's book by Blue Balliett and illustrated by Brett Helquist, illustrator of A Series of Unfortunate Events. Elizabeth "Blue" Balliett Klein (born 1955 is an American author best known for her award-winning novel for children Chasing Vermeer. Also, in the sequel to the book, The Wright 3. The Wright 3 is a children's novel written by Blue Balliett and illustrated by Brett Helquist, published in 2006
• Dutch composer Louis Andriessen based his opera, Writing to Vermeer (1997-98, libretto by Peter Greenaway), on the domestic life of Vermeer. Louis Andriessen ( June 6, 1939) is a Dutch Composer and pianist based in Amsterdam.
• Greenaway's own film A Zed & Two Noughts (1985) contains a plot line about an orthopedic surgeon named Van Meegeren who stages highly exact scenes from Vermeer paintings in order to paint copies of them. A Zed & Two Noughts (AKA Zoo) is a 1985 Film written and directed by Peter Greenaway.
• "Brush with Fate" was a made-for-TV film debuted on February 2, 2003, on CBS. Brush with Fate was a made-for-TV film debuted on February 2, 2003, on CBS. It followed the life of an imaginary painting by Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer as it passes through the hands of various people.
• The book and film Girl, Interrupted take their title from the painting Girl Interrupted at her Music. Girl Interrupted is a best-selling 1993 Memoir by American author Susanna Kaysen.
• Jan Vermeer is the title of a song on Bob Walkenhorst's solo album, The Beginner (lyrics here, song #6). Walkenhorst is the guitarist and principal songwriter for The Rainmakers.
• All the Vermeers in New York, a film by Jon Jost

References and notes

Sources

External links

• Vermeercentrum, housed at the site of the former St. Lucas Guild in Delft. The Guild of Saint Luke was the most common name for a city Guild for painters and other artists in Early modern Europe, especially in the Low Countries (This reference states that the Vermeercentrum has been closed, in the mean time it has been reopened again: December 2007).
• Essential Vermeer, in-depth coverage of Vermeer's life and works.
• Virtual Vermeer, Biography, Paintings.
• Website with unusual information, gathered by John Michael Montias, accompanying a BBC-documentary

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