"Pachelbel" redirects here. For other composers named Pachelbel, see Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel and Charles Theodore Pachelbel. Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel (c 1685&ndash1764 was a German Composer and organist elder son of Johann Pachelbel. Charles Theodore Pachelbel ( baptised Carl Theodorus, also Karl Theodor) ( November 24, 1690 &ndash buried September 15, For Johann's daughter, see Amalia Pachelbel. Amalia Pachelbel ( 29 October, 1688 &ndash 6 December, 1723) was a German painter and engraver.

Johann Pachelbel (in German, pronounced [joˈhan ˈpaxɛlbl̩], [ˈpaxl̩bɛl], or [paˈxɛlbl̩]; in English, pronounced /ˈpækəlbɛl/, /ˈpɑːkəlbɛl/, or /ˈpɑːkəbɛl/;^[1] baptized September 1, 1653 – buried March 9, 1706^[2]) was a German Baroque composer, organist and teacher who brought the south German organ tradition to its peak. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 1706 ( MDCCVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance An organist is a musician who plays any type of organ. An organist may play solo organ works, play with an ensemble or Orchestra, or accompany The 17th century organ composers of Germany can be divided into two primary schools the north German school and the south German school (sometimes a third school He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era. In music a chorale prelude is a short liturgical composition for organ using a Chorale tune as its basis In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred ^[3]

Pachelbel's work enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime; he had many pupils and his music became a model for the composers of south and central Germany. Today, Pachelbel is best known for the Canon in D, the only canon he wrote. Pachelbel's Canon, also known as Canon in D major, or more formally Canon and Gigue in D major for three Violins and Basso Continuo In Music, a canon is a contrapuntal composition that employs a Melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration (e In addition to the canon, his most well-known works include the Chaconne in F minor, the Toccata in E minor for organ, and the Hexachordum Apollinis, a set of keyboard variations. In Music, a chaconne (ʃaˈkɔn Italian: ciaccona) is a Musical form whose primary formal feature involves variation on a repeated Toccata (from Italian toccare, "to touch" is a Virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or Plucked string instrument Hexachordum Apollinis ( PWC 193&ndash8 T 211&ndash6 PC 131&ndash6 POP 1&ndash6 is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel, A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations ^[4]

Pachelbel's music was influenced by southern German composers, such as Johann Jakob Froberger and Johann Kaspar Kerll, Italians such as Girolamo Frescobaldi and Alessandro Poglietti, French composers, and the composers of the Nuremberg tradition. Johann Jakob Froberger ( baptized May 19 1616 &ndash May 7 1667 was a German Baroque composer keyboard Virtuoso, and Organist Johann Kaspar Kerll (April 9 1627 &ndash February 13 1693 was a German Baroque Composer and Organist. Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late Alessandro Poglietti (died July 1683 was a Baroque Organist and Composer of unknown origin Pachelbel preferred a lucid, uncomplicated contrapuntal style that emphasized melodic and harmonic clarity. In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony His music is less virtuosic and less adventurous harmonically than that of Dieterich Buxtehude, although, like Buxtehude, Pachelbel experimented with different ensembles and instrumental combinations in his chamber music and, most importantly, his vocal music, much of which features exceptionally rich instrumentation. Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber Vocal music is Music performed by one or more Singers with or without non-vocal instrumental accompaniment Pachelbel explored many variation forms and associated techniques, which manifest themselves in various diverse pieces, from sacred concertos to harpsichord suites. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations

Life

1653–1673: Early youth and education (Nuremberg, Altdorf, Regensburg)

St. Sebaldus Church in Nuremberg, which played an important role in Pachelbel's life. St Sebaldus Church ( St Sebald, Sebalduskirche) is a medieval church in Nuremberg, Germany.

Johann Pachelbel was born in 1653 in Nuremberg into a middle class family, son of Johann (Hans) Pachelbel (* 1613 in Wunsiedel, Germany), a wine dealer,^[5] and his second wife Anna (Anne) Maria Mair. The exact date of Johann's birth is unknown, but since he was baptized on September 1, he may have been born in late August. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.

During his early youth, Pachelbel received musical training from Heinrich Schwemmer, a musician and music teacher who later became the cantor of St. Sebaldus Church (Sebalduskirche). A cantor or chanter (Gk ψάλτης is the chief singer (and ofttimes instructor employed in a church with responsibilities for the ecclesiastical Choir St Sebaldus Church ( St Sebald, Sebalduskirche) is a medieval church in Nuremberg, Germany. Some sources indicate that Pachelbel also studied with Georg Caspar Wecker, organist of the same church and an important composer of the Nuremberg school, but this is now considered unlikely. Georg Caspar Wecker ( baptized April 2, 1632 &ndash April 20, 1695) was a German Baroque Organist ^[6] In any case, both Wecker and Schwemmer were trained by Johann Erasmus Kindermann, one of the founders of the Nuremberg musical tradition, who had been at one time a pupil of Johann Staden. Johann Erasmus Kindermann ( March 29, 1616 &ndash April 14, 1655) was a German Baroque Organist and Composer Johann Staden ( baptized July 2, 1581 &ndash November 15, 1634) was a German Baroque Organist and

Johann Mattheson, whose Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte (Hamburg, 1740) is one of the most important sources of information about Pachelbel's life, mentions that the young Pachelbel demonstrated exceptional musical and academic abilities. Johann Mattheson (September 28 1681 &ndash April 17 1764 was a German composer writer Lexicographer, diplomat Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany He received his primary education in St. Lorenz Hauptschule and the Auditorio Aegediano in Nuremberg, then on 1669-06-29 became a student at the University of Altdorf, where he was also appointed organist of St. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. The University of Altdorf (Universität Altdorf was a University in Altdorf bei Nürnberg, a small town outside Nuremberg. Lorenz church the same year. Financial difficulties forced Pachelbel to leave the university after less than a year. In order to complete his studies he became a scholarship student, in 1670, at the Gymnasium Poeticum at Regensburg. Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany The school authorities there were so impressed by Pachelbel's academic qualifications that he was admitted above the school's normal quota.

Pachelbel was also permitted to study music outside the Gymnasium. His teacher was Kaspar (Caspar) Prentz, once a student of Johann Kaspar Kerll. Johann Kaspar Kerll (April 9 1627 &ndash February 13 1693 was a German Baroque Composer and Organist. Since the latter was greatly influenced by Italian composers such as Giacomo Carissimi, it is likely through Prentz that Pachelbel started developing an interest in contemporary Italian music, and Catholic church music in general. Giacomo Carissimi (baptized April 18 1605 &ndash January 12 1674 was an Italian Composer, one of the most celebrated masters of the early Baroque, As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described

1673–1690: Career (Vienna, Eisenach, Erfurt)

Prentz left for Eichstätt in 1672. Eichstätt ( formerly also Eichstädt or Aichstädt) is a city in the federal state of Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the District This period of Pachelbel's life is the least documented one^[7], so it is unknown whether he stayed in Regensburg until 1673 or left the same year his teacher did; at any rate, by 1673 Pachelbel was living in Vienna, where he became a deputy organist at the famous Saint Stephen Cathedral (Stephansdom). Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. St Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom is the Mother church of the Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal At the time, Vienna was the center of the vast Habsburg empire and had much cultural importance; its tastes in music were predominantly Italian. Several renowned cosmopolitan composers worked there, many of them contributing to the exchange of musical traditions in Europe. Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single Moral community. In particular, Johann Jakob Froberger served as court organist in Vienna until 1657^[8] and was succeeded by Alessandro Poglietti. Johann Jakob Froberger ( baptized May 19 1616 &ndash May 7 1667 was a German Baroque composer keyboard Virtuoso, and Organist Alessandro Poglietti (died July 1683 was a Baroque Organist and Composer of unknown origin ^[9] Georg Muffat lived in the city for some time, and, most importantly, Johann Kaspar Kerll moved to Vienna in 1673. Georg Muffat (baptized June 1 1653 - February 23 1704 was a Baroque Composer. Johann Kaspar Kerll (April 9 1627 &ndash February 13 1693 was a German Baroque Composer and Organist. ^[10] While there, he may have known or even taught Pachelbel, whose music shows traces of Kerll's style. Pachelbel spent five years in Vienna, absorbing the music of Catholic composers from southern Germany and Italy, whose styles contrasted with the more strict Lutheran tradition he was bred in. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther In some respects, Pachelbel is similar to Haydn, who too served as a professional musician of the Stephansdom in his youth and as such was exposed to music of the leading composers of the time.

In 1677, Pachelbel moved to Eisenach, where he found employment as court organist under Kapellmeister Daniel Eberlin (also a native of Nuremberg), in the employ of Johann Georg I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach. Eisenach is a city in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated between the northern foothills of the Thuringian Forest and the Hainich National Park Kapellmeister (kəˈpɛlˌmaɪstər is a German word designating a person in charge of music-making Johann Georg I Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (b Weimar, 12 July 1634 - d Saxe -Eisenach (Sachsen-Eisenach was the name of three different duchies that existed at different times in the German province of Thuringia. He met members of the Bach family in Eisenach (which was the home city of J. S. Bach's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach), and became a close friend of Johann Ambrosius and tutor to his children. Overview The Bach family was of importance in the history of Music for nearly two hundred years with over 50 known musicians and several notable composers the best-known WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Johann Ambrosius Bach ( February 24, 1645 – February 24, 1695) was a German musician Johann Ambrosius Bach ( February 24, 1645 – February 24, 1695) was a German musician ^[11] However, Pachelbel spent only one year in Eisenach. In 1678, Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, Johann Georg's brother, died and during the period of mourning court musicians were greatly curtailed^[12]. Bernhard II Duke of Saxe-Jena (b Weimar, 14 October 1638 - d Jena, 3 May 1678) was duke of Saxe-Jena Pachelbel was left unemployed. He requested a testimonial from Eberlin, who wrote one for him, describing Pachelbel as a 'perfect and rare virtuoso'—einen perfecten und raren Virtuosen. ^[13] With this document, Pachelbel left Eisenach on May 18, 1678. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.

In June 1678, Pachelbel was employed as organist of the Lutheran Preacher's Church (Predigerkirche) in Erfurt, succeeding Johann Effler (c1640–1711; Effler later preceded Johann Sebastian Bach in Weimar). Erfurt (ˈɛɐ̯fʊɐ̯t is a City in central Germany. It is the Capital of the state of Thuringia with a population of 202619 (2006 WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, The Bach family was very well known in Erfurt (where virtually all organists would later be called "Bachs"), so Pachelbel's friendship with them continued here. Pachelbel became godfather to Johann Ambrosius' daughter, Johanna Juditha, taught Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721), Johann Sebastian's eldest brother, and lived in Johann Christian Bach's (1640-1682) house. A godparent, in many denominations of Christianity, is someone who sponsors a child's Baptism. ^[14] Pachelbel remained in Erfurt for 12 years and established his reputation as one of the leading German organ composers of the time during his stay. The chorale prelude became one of his most characteristic products of the Erfurt period, since Pachelbel's contract specifically required him to compose the preludes for church services. In music a chorale prelude is a short liturgical composition for organ using a Chorale tune as its basis In Christianity, a church service is a term used to describe a formalized period of communal Worship, often but not exclusively occurring on Sunday or Saturday in ^[15] His duties also included organ maintenance and, more importantly, composing a large-scale work every year to demonstrate his progress as composer and organist, as every work of that kind had to be better than the one composed the year before.

Johann Christian Bach, Pachelbel's landlord in Erfurt, died in 1682. In June 1684, Pachelbel purchased the house (called Zur silbernen Tasche, now Junkersand 1) from Johann Christian's widow^[16]. In 1686, he was offered a position as organist of the St. Trinitatis church (Trinitatiskirche) in Sondershausen. Sondershausen is a town in Thuringia, Germany, capital of the Kyffhäuserkreis district situated about 50 km north of Erfurt. Pachelbel initially accepted the invitation but, as a surviving autograph letter indicates, had to reject the offer after a long series of negotiations: it appears that he was required to consult with Erfurt's elders and church authorities before considering any job offers. ^[17] It seems that the situation has been resolved quietly and without harm to Pachelbel's reputation; he was offered a raise and stayed in the city for four more years.

Pachelbel married twice during his stay in Erfurt. Barbara Gabler, daughter of the Stadt-Major of Erfurt, became his first wife, on October 25, 1681. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a The marriage took place in the house of the bride's father. Unfortunately, both Barbara and their only son died in October 1683 during a plague. Pachelbel's first published work, a set of chorale variations called Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken ("Musical Thoughts on Death", Erfurt, 1683), was probably influenced by this event. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations Musicalische Sterbens-Gedanken ("Musical Thoughts on Death/Dying" is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel.

Ten months later, Pachelbel married Judith Drommer (Trummert), daughter of a coppersmith,^[18] on August 24, 1684. A coppersmith, also known as a redsmith, is a person who uses Copper to form art Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River They had five sons and two daughters. Two of the sons, Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel and Charles Theodore Pachelbel, also became organ composers, the latter moved to the American colonies in 1734. Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel (c 1685&ndash1764 was a German Composer and organist elder son of Johann Pachelbel. Charles Theodore Pachelbel ( baptised Carl Theodorus, also Karl Theodor) ( November 24, 1690 &ndash buried September 15, The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort Another son, Johann Michael, became an instrument maker in Nuremberg and travelled as far as London and Jamaica^[19]. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. One of the daughters, Amalia Pachelbel, achieved recognition as painter and engraver. Amalia Pachelbel ( 29 October, 1688 &ndash 6 December, 1723) was a German painter and engraver. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints.

1690–1706: Final years (Stuttgart, Gotha, Nuremberg)

Pachelbel's autograph letter

Although Johann Pachelbel was an outstandingly successful organist, composer, and teacher at Erfurt, he asked permission to leave, apparently seeking a better appointment, and was formally released on 15 August 1690, bearing a testimonial praising his diligence and fidelity. ^[20]

He was employed in less than a fortnight: from 1 September 1690, he was a musician-organist in the Württemberg court at Stuttgart under the patronage of Duchess Magdalena Sibylla. Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. That job was better, but, unfortunately, he lived there only two years before fleeing the French attacks of the War of the Grand Alliance. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th His next job was in Gotha as the town organist, a post he occupied for two years, starting on 8 November 1692; there he published his first, and only, liturgical music collection: Acht Chorale zum Praeambulieren in 1693 (Erster Theil etlicher Choräle). Gotha is a town in Thuringia, within the central core of Germany. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions

When former pupil Johann Christoph Bach married in October 1694, the Bach family celebrated the marriage on 23 October 1694 in Ohrdruf, and invited him and other composers to provide the music; he probably attended — if so, it was the only time J. Ohrdruf is a small town in the German federal state of Thuringia. S. Bach, then nine years old, met Johann Pachelbel. ^[21]

In his three years in Gotha, he was twice offered positions, in Stuttgart and at Oxford University; he declined both. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Meanwhile, in Nuremberg, when the St. Sebaldus Church organist Georg Caspar Wecker (and his possible former teacher) died on 20 April 1695, the city authorities were so anxious to appoint Pachelbel (then a famous Nuremberger) to the position that they officially invited him to assume it without holding the usual job examination or inviting applications from prominent organists from lesser churches. He accepted, was released from Gotha in 1695, and arrived in Nuremberg in summer, with the city council paying his per diem expenses.

Pachelbel's tomb at the St. Rochus Cemetery (Rochuskirchhof) in Nuremberg.

Johann Pachelbel lived the rest of his life in Nuremberg, during which he published the chamber music collection Musikalische Ergötzung, and, most important, the Hexachordum Apollinis (Nuremberg, 1699), a set of six keyboard arias with variations. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber Hexachordum Apollinis ( PWC 193&ndash8 T 211&ndash6 PC 131&ndash6 POP 1&ndash6 is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel, A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. Though most influenced by Italian and southern German composers, he knew the northern German school, because he dedicated the Hexachordum Apollinis to Dieterich Buxtehude. Hexachordum Apollinis ( PWC 193&ndash8 T 211&ndash6 PC 131&ndash6 POP 1&ndash6 is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel, Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Also composed in the final years were Italian-influenced concertato Vespers and a set of more than ninety Magnificat fugues. Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody usually Vespers is the evening Prayer service in the Roman Catholic, Eastern (Byzantine Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox, liturgies of the The Magnificat (also known as the Song of Mary) is a Canticle frequently sung (or spoken liturgically in Christian church services In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred

In 1706, Johann Pachelbel died at the age of 52, his exact death date unknown, and was buried on 9 March; Mattheson cites either the 3rd or the 7th of March 1706 as the death date; yet, it is unlikely that the corpse was allowed to linger unburied so long. Contemporary custom was burying the dead on the third or fourth post-mortem day; so, either the 6th or the 7th of March 1706 is likelier death date. ^[22] Johann Pachelbel is buried in the St. Rochus Cemetery. St Rochus Cemetery ( Rochusfriedhof) is a Cemetery in Nuremberg, Germany.

Posthumous influence

One of the last middle Baroque composers, Pachelbel did not have any considerable influence on most of the famous late Baroque composers, such as George Frideric Handel, Domenico Scarlatti or Georg Philipp Telemann. Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti (October 26 1685 – July 23 1757 was a Neapolitan Composer who spent much of his life in Spain and Portugal. Georg Philipp Telemann (March 14 1681 &ndash June 25 1767 was a German Baroque music Composer, born in Magdeburg. He did influence Johann Sebastian Bach indirectly; the young Johann Sebastian was tutored by his older brother Johann Christoph Bach, who studied with Pachelbel, but although JS Bach's early chorales and chorale variations borrow from Pachelbel's music, the style of northern German composers (Georg Böhm, Dieterich Buxtehude, Johann Adam Reincken) played a more important role in the development of Bach's talent. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721 was Johann Sebastian Bach 's eldest brother Georg Böhm ( September 2, 1661 - May 18, 1733) was a German Baroque Organist and Composer. Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Johann Adam Reincken ( Jan Adams Reinken) ( April 27, 1623 - November 24, 1722) was a distinguished North German Organist

Pachelbel was the last great composer of the Nuremberg tradition and the last important southern German composer. Pachelbel's influence was mostly limited to his pupils, most notably Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Heinrich Buttstett, Andreas Nicolaus Vetter, and two of Pachelbel's sons, Wilhelm Hieronymus and Charles Theodore. Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721 was Johann Sebastian Bach 's eldest brother Johann Heinrich Buttstett ( Buttstedt, Buttstädt) ( April 25, 1666 &ndash December 1, 1727) was a German Andreas Nicolaus Vetter (October 1666 - 13 June 1734) was a German organist and Composer. Wilhelm Hieronymus Pachelbel (c 1685&ndash1764 was a German Composer and organist elder son of Johann Pachelbel. Charles Theodore Pachelbel ( baptised Carl Theodorus, also Karl Theodor) ( November 24, 1690 &ndash buried September 15, The latter became one of the first European composers to take up residence in the American colonies and so Pachelbel influenced, although indirectly and only to a certain degree, the American church music of the era. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort Composer, musicologist and writer Johann Gottfried Walther is probably the most famous of the composers influenced by Pachelbel - he is, in fact, referred to as the "second Pachelbel" in Mattheson's Grundlage einer Ehrenpforte. Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music Johann Gottfried Walther ( September 18, 1684 &ndash March 23, 1748) was a German music theorist, organist, Johann Mattheson (September 28 1681 &ndash April 17 1764 was a German composer writer Lexicographer, diplomat ^[23]

As the Baroque style went out of fashion during the 18th century, the majority of Baroque and pre-Baroque composers were virtually forgotten. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Local organists in Nuremberg and Erfurt knew Pachelbel's music and occasionally performed it, but the public and the majority of composers and performers did not pay much attention to Pachelbel and his contemporaries. In the first half of the 19th century, some organ works by Pachelbel were published and several musicologists started considering him an important composer, particularly Philipp Spitta, who was one of the first researchers to trace Pachelbel's role in the development of Baroque keyboard music. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music Julius August Philipp Spitta ( 7 December 1841 - 13 April 1894) was a German music historian and musicologist Much of Pachelbel's work was published in the early 20th century in the Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich series, but it was not until the rise of interest in early Baroque music in the middle of the 20th century and the advent of historically-informed performance practice and associated research that Pachelbel's works began to be studied extensively and again performed more frequently. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The historically informed performance, period performance, or authentic performance movement is an approach by musicians and scholars to research and perform works

Popularity of the Canon in D

Pachelbel's Canon in D major, a piece of chamber music scored for three violins and basso continuo and originally paired with a gigue in the same key, experienced a tremendous surge in popularity during the 1970s (believed to have originated through a recording by Jean-François Paillard in 1970), which made it a universally recognized cultural item; it is one of the most recognised and famous classical compositions. Pachelbel's Canon, also known as Canon in D major, or more formally Canon and Gigue in D major for three Violins and Basso Continuo The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation The gigue ( {{IPA|/ʒig/}}) or giga is a lively Baroque dance originating from the British Jig. In Music theory, the term key is used in many different and sometimes contradictory ways This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Jean-François Paillard (born April 12, 1928) is a French conductor Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Numerous musical adaptations and arrangements of the canon for diverse ensembles exist and the main theme (or the associated harmonic sequence) is frequently adapted by pop music artists, much like the opening of Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565. Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure The gigue that originally accompanied the canon never received the same amount of popularity, even though it is a lively energetic dance.

Works

Apart from harpsichord suites, this section concentrates only on the works whose ascription is not questioned. For a complete list of works which includes pieces with questionable authorship and lost compositions, see List of compositions by Johann Pachelbel. Approximately 530 compositions have been attributed to Johann Pachelbel.

General information

During his lifetime, Pachelbel was best known as an organ composer. The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each He wrote more than two hundred pieces for the instrument, both liturgical and secular, and explored most of the genres that existed at the time. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. Pachelbel was also a prolific vocal music composer: around a hundred of such works survive, including some 40 large-scale works. Only a few chamber music pieces by Pachelbel exist, although he might have composed many more, particularly while serving as court musician in Eisenach and Stuttgart.

Several principal sources exist for Pachelbel's music, although none of them as important as, for example, the Oldham manuscript is for Louis Couperin. Louis Couperin (c 1626 &ndash 1661 was a French Baroque Composer who made significant contributions to the development of Baroque keyboard music Among the more significant materials are several manuscripts that were lost before and during World War II but partially available as microfilms of the Winterthur collection, a two-volume manuscript currently in possession of the Oxford Bodleian library which is a major source for Pachelbel's late work, and the first part of the Tabulaturbuch (1692, currently at the Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Kraków) compiled by Pachelbel's pupil Johann Valentin Eckelt, which includes the only known Pachelbel's autographs). A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Microforms are any form either films or paper containing microreproductions of documents for transmission storage reading and printing Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska popular nickname Jagiellonka) is the Library of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland The Neumeister manuscript and the so-called Weimar tablature of 1704 provide valuable information about Pachelbel's school, although they do not contain any pieces that can be confidently ascribed to him. Neumeister Chorales is the name commonly used for a recently discovered set of Chorale preludes compiled by Johann Gottfried Neumeister (1757-1840

Currently there is no standard numbering system for Pachelbel's works. Several catalogues are used, by Antoine Bouchard (POP numbers, organ works only), Jean M. Perreault (P numbers, currently the most complete catalogue; organized alphabetically), Hideo Tsukamoto (T numbers, L for lost works; organized thematically) and Kathryn Jane Welter (PC numbers).

Keyboard music

Much of Pachelbel's liturgical organ music, particularly the chorale preludes, is relatively simple and written for manuals only, no pedal is required. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions In music a chorale prelude is a short liturgical composition for organ using a Chorale tune as its basis A manual is a keyboard designed to be played with the hands on a Pipe organ, Harpsichord, Clavichord, A pedalboard (also called a pedal keyboard pedal clavier or with electronic instruments a bass pedalboard is a keyboard played with the feet that is usually used to This is partly due to Lutheran religious practice where congregants sang the chorales. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Household instruments like virginals or clavichords accompanied the singing, so Pachelbel and many of his contemporaries made music playable using these instruments. The virginals (the plural form does not necessarily denote more than one instrument or virginal is a Keyboard instrument of the Harpsichord family The clavichord is a European stringed Keyboard instrument known from the late Medieval, through the Renaissance, Baroque and Classical The quality of the organs Pachelbel used also played a role: south German instruments were not, as a rule, as complex and as versatile as the north German ones, and Pachelbel's organs must have only had around 15-25 stops on two manuals (compare to Buxtehude's Marienkirche instrument with 52 stops, 15 of them in the pedal). Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Finally, neither the Nuremberg nor the southern German organ tradition endorsed extensive use of pedals seen in the works by composers of the northern German school. The 17th century organ composers of Germany can be divided into two primary schools the north German school and the south German school (sometimes a third school

Only two volumes of Pachelbel's organ music were published and distributed during his lifetime: Musikalische Sterbens-Gedancken (Musical Thoughts on Deathl; Erfurt, 1683) - a set of chorale variations in memory of his deceased wife and child, and Acht Choräle (Nuremberg, 1693). ^[24] Pachelbel employed white mensural notation when writing out numerous compositions (several chorales, all ricercars, some fantasias); a notational system that uses hollow note heads and omits bar lines (measure delimiters). Mensural notation is the musical notation system which was used in European music from the later part of the 13th century until about 1600. A ricercar (or ricercare recercar; the terms are interchangeable is a type of late Renaissance and mostly early Baroque instrumental composition The fantasia (also fantasy fancy Fantasie fantaisie is a musical composition with its roots in the art of Improvisation. In Music, the term note has two primary meanings 1 a sign used in Musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a Sound; In Musical notation, a bar or measure is a segment of time defined as a given number of beats of a given duration ^[25] The system had been widely used since the 15th century but was gradually being replaced in this period by modern notation (sometimes called black notation). ^[25] In most cases Pachelbel used white notation for pieces composed in old-fashioned styles, to provide artistic integrity.

Chorales

Chorales constitute almost half of Pachelbel's surviving organ works, in part because of his Erfurt job duties which required him to compose chorale preludes on a regular basis. The models Pachelbel used most frequently are the three-part cantus firmus setting, the chorale fugue and, most importantly, a model he invented which combined the two types. In Music, a cantus firmus ("fixed song" is a pre-existing Melody forming the basis of a polyphonic composition. This latter type begins with a brief chorale fugue that is followed by a three- or four-part cantus firmus setting. In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred Chorale phrases are treated one at a time, in the order in which they occur; frequently, the accompanying voices anticipate the next phrase by using bits of the melody in imitative counterpoint. An example from Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist:

An example from Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist of Pachelbel's chorales, bars 35-54. The chorale in the soprano is highlighted.

The piece begins with a chorale fugue (not shown here) that turns into a four-part chorale setting which starts at bar 35. The slow-moving chorale (the cantus firmus, i. e. , the original hymn tune) is in the soprano, and is highlighted in blue. A hymn tune is a musical composition to which a hymn text is sung The lower voices anticipate the shape of the second phrase of the chorale in an imitative fashion (notice the distinctive pattern of two repeated notes). Pachelbel wrote numerous chorales using this model (Auf meinen lieben Gott, Ach wie elend ist unsre Zeit, Wenn mein Stündlein vorhanden ist, etc. ), which soon became a standard form.

A distinctive feature of almost all of Pachelbel's chorale preludes is his treatment of the melody: the cantus firmus features virtually no figuration or ornamentation of any kind, always presented in the plainest possible way in one of the outer voices. Pachelbel's knowledge of both ancient and contemporary chorale techniques is reflected in Acht Chorale zum Praeambulieren, a collection of eight chorales he published in 1693. It included, among other types, several chorales written using outdated models. Of these, Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren (Psalm 103) is based on the German polyphonic song; it is one of the very few Pachelbel chorales with cantus firmus in the tenor. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Wir glauben all' an einen Gott is a three-part setting with melodic ornamentation of the chorale melody, which Pachelbel employed very rarely. Finally, Jesus Christus, unser Heiland der von uns is a typical bicinium chorale with one of the hands playing the unadorned chorale while the other provides constant fast-paced accompaniment written mostly in sixteenth notes. In Music of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras a bicinium (pl In Music, a sixteenth note (American or "German" terminology or semiquaver (also occasionally demiquaver, British or "classical" Pachelbel only used the bicinium form in two other pieces.

Fugues

Pachelbel wrote more than one hundred fugues on free themes. These fall into two categories: some 30 free fugues and around 90 of the so-called Magnificat Fugues. Pachelbel's fugal writing is, without exception, very plain: the episodes are usually based on non-thematic material and rather short compared to the later model (of which J.S. Bach's works are now considered the prime example), and neither stretto nor the usual contrapuntal devices such as diminution or inversion are employed in any fugue. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Nevertheless, Pachelbel's fugues display a tendency towards a more unified, subject-dependent structure which was to become the key element of late Baroque fugues. Given the number of fugues he composed and the extraordinary variety of subjects he used, Pachelbel is regarded as one of the key composers in the evolution of the form. He was also the first major composer to pair a fugue with a preludial movement (a toccata or a prelude) - this technique was adopted by later composers and was used extensively by J. S. Bach.

The Magnificat Fugues were all composed during Pachelbel's final years in Nuremberg. The singing of the Magnificat at Vespers was usually accompanied by the organist, and earlier composers provided examples of Magnificat settings for organ, based on themes from the chant. The Magnificat (also known as the Song of Mary) is a Canticle frequently sung (or spoken liturgically in Christian church services Vespers is the evening Prayer service in the Roman Catholic, Eastern (Byzantine Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox, liturgies of the Pachelbel's fugues, however, are almost all based on free themes and it is not yet understood exactly where they fit during the service. It is possible that they served to help singers establish pitch, or simply act as introductory pieces played before the beginning of the service. Pitch represents the perceived Fundamental frequency of a sound There are 95 pieces extant, covering all eight Church Modes: 23 in primi toni, 10 in secundi toni, 11 in tertii toni, 8 in quarti toni, 12 in quinti toni, 10 in sexti toni, 8 in septimi toni and 13 in octavi toni. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode Although a few two- and four-voice works are present, most employ three voices (sometimes expanding to four-voice polyphony for a bar or two). In Musical notation, a bar or measure is a segment of time defined as a given number of beats of a given duration With the exception of the three double fugues (primi toni No. 12, sexti toni No. 1 and octavi toni No. 8), all are straightforward pieces, frequently in common time and comparatively short - at an average tempo, most take around a minute and a half to play. The time signature (also known as " meter signature" is a notational convention used in Western Musical notation to specify how many beats

Example 1: Fugue subjects from Magnificat fugues: secundi toni 7, octavi toni 10, primi toni 16, sexti toni 10, quarti toni 8 and octavi toni 13.

Although most of them are brief, the subjects are extremely varied (see Example 1). Frequently some form of note repetition is used to emphasize a rhythmic (rather than melodic) contour. Many feature a dramatic leap (up to an octave), which may or may not be mirrored in one of the voices sometime during an episode - a characteristic Pachelbel technique, although it was also employed by earlier composers, albeit less pronounced. Minor alterations to the subject between the entries are observed in some of the fugues, and simple countersubjects occur several times. An interesting technique employed in many of the pieces is an occasional resort to style brisé for a few bars, both during episodes and in codas. The double fugues exhibit a typical three-section structure: fugue on subject 1, fugue on subject 2, and the counterpoint with simultaneous use of both subjects. In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony

A typical Pachelbel repercussion subject. Listen (help·info)

Most of Pachelbel's free fugues are in three or four voices, with the notable exception of two bicinia pieces that were probably intended for teaching purposes. In Music of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras a bicinium (pl Pachelbel frequently used repercussion subjects of different kinds, with note repetition sometimes extended to span a whole measure (such as in the subject of a G minor fugue, see illustration). Some of the fugues employ textures more suited for the harpsichord, particularly those with broken chord figuration. A harpsichord is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. The three ricercars Pachelbel composed, that are more akin to his fugues than to ricercars by Frescobaldi's or Froberger, are perhaps more technically interesting. A ricercar (or ricercare recercar; the terms are interchangeable is a type of late Renaissance and mostly early Baroque instrumental composition Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late In the original sources, all three use white notation and are marked alla breve. The time signature (also known as " meter signature" is a notational convention used in Western Musical notation to specify how many beats The polythematic C minor ricercar is the most popular and frequently performed and recorded. It is built on two contrasting themes (a slow chromatic pattern and a lively simplistic motif) which appear in their normal and inverted forms and concludes with both themes appearing simultaneously. The F-sharp minor ricercar uses the same concept and is slightly more interesting musically: the key of F-sharp minor requires a more flexible tuning than the standard meantone temperament of the Baroque era and was therefore rarely used by contemporary composers. F-sharp minor is a Minor scale based on F-sharp consisting of the pitches F{{music|sharp}}, G{{music|sharp}}, A, B, C{{music|sharp}} Meantone temperament is a Musical temperament, which is a system of Musical tuning. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc This means that Pachelbel may have used his own tuning system, of which little is known. Ricercare in C major is probably an early work, mostly in three voices and employing the same kind of writing with consecutive thirds as seen in Pachelbel's toccatas (see below).

Pachelbel's use of repercussion subjects and extensive repeated note passages may be regarded as another characteristic feature of his organ pieces. Extreme examples of note repetition in the subject are found in magnificat fugues: quarti toni No. 4 has eight repeated notes, octavi toni No. 6 has twelve. ^[26] Also, even a fugue with an ordinary subject can rely on strings of repeated notes, as it happens, for example, in magnificat fugue octavi toni No. 12:

Excerpt from Magnificat Fugue octavi toni No. 12 (bars 15-18). Fugue subject that appears once in this excerpt is highlighted.

Chaconnes and variations

Pachelbel's apparent affinity for variation form is evident from his organ works that explore the genre: chaconnes, chorale variations and several sets of arias with variations. Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations In Music, a chaconne (ʃaˈkɔn Italian: ciaccona) is a Musical form whose primary formal feature involves variation on a repeated The six chaconnes, together with Buxtehude's ostinato organ works, represent a shift from the older chaconne style: they completely abandon the dance idiom, introduce contrapuntal density, employ miscellaneous chorale improvisation techniques, and, most importantly, give the bass line much thematic significance for the development of the piece. In Music, an Ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn" see also Oscillation) is a motif or phrase which is persistently Pachelbel's chaconnes are distinctly south German in style; the duple meter C major chaconne (possibly at early work) is reminiscent of Kerll's D minor passacaglia. The 17th century organ composers of Germany can be divided into two primary schools the north German school and the south German school (sometimes a third school Meter or metre is a concept related to an underlying division of time characteristic of western music The remaining five works are all in triple meter and display a wide variety of moods and techniques, concentrating on melodic content (as opposed to the emphasis on harmonic complexity and virtuosity in Buxtehude's chaconnes). The ostinato bass is not necessarily repeated unaltered throughout the piece and is sometimes subjected to minor alterations and ornamentation. In Music, an Ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn" see also Oscillation) is a motif or phrase which is persistently The D major, D minor and F minor chaconnes are among Pachelbel's most well-known organ pieces, and the latter is often cited as his best organ work.

A page from the original printed edition of Hexachordum Apollinis, showing the fourth variation of the first aria. Hexachordum Apollinis ( PWC 193&ndash8 T 211&ndash6 PC 131&ndash6 POP 1&ndash6 is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel,

In 1699 Pachelbel published Hexachordum Apollinis (the title is a reference to Apollo's lyre), a collection of six variations set in different keys. Hexachordum Apollinis ( PWC 193&ndash8 T 211&ndash6 PC 131&ndash6 POP 1&ndash6 is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel, The lyre is a stringed musical instrument well known for its use in Classical Antiquity and later In Music theory, the term key is used in many different and sometimes contradictory ways It is dedicated to composers Ferdinand Tobias Richter (a friend from the Vienna years) and Dieterich Buxtehude. Ferdinand Tobias Richter ( 22 July 1651 in Würzburg - 3 November 1711 in Vienna) was an Austrian Baroque Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist Each set follows the "aria and variations" model, arias numbered Aria prima through Aria sexta ("first" through "sixth"). The final piece, which is also the most well-known today, is subtitled Aria Sebaldina, a reference to St. Sebaldus Church where Pachelbel worked at the time. St Sebaldus Church ( St Sebald, Sebalduskirche) is a medieval church in Nuremberg, Germany. Most of the variations are in common time, with Aria Sebaldina and its variations being the only notable exceptions–they are in 3/4 time. The pieces explore a wide range of variation techniques.

Pachelbel's other variation sets include a few arias and an arietta (a short aria) with variations and a few pieces designated as chorale variations. Four works of the latter type were published in Erfurt in 1683 under the title Musicalische Sterbens-Gedancken ("Musical Thoughts on Death"), which might refer to Pachelbel's first wife's death in the same year. Musicalische Sterbens-Gedanken ("Musical Thoughts on Death/Dying" is a collection of keyboard music by Johann Pachelbel. This was Pachelbel's first published work and it is now partially lost. These pieces, along with Georg Böhm's works, may or may not have influenced Johann Sebastian Bach's early organ partitas. Georg Böhm ( September 2, 1661 - May 18, 1733) was a German Baroque Organist and Composer. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" This is an article about the Musical Genre. For the game see Tarocchini.

Toccatas

About 20 toccatas by Pachelbel survive, including several brief pieces referred to as toccatinas in the Perreault catalogue. Toccata (from Italian toccare, "to touch" is a Virtuoso piece of music typically for a keyboard or Plucked string instrument They are characterized by consistent use of pedal point: for the most part, Pachelbel's toccatas consist of relatively fast passagework in both hands over sustained pedal notes. In tonal music, a pedal point (also pedal tone pedal note organ point or pedal is a Sustained tone typically in the bass, during which at least one Although a similar technique is employed in toccatas by Froberger and Frescobaldi's pedal toccatas, Pachelbel distinguishes himself from these composers by having no sections with imitative counterpoint–in fact, unlike most toccatas from the early and middle Baroque periods, Pachelbel's contributions to the genre are not sectional, unless rhapsodic introductory passages in a few pieces (most notably the E minor toccata) are counted as separate sections. Johann Jakob Froberger ( baptized May 19 1616 &ndash May 7 1667 was a German Baroque composer keyboard Virtuoso, and Organist Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late A rhapsody in Music is a one-movement work that is episodic yet integrated free-flowing in structure featuring a range of highly contrasted moods colour and tonality Furthermore, no other Baroque composer used pedal point with such consistency in toccatas.

Many of Pachelbel's toccatas explore a single melodic motif, and later works are written in a simple style in which two voices interact over sustained pedal notes, and said interaction—already much simpler than the virtuosic passages in earlier works—sometimes resorts to consecutive thirds, sixths or tenths. In Music, a motif or motive is a perceivable or salient recurring fragment or succession of notes that may be used to construct the entirety or parts Compare the earlier D major toccata, with passages in the typical middle Baroque style, with one of the late C major toccatas:

Excerpt from Toccata in D major (bars 10–14). Listen (help·info)

Opening bars of Toccata in C major. Two-voice motivic interplay, based on the melody introduced in the first bar, is reduced to consecutive thirds in the last two bars. The piece continues in a similar manner, with basic motivic interaction in two voices and occasional consecutive thirds or fifths. Listen (help·info)

Sometimes a bar or two of consecutive thirds embellish the otherwise more complex toccata, occasionally there is a whole section written in that manner, and a few toccatas (particularly one of the D minor and one of the G minor pieces) are composed using only this technique, with almost no variation. Partly due to their simplicity, the toccatas are very accessible works; however, the E minor and C minor ones which receive more attention than the rest are in fact slightly more complex.

Fantasias

Pachelbel composed six fantasias. The fantasia (also fantasy fancy Fantasie fantaisie is a musical composition with its roots in the art of Improvisation. Three of them (the A minor, C major and one of the two D Dorian pieces) are sectional compositions in 3/2 time, the sections are never connected thematically; the other D Dorian piece's structure is reminiscent of Pachelbel's magnificat fugues, with the main theme accompanied by two simple countersubjects

The E-flat major and G minor fantasias are variations on the Italian toccata di durezze e ligature genre. Due to historical confusion Dorian mode or Doric mode can refer to two very different Musical modes or Diatonic scales Greek The time signature (also known as " meter signature" is a notational convention used in Western Musical notation to specify how many beats In music a countersubject is a Melodic or thematic idea which is played against a primary subject of a Fugue, Ricercar, invention, Sinfonia Both are gentle free-flowing pieces featuring intricate passages in both hands with many accidentals, close to similar pieces by Girolamo Frescobaldi or Giovanni de Macque. In Music, an accidental is a Note whose pitch (or Pitch class) is not a member of a scale or mode indicated by the Girolamo Frescobaldi (baptized mid-September 1583 – March 1 1643 was an Italian musician one of the most important Composers of keyboard music in the late Giovanni de Macque ( Jean de Macque) (?1548-1550 – September 1614 was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque,

Preludes

Almost all pieces designated as preludes resemble Pachelbel's toccatas closely, since they too feature virtuosic passagework in one or both hands over sustained notes. A prelude is a short piece of Music, which its form will vary from piece to piece However, most of the preludes are much shorter than the toccatas: the A minor prelude (pictured below) only has 9 bars, the G major piece has 10. The only exception is one of the two D minor pieces, which is very similar to Pachelbel's late simplistic toccatas, and considerably longer than any other prelude. The toccata idiom is completely absent, however, in the short Prelude in A minor:

Prelude in A minor (full score). Listen (help·info)

A texture of similar density is also found in the ending of the shorter D minor piece, where three voices engage in imitative counterpoint. In pairs of preludes and fugues Pachelbel aimed to separate homophonic, improvisatory texture of the prelude from the strict counterpoint of the fugue.

Other keyboard music

Around 20 dance suites transmitted in a 1683 manuscript (now destroyed) were previously attributed to Pachelbel, but today his authorship is questioned for all but three suites, numbers 29, 32 and 33B in the Seiffert edition. In Music, a suite is an ordered set of Instrumental or Orchestral pieces normally performed in a Concert ^[27] The pieces are clearly not without French influence (but not so much as Buxtehude's) and are comparable in terms of style and technique to Froberger's suites. Seventeen keys are used, including F-sharp minor. In Music theory, the term key is used in many different and sometimes contradictory ways F-sharp minor is a Minor scale based on F-sharp consisting of the pitches F{{music|sharp}}, G{{music|sharp}}, A, B, C{{music|sharp}} Number 29 has all four traditional movements, the other two authentic pieces only have three (no gigue), and the rest follow the classical model (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue), sometimes updated with an extra movement (usually less developed^[28]), a more modern dance such as a gavotte or a ballet. The gigue ( {{IPA|/ʒig/}}) or giga is a lively Baroque dance originating from the British Jig. An allemande (also spelled allemanda, almain, or alman) (from the French word for "German" is one of the most popular Instrumental The courante, corrente, coranto and corant are just some of the names given to a family of Triple metre dances from the late Renaissance In Music, the sarabande (It sarabanda) is a Dance in Triple metre. The gigue ( {{IPA|/ʒig/}}) or giga is a lively Baroque dance originating from the British Jig. The gavotte (also gavot or gavote) originated as a French Folk dance, taking its name from the Gavot people of the Pays de Gap Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance All movements are in binary form, except for two arias. This article is about the musical form See Binary numeral system for the mathematical term This article is about the musical term "aria" For other meanings or uses of the word see Aria (disambiguation.

Chamber music

Pachelbel's chamber music is much less virtuosic than Biber's Mystery Sonatas or Buxtehude's Opus 1 and Opus 2 chamber sonatas. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (August 12 1644 &ndash May 3 1704 was a Bohemian Austrian Composer and Violinist. Dieterich Buxtehude ( Dietrich, Diderich) (c 1637 &ndash 9 May 1707 was a German-Danish Organist, Lutenist The famous Canon in D belongs to this genre, as it was originally scored for 3 violins and a basso continuo, and paired with a gigue in the same key. Pachelbel's Canon, also known as Canon in D major, or more formally Canon and Gigue in D major for three Violins and Basso Continuo The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation The gigue ( {{IPA|/ʒig/}}) or giga is a lively Baroque dance originating from the British Jig. The canon is actually more of a chaconne or a passacaglia: it consists of a ground bass over which the violins play a three-voice canon based on a simple theme, the violins' parts form 28 variations of the melody. In Music, a chaconne (ʃaˈkɔn Italian: ciaccona) is a Musical form whose primary formal feature involves variation on a repeated A passacaglia is a short usually slow and often grave musical work in any metre In Music, an Ostinato (derived from Italian: "stubborn" see also Oscillation) is a motif or phrase which is persistently In Music, a canon is a contrapuntal composition that employs a Melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration (e Variation form Variation form include Ground bass, Passacaglia, Chaconne, and theme and variations The gigue which originally accompanied the canon is a simple piece that uses strict fugal writing. In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred

Musikalische Ergötzung ("Musical Delight") is a set of six chamber suites for two scordatura violins and basso continuo published sometime after 1695. In Music, a suite is an ordered set of Instrumental or Orchestral pieces normally performed in a Concert A scordatura (literally Italian for "mistuning" also called cross-tuning, is an alternative Tuning used for the open strings of a String Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation At the time, scordatura tuning was used to produce special effects and execute tricky passages. However, Pachelbel's collection was intended for amateur violinists, and scordatura tuning is used here as a basic introduction to the technique. The following lists of violinists are available List of classical violinists, names of great violinist from baroque era till 20th century Scordatura only involves the tonic, dominant and sometimes the subdominant notes. The tonic is the first note of a musical scale in the tonal method of Musical composition. In Music, the dominant is the Fifth degree of the scale. For example in the C Major scale (white keys on a piano starting with C the In Music, the subdominant is the technical name for the fourth tonal degree of the Diatonic scale. In Music, the term note has two primary meanings 1 a sign used in Musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a Sound;

Each suite of Musikalische Ergötzung begins with an introductory Sonata or Sonatina in one movement. In suites 1 and 3 these introductory movements are Allegro three-voice fughettas and stretti. In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred Stretto (plural stretti) from the Italian stringere "to draw close" is a musical term for when a Fugue Motif is used to accompany The other four sonatas are reminiscent of French overtures. The French overture is a Musical form widely used in the Baroque period They have two Adagio sections which juxtapose slower and faster rhythms: the first section uses patterns of dotted quarter and eighth notes in a non-imitative manner. In Western Musical notation, a dotted note is a Note with a small dot written after it A quarter note (American or "German" terminology or crotchet (British or "classical" terminology is a note played for one quarter of the duration In music imitation is when a musical gesture is repeated later in a different form but retaining its original character The second employs the violins in an imitative, sometimes homophonic structure, that uses shorter note values. In Music notation, a note value indicates the relative Duration of a note, using the color or shape of the Note head, the presence The dance movements of the suites show traces of Italian (in the gigues of suites 2 and 6) and German (allemande appears in suites 1 and 2) influence, but the majority of the movements are clearly influenced by the French style. An allemande (also spelled allemanda, almain, or alman) (from the French word for "German" is one of the most popular Instrumental France has long been considered a center for European Art and Music. The suites do not adhere to a fixed structure: the allemande is only present in two suites, the gigues in four, two suites end with a chaconne, and the fourth suite contains two arias. In Music, a chaconne (ʃaˈkɔn Italian: ciaccona) is a Musical form whose primary formal feature involves variation on a repeated This article is about the musical term "aria" For other meanings or uses of the word see Aria (disambiguation.

Pachelbel's other chamber music includes an aria and variations (Aria con variazioni in A major) and four standalone suites scored for a string quartet or a typical French five-part string ensemble with 2 violins, 2 violas and a violone (the latter reinforces the basso continuo). A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, The violone (literally "large viol" in Italian "-one" being the Augmentative suffix is a Musical instrument of the Viol family Of these, the five-part suite in G major (Partie a 5 in G major) is a variation suite, where each movement begins with a theme from the opening sonatina; like its four-part cousin (Partie a 4 in G major) and the third standalone suite (Partie a 4 in F-sharp minor) it updates the German suite model by using the latest French dances such as the gavotte or the ballet. The gavotte (also gavot or gavote) originated as a French Folk dance, taking its name from the Gavot people of the Pays de Gap Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance The three pieces mentioned all end with a Finale movement. Interestingly, Partie a 4 in G major features no figuration for the lower part, which means that it wasn't a basso continuo and that, as Jean M. Perreault writes, "this work may well count as the first true string quartet, at least within the Germanophone domain. "^[29]

Vocal music

Johann Gottfried Walther famously described Pachelbel's vocal works as "more perfectly executed than anything before them". Johann Gottfried Walther ( September 18, 1684 &ndash March 23, 1748) was a German music theorist, organist, ^[30] Already the earliest examples of Pachelbel's vocal writing, two arias So ist denn dies der Tag and So ist denn nur die Treu composed in Erfurt in 1679 (which are also Pachelbel's earliest datable pieces^[31]), display impressive mastery of large-scale composition (So ist denn dies der Tag is scored for soprano, SATB choir, 2 violins, 3 violas, 4 trumpets, timpani and basso continuo) and exceptional knowledge of contemporary techniques. This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. SATB is a frequent initialism for Soprano, Alto, Tenor, bass, referring to a common scoring for choruses and choirs The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, Timpani (also known colloquially as kettledrums or kettle drums) are Musical instruments in the percussion family Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation

These latter features are also found in Pachelbel's Vespers pieces and sacred concertos, large-scale compositions which are probably his most important vocal works. Vespers is the evening Prayer service in the Roman Catholic, Eastern (Byzantine Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox, liturgies of the Almost all of them adopt the modern concertato idiom and many are scored for unusually large groups of instruments (Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt (in C) uses four trumpets, timpani, 2 violins, 3 violas, violone and basso continuo; Lobet den Herrn in seinem Heiligtum is scored for a five-part chorus, two flutes, bassoon, five trumpets, trombone, drums, cymbals, harp, two violins, basso continuo and organ). Concertato is a term in early Baroque music referring to either a genre or a style of music in which groups of instruments or voices share a melody usually Timpani (also known colloquially as kettledrums or kettle drums) are Musical instruments in the percussion family The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, The violone (literally "large viol" in Italian "-one" being the Augmentative suffix is a Musical instrument of the Viol family Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The bassoon is a Woodwind instrument in the Double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and Tenor registers and occasionally The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s The drum is a member of the percussion group technically classified as a Membranophone. Cymbals are a modern percussion instrument Cymbals consist of thin normally round plates of various Cymbal alloys; see Cymbal making for a discussion of their The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. The organ (from Greek όργανον – organon "organ instrument tool" is a Keyboard instrument of one or more divisions each Pachelbel explores a very wide range of styles: psalm settings (Gott ist unser Zuversicht), chorale concertos (Christ lag in Todesbanden), sets of chorale variations (Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan), concerted motets, etc. In Western music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions The ensembles for which these works are scored are equally diverse: from the famous D major Magnificat setting written for a 4-part choir, 4 violas and basso continuo, to the Magnificat in C major scored for a five-part chorus, 4 trumpets, timpani, 2 violins, a single viola and two violas da gamba, bassoon, basso continuo and organ. The viol (also called viola da gamba) is any one of a family of bowed, Fretted stringed Musical instruments developed in the 1400s

Pachelbel's large-scale vocal works are mostly written in modern style influenced by Italian Catholic music, with only a few non-concerted pieces and old plainchant cantus firmus techniques employed very infrequently. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". For the band see " Plainsong (band " For the song on The Cure's 1989 album see " Disintegration " In Music, a cantus firmus ("fixed song" is a pre-existing Melody forming the basis of a polyphonic composition. The string ensemble is typical for the time, three viols and two violins. The former are either used to provide harmonic content in instrumental sections or to double the vocal lines in tutti sections; the violins either engage in contrapuntal textures of varying density or are employed for ornamentation. Distinct features of Pachelbel's vocal writing in these pieces, aside from the fact that it is almost always very strongly tonal, include frequent use of permutation fugues and writing for paired voices. The Magnificat settings, most composed during Pachelbel's late Nuremberg years, are influenced by the Italian-Viennese style and distinguish themselves from their antecedents by treating the canticle in a variety of ways and stepping away from text-dependent composition. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.

Other vocal music includes motets, arias and two masses. In Western music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions For other uses see Mass (disambiguation The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that Of the eleven extant motets, ten are scored for two four-part choruses. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers Most of this music is harmonically simple and make little use of complex polyphony (indeed, the polyphonic passages frequently feature reduction of parts). In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony The texts are taken from the psalms, except in Nun danket alle Gott which uses a short passage from the Ecclesiastes. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included Ecclesiastes (often abbreviated Ecc) (קֹהֶלֶת Kohelet, variously transliterated as Qoheleth, Göhalath, Koheles, Koheleth The motets are structured according to the text they use. One important feature found in Gott ist unser Zuversicht and Nun danket alle Gott is that their endings are four-part chorale settings reminiscent of Pachelbel's organ chorale model: the chorale, presented in long note values, is sung by the sopranos, while the six lower parts accompany with passages in shorter note values:

An excerpt from the ending of motet Gott ist unser Zuversicht (bars 92-95). In Music notation, a note value indicates the relative Duration of a note, using the color or shape of the Note head, the presence These are the first choir's parts, the notes and lines for the second choir are the same.

The arias, aside from the two 1679 works discussed above, are usually scored for solo voice accompanied by several instruments; most were written for occasions such as weddings, birthdays, funerals and baptisms. They include both simple strophic and complex sectional pieces of varying degrees of complexity, some include sections for chorus. The concerted Mass in C major is probably an early work; the D major Missa brevis is a small mass for a SATB choir in three movements (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo). It is simple, unadorned and somewhat reminiscent of his motets.

References in Popular Culture

Comedian Rob Paravonian has a widely popular YouTube video regarding Pachelbel's "Canon in D" and the influences of this song in modern music. Rob Paravonian is a comedian best known for his " Pachelbel Rant" which parodies the use of the Chord progression from Pachelbel's Canon in many YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees The sketch is considered Paravonian's most famous with over 4. 5 million views.

References and further reading

• Kathryn Jane Welter. Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Teacher, Composer. A Critical Reexamination of His Life, Works, and Historical Significance. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1998, dissertation. Available through UMI Dissertation Services, 2001. 384p.

As described by Perreault: The only really general book on Pachelbel in English; richly informative, especially on biography and transmission of MS sources.

• Jean M. Perreault. The Thematic Catalogue of the Musical Works of Johann Pachelbel. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md. 2004. 414 p. ISBN 0-8108-4970-4.

A complete index of Pachelbel's compositions, the manuscripts in which they survive, and publications in which they can be found today. Includes an exhaustive bibliography.

• Ewald V. Nolte, John Butt. "Johann Pachelbel", Grove Music Online, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians L. Macy (accessed 29 December 2005), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Willi Apel. The History of Keyboard Music to 1700. Translated by Hans Tischler. Indiana University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-253-21141-7. Originally published as Geschichte der Orgel- und Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel.

Notes

External links

• General reference:
  • Johann Pachelbel biography and works
  • Johann Pachelbel's biography at HOASM.org
  • Pachelbel Street—Archives of J.Pachelbel's Works, includes a complete catalogue of Pachelbel's works compiled by Hideo Tsukamoto
  • Johann Pachelbel at Allmusic.com
  • FindAGrave Profile

• Scores:
• Free scores by Johann Pachelbel in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
• Johann Pachelbel free scores in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
  • Pachelbel was listed in the International Music Score Library Project
  • Pachelbel free sheet music

• Recordings:
  • Magnificat Fugues played on a virtual organ
  • More works by Pachelbel played on virtual organs
  • Ciacona in F minor
  • Recording of Magnificat in D major - for voices only
  • Works by Pachelbel in MIDI and MP3 format at Logos Virtual Library

• Popular Culture References:
  • Pachelbel Rant on Youtube