The Right Honourable  Charles Joseph Clark  PC CC AOE LLD
16th Prime Minister of Canada
In office June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Succeeded by	Pierre Elliott Trudeau
Born	June 5, 1939 (1939-06-05) (age 69) High River, Alberta
Political party	Progressive Conservative
Spouse	Maureen McTeer
Children	Catherine Clark
Residence	Calgary, Alberta
Alma mater	University of Alberta
Occupation	Journalist
Religion	Roman Catholic

Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark PC CC AOE LLD (born June 5, 1939) was the sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980. The Right Honourable (abbreviated as The Rt Hon) is an Honorific prefix that is traditionally applied to certain The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Alberta Order of Excellence is the highest award given in the Canadian province of Alberta. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. High River is a town in southwestern Alberta, Canada with a population of 10716 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Maureen Anne McTeer (born February 27, 1952) is an Author and a Lawyer, and the wife of Joe Clark, the 16th Prime Minister of Catherine Jane Clark (born November 6, 1976 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian television broadcaster and the daughter of former Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (QPC (Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada (CPR sometimes called Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada or the Privy Council The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin The Alberta Order of Excellence is the highest award given in the Canadian province of Alberta. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)

Despite his relative inexperience, Clark rose quickly in federal politics, entering the House of Commons in the 1972 election and winning the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1976. The Canadian federal election of 1972 was held on October 30 1972 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 29th Parliament of Canada The 1976 leadership convention of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was held in Ottawa on February 22 1976, to elect a leader to replace He came to power in the 1979 election, defeating Pierre Trudeau and ending sixteen continuous years of Liberal rule, making Clark the youngest man to become Prime Minister at 39 years of age. The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 31st Parliament His tenure was brief as he only won a minority government and it was defeated on a motion of non-confidence. Clark subsequently lost the 1980 election and the leadership of the party in 1983. The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament The 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership convention was held on June 11 1983 in Ottawa, Ontario to elect a leader of the Progressive

He returned to prominence in 1984 as a senior cabinet minister in Brian Mulroney's cabinet, retiring from politics after not standing for re-election for the House of Commons in 1993. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth He made a political comeback in 1998 to lead the Progressive Conservatives before its dissolution, serving his final term in Parliament from 2000 to 2004. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Clark today serves as a university professor, distinguished scholar and statesman, and as president of his own consulting firm.

Contents 1 Early years 2 Education, journalism, marriage 3 Early political career 4 Progressive Conservative leadership convention 1976 5 Opposition Leader, 1976-79 5.1 1979 election 6 Prime Minister 6.1 Fall of government 6.2 1980 Election 6.3 Supreme Court appointments 6.4 Relationship between Trudeau and Clark 7 Opposition leader 1980-83 7.1 1983 Leadership convention 8 Under Mulroney 8.1 Secretary of State for External Affairs 8.2 Minister of Constitutional Affairs 8.3 First Canadian political retirement 8.4 Mulroney's attitude to Clark 9 Progressive Conservative leadership, 1998-2003 9.1 Legacy of second PC leadership 10 Progressive Conservative/Canadian Alliance merger 11 Clark today 12 Honours 13 Further reading 14 References 15 External links 16 Video links

Early years

Joe Clark was born in High River, Alberta, the son of Charles A. High River is a town in southwestern Alberta, Canada with a population of 10716 Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Clark, who was the publisher of the local newspaper, and Grace Welch. He has a brother, Peter, who later became a lawyer, practicing in Calgary. Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada

Education, journalism, marriage

He attended local schools and the University of Alberta, where he earned a bachelor's and a master's degree in political science. The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems While in high school, he gained journalism experience with the High River Times and the Calgary Albertan, and joined the staff of the Gateway, the University of Alberta's campus newspaper as a freshman, eventually rising to editor-in-chief there. Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people He also worked at the Edmonton Journal for one summer, where he met his future biographer, David L. Humphreys (Joe Clark: A Portrait, by David L. The Edmonton Journal is a daily Newspaper in Edmonton Alberta. David L Humphreys (born Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Writer, Lobbyist, and consultant Humphreys, 1978). He took a summer job with Canadian Press in Toronto, and for a time seriously considered a professional career in journalism. The Canadian Press (often abbreviated as CP) is Canada 's national News agency established in 1917 as a vehicle to permit Canadian newspapers of the day Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario

He unsuccessfully pursued first-year law studies at both Dalhousie Law School in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in Vancouver, British Columbia. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The Dalhousie Law School, part of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada was established in 1883, making it the See also Halifax Nova Scotia See also Halifax Regional Municipality municipal election 2008 Halifax Regional Municipality is the capital Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's The University of British Columbia Faculty of Law is one of the largest English language legal programs in Canada, with over 600 law students Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal He was active in student politics, and became president of the Progressive Conservative Youth wing for two terms. He then worked full time for the Progressive Conservative Party. The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian

Clark married Maureen McTeer in 1973, while she was still a law student. Maureen Anne McTeer (born February 27, 1952) is an Author and a Lawyer, and the wife of Joe Clark, the 16th Prime Minister of The two met when Clark hired her to work in his parliamentary office; McTeer had been a political organizer herself since her early teens. McTeer has developed her own career as a well-known author and lawyer, and caused something of a fuss by keeping her maiden name after marriage (Joe Clark: A Portrait, by David L. Humphreys, 1978). That feminist practice was not common at the time, but was later taken up by other political wives, such as Hillary Rodham Clinton. Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26 1947 is the junior United States Senator from Their daughter, Catherine, is an art history graduate from the University of Toronto who has pursued a career in public relations and broadcasting. Catherine Jane Clark (born November 6, 1976 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian television broadcaster and the daughter of former This article is about the University of Toronto's St George Campus Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit

Early political career

Clark first became active in politics at the university level. He served as President of the University of Alberta Young Progressive Conservatives, and eventually served as national president for the young PCs group (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Clark sparred with future political rival Preston Manning in debate forums on campus between the Young PCs and the Youth League of the Alberta Social Credit Party. Ernest Preston Manning, CC (born June 10, 1942, in Edmonton Alberta) is a Right-wing populist Canadian politician The Social Credit Party of Alberta is a provincial Political party in Alberta, Canada, that was founded on the Social credit monetary policy Clark encountered another future rival when he met Brian Mulroney at a national Young PCs meeting in 1958 (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991). Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques

Clark spent time in France to improve his fluency in the French language, and also took courses in French while he was living in Ottawa. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. He eventually became comfortable speaking and answering questions in French, which helped his political standing in Quebec (Joe Clark: A Portrait, by David L. Humphreys, 1978). David L Humphreys (born Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Writer, Lobbyist, and consultant

Clark was keenly aware from a very young age of the politics of Canada. In his youth, Clark was an admirer of Progressive Conservative leader and Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, and he eventually entered politics himself at the provincial level at the age of 28. He was unsuccessful in his first foray into politics as an official constituency candidate for the provincial Progressive Conservatives in the 1967 provincial election. The Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta is a provincial right-of-centre party in the Canadian province of Alberta. The Alberta general election of 1967 was the sixteenth general election for the Province of Alberta, Canada. Clark served as a chief assistant to provincial opposition leader and future Premier Peter Lougheed, and served in the office of federal Opposition leader Robert Stanfield, learning the inner workings of government (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky). Edgar Peter Lougheed, PC, CC, AOE, QC, (born July 26, 1928, in Calgary Alberta) is a Canadian Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Clark missed being elected to the Alberta Legislative Assembly in the 1971 provincial election. The Legislative Assembly of Alberta is one of two components of the Legislature of Alberta, the other being the Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta. The Alberta general election of 1971 was the seventeenth general election for the Province of Alberta, Canada. However, he ran in the federal election held a year later, and was elected to Parliament as the MP for Rocky Mountain, a largely rural riding in southwestern Alberta. The Canadian federal election of 1972 was held on October 30 1972 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 29th Parliament of Canada For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Rocky Mountain (electoral district ---> Rocky Mountain was a federal electoral

Clark was the first Canadian politician to take a strong stand for decriminalization of marijuana in Canada, and for a guaranteed minimum income for everyone — both positions characteristic of the Red Tories. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a Guaranteed minimum income (GMI is a proposed system of Social welfare provision that guarantees that all Citizens or families have an income sufficient Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy tradition and disposition in Canada. In many ways his social liberalism was as bold in the 1970s as Trudeau's was in the 1960s. This however put Clark at odds with the right-wing members of his caucus. In particular, during the 1979 election when Clark's riding was merged into the riding of another Tory MP during a redistribution of ridings, the other MP refused to step aside (even though Clark was now party leader), forcing Clark to run in nearby Yellowhead. Yellowhead is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1979

Progressive Conservative leadership convention 1976

Following the resignation of PC party leader Robert Stanfield, Clark sought and won the leadership of the PC Party at the 1976 leadership convention. Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia The 1976 leadership convention of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was held in Ottawa on February 22 1976, to elect a leader to replace Initially, the favorite among Red Tories was Flora MacDonald; however she did worse than expected while Clark placed a surprising third in a field of eleven on the first ballot of convention delegates, behind Claude Wagner and Brian Mulroney. Red Tory is a term given to a political philosophy tradition and disposition in Canada. For the Scottish Jacobite heroine see Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite Flora Isabel MacDonald, P Claude Wagner PC, QC, BA, BPh, BCI ( April 4, 1925 - July 11, 1979) was a Judge Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth MacDonald dropped off after the second ballot, encouraging her supporters to support Clark who quickly became the compromise Red Tory candidate. The party's right-wing rallied behind Wagner. Mulroney, a Quebec businessman with no elected political experience, was unable to expand his base of support significantly. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Many delegates were offended by his expensive leadership campaign. As other Red Tory candidates were eliminated during the first four ballots, Clark gradually overtook Mulroney and then Wagner to emerge as the victor on the fourth ballot, by 1,187 votes to 1,122 (Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, 1991, pp. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques 312-313).

Opposition Leader, 1976-79

Joe Clark's rapid rise from a relatively unknown Alberta MP to the Leader of the Opposition took much of Canada by surprise. The Toronto Star announced Clark's victory with a headline that read "Joe Who?" giving Clark a nickname that stuck for years. The Toronto Star is Canada 's highest-circulation newspaper though its print edition is distributed almost entirely within the province of Ontario. Much joking was made of Clark's clumsiness and awkward mannerisms. Skinny and tall, he became a frequent target for editorial cartoonists, who delighted in portraying him as a sort of walking candy apple, with an enormous head and floppy dog-like ears. An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws Cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary Initially, it seemed unlikely that a man that was the source of so much mockery could ever hope to compete against the confident and intellectual Pierre Trudeau. It also did not help that the Progressive Conservatives lost a string of by-elections on May 24, 1977. The 30th Canadian Parliament was in session from September 30, 1974 until March 26, 1979.

However, Clark remained belligerent in his attacks on the Trudeau government, angrily clashing with the prime minister in Parliament. He hired experienced staffers such as Lowell Murray, Duncan Edmonds, and William Neville, who shaped his policies and ran his office efficiently. Lowell Murray, PC (born 26 September 1936) in New Waterford, Nova Scotia, Canada is a Senator and long time Duncan Edmonds (born 1936 is a Canadian businessman politician consultant Lobbyist, university professor and writer He improved his party's standing in national opinion polls. Clark worked very hard, and gradually earned the respect of most people, including his own caucus, by presenting a series of well thought out speeches and questions in Parliament. He benefited when live television came to the House of Commons in 1977, allowing viewers to see that he was evolving into a real rival for Trudeau (Joe Clark: A Portrait, by David L. Humphreys,1978).

1979 election

Large budget deficits, high inflation, and high unemployment made the Liberal government unpopular. Trudeau had put off asking the Governor General to call an election as long as possible in the hope that his party could recover popular support but it backfired, as there was growing public antipathy towards his perceived arrogance. The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 31st Parliament Clark campaigned on the slogans, "Let's get Canada working again," and "It's time for a change - give the future a chance!"

In the latter half of the campaign, the Liberals focused their attacks on Clark's perceived inexperience. Their advertisements claimed "This is no time for on-the-job training," and "We need tough leadership to keep Canada growing. A leader must be a leader. " Clark played into their hands by appearing bumbling and unsure in public.

When Clark undertook a tour of the Middle East in order to show his ability to handle foreign affairs issues, his luggage was lost, and Clark appeared to be uncomfortable with the issues being discussed. That incident was widely lampooned by Toronto Sun cartoonist Andy Donato, who frequently portrayed Clark as wearing children's mittens (attached to his suit with idiot strings). The Toronto Sun is an English language daily tabloid Newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Andy Donato (1937 -) was an Editorial cartoonist for the Toronto Sun newspaper chain During the same tour, while inspecting a military honour guard, Clark turned too soon and nearly bumped into a soldier's bayonet; one of the first major media reports on the incident hyperbolically claimed that he had nearly been beheaded. An honor guard, or ceremonial guard, is a ceremonial escort often military in nature usually composed of volunteers who are carefully screened for their ability and physical A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a Knife - Dagger - or spike-shaped Weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle

Clark was bilingual but the PC party was also unable to make much headway in Quebec, which continued to be federally dominated by the Liberals. While Clark's 1976 leadership rivals were prominent in that province, Claude Wagner had left politics and recently passed away, while Brian Mulroney was still bitter about his loss and turned down an offer to serve under Clark. Claude Wagner PC, QC, BA, BPh, BCI ( April 4, 1925 - July 11, 1979) was a Judge Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth

Nonetheless, Clark's Progressive Conservatives won 136 seats to end sixteen continuous years of Liberal rule, falling just short of a majority as they could only get two seats in Quebec. The Progressive Conservatives had also won the popular vote in seven provinces. The Liberals lost 27 seats, including several high-profile cabinet ministers, and Trudeau announced his intention to step down as party leader.

Prime Minister

On June 4, 1979, the day before his 40th birthday, Clark was sworn in as Canada's youngest prime minister, after defeating the Liberal Party in the May 1979 general election. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The Canadian federal election of 1979 was held on May 22, 1979 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 31st Parliament Clark was the first Progressive Conservative to head Canada's federal government since the defeat of John Diefenbaker in the 1963 election. The Canadian federal election of 1963 was held on April 8 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 26th Parliament of Canada He was also the first Alberta-based prime minister since Richard Bennett (and the last until the 2006 election of Stephen Harper). Richard Bedford Bennett 1st Viscount Bennett PC KC ( July 3, 1870 &ndash June 26, 1947) was a Canadian WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC

With a minority government in the House of Commons, Clark had to rely on the support of the Social Credit Party, with its six seats, or the New Democratic Party (NDP), with its 26 seats. A minority government or a minority cabinet is a Cabinet of a Parliamentary system formed when the governing Political party or The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and The Social Credit Party of Canada ( French: Parti Crédit social du Canada) was a conservative - Populist political party in Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots At the time, Opposition leader Trudeau said that he would allow the Progressive Conservatives a chance to govern, though he warned the Prime Minister against dismantling Petro-Canada, which was unpopular in Clark's home province of Alberta. In Canada Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition ( French: L'Opposition Loyale de Sa Majesté) commonly known as the Official Opposition, is usually Petro-Canada () is a Canadian oil and gas firm Its headquarters are in the Petro-Canada Centre in Calgary, Alberta ^[1]

Social Credit was below the 12 seats needed for official party status in the House of Commons. Official party status refers to the Canadian practice of recognizing political parties in the Parliament of Canada. However, the six seats would have been just enough to give Clark's government a majority had the Progressive Conservatives formed a coalition government with Social Credit, or had the two parties otherwise agreed to work together. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate Clark managed to lure Socred MP Richard Janelle to the government caucus but this still left the PCs short. Richard Janelle (born 13 November 1947 in Warwick Quebec) was a member of the Canadian House of Commons. Clark however declared that he would govern as if he had a majority,^[2] and refused to grant the small Social Credit caucus official party status or form a coalition or co-operate with the party in any way.

Clark was unable to accomplish much in office, due to his tenuous minority situation. Though the election had been held in May, Parliament did not resume sitting until October, one of the longest break periods in Confederation. ^[3] The gas tax in the budget soured Clark's relationship with Ontario Premier Bill Davis, even though both were Red Tories and both were Progressive Conservatives. William Grenville "Bill" Davis, PC, CC, OOnt, QC (born July 30, 1929 in Brampton Ontario) was Even before the budget, the government was criticized for its perceived inexperience, such as in its handling of its campaign commitment to move Canada's embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the

Internationally, Clark represented Canada in June 1979 at the 5th G7 summit in Tokyo. The 5th G7 Summit was held at Tokyo Japan between June 28th and 29th 1979 officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Compared to his predecessor as Prime Minister, Clark reportedly had a better relationship with US President Jimmy Carter, who phoned Clark to wish him luck in the upcoming 1980 election. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament

Fall of government

During the 1979 election campaign, Clark had promised to cut taxes to stimulate the economy. However, once in office he adopted a budget designed to curb inflation by slowing economic activity, and also proposed an 18 cent per Imperial gallon tax on gasoline in order to reduce the budgetary deficit. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of units first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824 Finance Minister John Crosbie touted the budget as "short term pain for long term gain. The Minister of Finance (Ministre des Finances is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible each year for presenting the federal government's John Carnell Crosbie PC OC QC ONL (born January 30, 1931) is a retired provincial and federal " Though Clark had hoped this change in policy would work to his advantage, it actually earned him widespread animosity as a politician who could not keep his promises, even in such a short period.

Clark's refusal to work with the Socreds, combined with the 18 cent gas tax, led to the defeat of the government in the House of Commons in December 1979. NDP Finance Critic Bob Rae attached a rider to a budget bill declaring that "this House has lost confidence in the government. Robert Keith "Bob" Rae PC OC QC OOnt MP (born August 2, 1948) is a Canadian A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion " The five Socred MPs had demanded the tax revenues be allocated to Quebec and when that was turned down, they abstained, which ensured the vote's passage on a 139-133 margin.

Clark was criticized for his "inability to do math" in failing to predict the outcome, not only because he was a minority situation, but also because several members of his caucus would be absent for the crucial budget vote, as one was ill and two were stuck abroad on official business. The Liberals by contrast had assembled their entire caucus, save one, for the occasion, with two of their MPs being taken by ambulances from hospitals to Parliament Hill so they could vote. ^[4]

Clark's government would last a total of 9 months less a day, as it was defeated in the 1980 election. As Clark's Finance Minister, John Crosbie famously described it in his own inimitable way: "Long enough to conceive, just not long enough to deliver. "

1980 Election

The collapse was partially welcomed by the PC Party. When a new election was called, Clark expected his party would be able to defeat the demoralized and leaderless Liberals easily, since Trudeau announced his intention to step aside. However, the Progressive Conservatives had misjudged the electorate since they did not commission any polls after August. A November Gallup poll published eight days before the December 11 budget reported that their popularity down from 36% during the summer to 28%, with the party 19 points behind the Liberals, giving the latter the popular support to initiate the non-confidence motion. ^[5] After the government fell, Clark's party was caught off guard when Pierre Trudeau quickly rescinded his resignation from the Liberal leadership (as no convention had been held) to lead his party into the subsequent election.

Clark's Tories campaigned under the slogan, "Real change deserves a fair chance," but the broken promises were still fresh in voters' minds. Progressive Conservative Premier Bill Davis's criticism of the gas tax was used in the Liberals' Ontario television ads, and the swing in support from the Tories to the Liberals in that province proved to be decisive in the campaign. William Grenville "Bill" Davis, PC, CC, OOnt, QC (born July 30, 1929 in Brampton Ontario) was Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Trudeau's Liberals swept his party back into power in the February 1980 election with 146 seats, against 103 for the Progressive Conservatives. The Canadian federal election of 1980 was held on February 18, 1980 to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 32nd Parliament

Supreme Court appointments

Clark chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:

• Julien Chouinard (September 24, 1979 – February 6, 1987)

Relationship between Trudeau and Clark

Trudeau commented in his memoirs that Clark was much more tough and aggressive than past Tory leader Robert Stanfield, noting that those qualities served Clark well in his party winning the 1979 election victory. The Supreme Court of Canada ( French: Cour suprême du Canada) is the highest court of Canada and is the final court of appeal in the Canadian The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Julien Chouinard OC ( February 4, 1929 &ndash February 6, 1987) was a Canadian lawyer civil servant and Puisne Justice Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia However, Trudeau also complimented Clark as a respectable leader and a better choice over Brian Mulroney, who had defeated Clark at the leadership convention 1983. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth The 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership convention was held on June 11 1983 in Ottawa, Ontario to elect a leader of the Progressive When Mulroney took over the reins of the Progressive Conservatives, Trudeau's Liberals attacked them with the slogan "Bring back Joe!", taking aim at how the Tories had replaced their proven leader with an unknown. In contrast to Clark, Trudeau and Mulroney had become bitter enemies over the Meech Lake Accord, despite never having fought an election. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial

At Trudeau's funeral in 2000, his son Justin Trudeau related a story in which he had told a joke about one of his father's chief rivals, and his father had corrected him, lecturing him sternly on how it was wrong to insult someone just because they disagreed. The death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau took place in September 2000 Justin Trudeau (born December 25, 1971 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) is the eldest son of the late former Canadian Prime At this point in the ceremony, the CBC cut to an image of Clark, leading many to believe that Justin's joke had been about Clark.

Opposition leader 1980-83

Opposition to Clark's leadership began to grow after the fall of the PC minority government, and the party's defeat by a resurgent Liberal Party. There were frequent rumors that several potential challengers were covertly undermining Clark's leadership; though in 1982 Brian Mulroney appeared at a press conference with Clark to say that he was not seeking the leadership of the PC party. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth

The Liberal Party had regained national prominence by leading the "No" side to victory in the 1980 Quebec referendum and the Constitution patriation. The 1980 Quebec referendum was the first Referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty Reference re a Resolution to amend the Constitution, 1 SCR 753 &ndash also known as the Patriation Reference &ndash is a historic Supreme Court of Canada While Trudeau's National Energy Program was hugely unpopular in Western Canada, especially Alberta, it was able to shore up Liberal support in the voter-rich Eastern Canada, particularly Ontario and Quebec, generally having the opposite effect of Clark's proposed gas tax. The National Energy Program ( NEP) was an energy policy of the Government of Canada. Western Canada, commonly referred to as the West, is a region of Canada normally including all parts of Canada west of the province Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Difficult budgets and the economic recession resulted in Trudeau's approval ratings declining after the bounce from the 1982 Constitution patriation and showed his party headed for certain defeat by early 1984, prompting him to retire. However, Clark was unable to stay on as Progressive Conservative leader long enough for that to happen.

At the party's 1981 convention, 33. 5% of the delegates supported a leadership review; they felt that Clark would not be able to lead the party to victory again. At the January, 1983, convention in Winnipeg, 33. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population 1% supported a review, even though the governing Liberals were slipping in polls. The fact that Clark had been able to increase his support among party members by only 0. 4% was likely a contributing factor to his decision to resign as leader and seek a renewed mandate from the membership through a leadership convention.

1983 Leadership convention

In 1983, after declaring that an endorsement by 66. 9% of delegates at the party's biennial convention was not enough, Clark called a leadership convention to decide the issue. The 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership convention was held on June 11 1983 in Ottawa, Ontario to elect a leader of the Progressive (In December 2007, German-Canadian businessman and lobbyist Karlheinz Schreiber told the House of Commons Ethics Committee that he and other Germans, including Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss, and Austrian-Canadian entrepreneur Walter Wolf, had contributed significant funds to finance Quebec delegates to vote against Clark at Winnipeg, denying him the mandate he sought. Karlheinz Schreiber (born March 25, 1934 in Petersdorf (Thüringen) a German -born Canadian citizen who is a Lobbyist, Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Franz Josef Strauss (Franz Josef Strauß (fʁants jozɛf ʃtraʊs ( September 6, 1915 – October 3, 1988) was a German Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk A public inquiry on these matters, and on other dealings between Mulroney and Schreiber, has been called for early 2008 by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. A public inquiry is an official Review of events or actions ordered by a country's state's or province's government WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC )

Clark became a leadership candidate, and retained support from most of the Red Tories and other party members who were opposed to the public attacks on Clark's leadership by others in the party. In a rematch of the 1976 convention, Mulroney emerged as the main challenger, gaining the support of the party's right wing who viewed Clark as too progressive and opposed his continued leadership. Other party members felt that the federal Liberal Party's stranglehold on Quebec seats could only be broken by a native from that province, which gave Mulroney considerable support. Several candidates agreed to a "ABC" (Anybody But Clark) strategy for the convention and when news of that back-room deal broke out, support was expected to rally around the party's embattled leader. During delegate voting, Clark led on the first three ballots but his vote total was far short of the 50% required and it dwindled as the convention progressed. He was defeated on the fourth ballot, though he urged his supporters to unite, and agreed to serve under Mulroney.

Many political observers and analysts have questioned Clark's rationale for the decision. One famous incident involved a 1987 state dinner held for Prince Charles. The Prince, who was seated next to Clark at the function, asked him "why 66 percent was not enough?" Clark's wife, Maureen McTeer, elaborated on Clark's decision in her 2003 autobiography, In My Own Name. Maureen Anne McTeer (born February 27, 1952) is an Author and a Lawyer, and the wife of Joe Clark, the 16th Prime Minister of McTeer suggested that for her husband, anything less than a 75% endorsement would not have been a clear enough mandate to forge onwards from the party membership. Clark feared that the 34% of PC members who did not support him would become his most vocal critics in the upcoming election campaign and his continued leadership would have led to fractures in the party. Clark was convinced that he could win another leadership race and gain a clear level of support once his qualities were compared against the handful of politically inexperienced challengers who coveted his position and who were covertly undermining his leadership.

Under Mulroney

Secretary of State for External Affairs

The Progressive Conservatives, led by Mulroney, went on to win a huge victory in the 1984 election, and Mulroney became prime minister. The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 33rd Parliament

Despite their personal differences, Clark ably served in Mulroney's cabinet as Secretary of State for External Affairs. Canada 's Secretary of State for External Affairs was from 1909 to 1993 the member of the Cabinet of Canada responsible for overseeing the federal government's Along with Arthur Meighen, Clark is one of two former Prime Ministers who have returned to prominent roles in Parliament. Arthur Meighen (ˈmiən PC, QC ( June 16, 1874 – August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada Clark is the only ex-PM to subsequently serve as a cabinet minister, and he earned much more respect in his latter role.

Some of Clark's accomplishments and bold moves in this role included:

• convincing Mulroney to recommend the appointment of Stephen Lewis as Canada's ambassador to the United Nations — who later became the UN special envoy on the AIDS crisis; many believe Lewis' appointment was Clark's price to serve under Mulroney
• in 1984, being the very first developed nation foreign affairs minister to land in previously-isolated Ethiopia to lead the Western response to the 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia; Clark landed in Addis Ababa so quickly he had not even seen the initial Canadian Broadcasting Corporation report that had created the initial and strong public reaction; Canada's response was overwhelming and led the US and Britain to follow suit almost immediately — an unprecedented situation in foreign affairs to that time, since Ethiopia had a Marxist one-party state and had previously been wholly isolated by "the West"
• issued a public rebuke to the Canadian Jewish Congress at its annual policy convention for its unconditional stance of supporting the State of Israel in the 1982 Lebanon War, regardless of what Israel had done. This article is about the Canadian politician and broadcaster The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page The 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia were two famines that occurred simultaneously in Ethiopia, of which the northern is the most prominent Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Canadian Jewish Congress is an umbrella group of Jewish organizations in Canada and constitutes one of the main lobby groups for the Jewish community in the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The 1982 Lebanon War (מלחמת לבנון Milhemet Levanon) (الإجتياح Al-Ijtīāḥ, "the invasion" called by Israel the Operation Peace ^[6]
• taking a strong stand against apartheid and for economic sanctions against South Africa at a time when Mulroney allies Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher opposed such sanctions
• taking a strong stand against American intervention in Nicaragua
• accepting refugees from El Salvador and Guatemala
• managing nonetheless to maintain extremely strong ties with the US and deep coordination where Canada and the US agreed, helping steer the North American Free Trade Agreement negotiations to a final agreement

During his term as External Affairs minister, Clark championed Canada's unabashed disapproval of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries on another for a variety of reasons The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Guatemala (República de Guatemala) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west the Pacific Ocean to the southwest Canada was the only G7 nation to take such a resolute stance against the apartheid regime during the 1980s. The G7 (also known as the G-7 or Group of Seven) is the meeting of the Finance ministers from a group of seven industrialized nations He also took on the difficult Constitution ministerial portfolio after the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and vigorously pursued his task. The Meech Lake Accord was a set of failed amendments to the Constitution of Canada negotiated in 1987 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the provincial

He maintained Canada's independent voice politically and socially at a time of increasing economic integration with the US and the rise of more socially conservative right-wing politics there. In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities

Minister of Constitutional Affairs

Clark later served as the President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. In the Canadian cabinet the President of The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (President du Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada is nominally in charge of the Privy

With Quebec's constitutional status within Canada a rising issue, he shifted to become the minister responsible for constitutional affairs. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some The Minister of Constitutional Affairs was the Canadian cabinet minister responsible for constitutional affairs The latter position saw him play a leading role in the drafting of the Charlottetown Accord, which was decisively rejected in a nationwide referendum and further hurt the standing of the PC party in polls. The Charlottetown Accord was a package of constitutional amendments proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992.

First Canadian political retirement

He retired from politics in 1993, side-stepping the near annihilation of the PC party in the 1993 election under the leadership of Mulroney's successor Kim Campbell. The Canadian federal election of 1993 (officially the 35th general election) was held on October 25 of that year to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons Avril Phaedra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC, CC, QC, (born March 10, 1947) was the nineteenth Prime Minister of Canada

Clark was appointed as Special Representative to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Cyprus from 1993-1996. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía In 1993, he founded his own consulting firm, Joe Clark and Associates, Ltd. , which he still heads. Clark has also served on the boards of directors or advisory boards of several Canadian companies.

In 1994, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Also in 1994, he wrote the book A Nation Too Good To Lose: Renewing The Purpose Of Canada. This book was also published in a French translation.

The 1995 Quebec referendum saw the federal side win by under one percent of the vote. The 1995 Quebec referendum was the second Referendum to ask voters in the Canadian province of Quebec whether Quebec should It was widely seen as being the failure of the Charlottetown and prior Meech Lake accords that had caused it to be so close. Meech Lake is located within Gatineau Park in the Municipality of Chelsea, Quebec, Canada (about 20 km NW of Gatineau)

Mulroney's attitude to Clark

Although Clark and Mulroney had long been perceived as bitter opponents, Mulroney's speech at the 2003 PC leadership convention praised Clark as an honest and admirable leader who had the distinction of being the only prime minister in recent memory who, even when he failed, was always respected, and never hated, by the Canadian public. The 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership convention was held on May 31, 2003 to elect a leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. At the time of his retirement polls showed that he was in fact the single most trusted political personality in Canada. The publication of The Secret Mulroney Tapes shows that Mulroney continued to hold negative feelings towards Clark during the 1980's and 90's. The Secret Mulroney Tapes Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister is a controversial Biography of former Canadian Prime Minister Brian

Progressive Conservative leadership, 1998-2003

One of the two PC candidates to survive the 1993 wipe-out, Jean Charest, became leader of the PC party following Campbell's resignation. John James Charest PC MNA (known as Jean Charest) ʒɑ̃ ʃɑʀe (born June 24, 1958) is a Canadian After leading the party to a modest resurgence in the 1997 election, winning 20 seats, Charest bowed to tremendous public pressure and left federal politics to become leader of the Parti libéral du Québec (unaffiliated with the federal Liberals). The Canadian federal election of 1997 was held on June 2, 1997, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 36th Parliament of The Quebec Liberal Party, (or PLQ) is a liberal Political party in the Canadian province of Quebec. The Liberal Party of Canada ( Parti libéral du Canada) colloquially known as the Grits (originally " Clear Grits " is a major Canadian political The party had no obvious candidate to fill Charest's shoes, and turned to Clark once again in 1998. He was elected by a teleconference of PC members from around the country in which each of the party's riding associations was allocated 100 points. In Canadian politics a riding association (association de comté officially called an electoral district association ( association de circonscription) The points for each were riding were then assigned on the basis of each candidate's share of votes within each riding association.

Clark was elected as Member of Parliament for Kings—Hants, Nova Scotia, in a by-election on September 11, 2000, after the incumbent MP, Scott Brison, stood down in his favour. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Kings—Hants (formerly Annapolis Valley—Hants) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Scott A Brison, PC, MP (born 10 May 1967, Windsor Nova Scotia) is a Canadian Politician. This is common practice when a newly elected party leader doesn't already have a seat in Parliament. For the general election held two months later, Clark yielded Kings-Hants back to Brison and was elected as the MP for Calgary Centre, deep in the heart of Canadian Alliance territory. The 2000 Canadian federal election was held on November 27, 2000, to elect 301 Members of Parliament of the Canadian House of Commons of Calgary Centre (formerly known as Calgary South Centre) is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in The Canadian Alliance (in French Alliance Canadienne) formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (or in French Alliance réformiste-conservateur

Clark ran on his previous experience as Prime Minister and External Affairs Minister. However, he faced a difficult task, with critics and opponents attacking him and the PC Party as a "vote for the past. " Jean Chrétien's governing Liberals were running on their successful economic record, and they were poised to regain the support that they lost in 1997, threatening the PC's 1997 gains in Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic provinces. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Clark was judged by audiences to be the best speaker during the 2000 election debates. The party lost seats to the Liberals, though it managed to hang on to the minimum 12 seats necessary to be recognized in the House of Commons as an official party and therefore qualify for research funding, committee memberships, and minimum speaking privileges. Aside from Clark's Calgary seat (one of only three Alberta seats that did not go to the Canadian Alliance), and one each in Manitoba and Quebec, the party's seats were concentrated in Tory bastions in the Atlantic provinces. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Clark continually promoted the idea that the PCs would eventually retake Ontario and form a federal government again. His vision for the party was one that was to the left of the Alliance, but to the right of the Liberals.

He soon realized that there was no chance of dislodging the Liberals as long as the centre-right remained split. However, he wanted a merger on his terms. He got his chance in 2001, when several dissident Alliance MPs, the most prominent one being Alliance deputy leader and party matriarch Deborah Grey, left the Alliance caucus. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Deborah Cleland Grey, OC, sometimes called Deb Grey (born July 1, 1952) is a prominent former Canadian Member of Parliament The dissidents felt that Alliance leader Stockwell Day hadn't learned from mistakes made in the last election. Stockwell Burt Day Jr, PC, MP (born August 16, 1950 in Barrie Ontario) is a Canadian Politician and While some of them rejoined the Alliance later, seven of them, led by Chuck Strahl of British Columbia and including Grey, refused and formed the Democratic Representative Caucus. Charles Strahl, PC, MP (born February 25, 1957 in New Westminster, British Columbia) is a politician in British The Democratic Representative Caucus was a group of Canadian Members of Parliament who left the Canadian Alliance in 2001 in protest against the leadership The DRC quickly entered a coalition with the Progressive Conservatives. Clark served as leader of the joint PC-DRC caucus.

This lasted until 2002, when Stephen Harper ousted Day as Alliance leader. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Harper wanted a closer union with the PCs, but Clark turned the offer down in April, 2002, and all but two of the DRC members rejoined the Alliance. One of the two, Inky Mark, eventually joined the PCs. Inky Mark (麥鼎鴻 Pinyin: Mài Dǐnghóng (born November 17 1947) is a Canadian politician and a current member of the Canadian Two by-election victories later in 2002 increased the PC caucus to 15 members and fourth place in the Commons.

Clark was selected by the media and many parliamentarians for three years in a row to be Canada's most effective opposition leader between 2000 and 2002, pursuing the Liberal government on issues such as Shawinigate and the Groupaction scandal. Shawinigate was a 1990s Canadian political scandal in which Prime Minister Jean Chrétien was accused of profiting from Real estate deals and Groupaction Inc is a Canadian Advertising agency at the centre of the 2004 Canadian sponsorship scandal. In his final mandate, Jean Chrétien repeatedly referred to Clark as the Leader of the Opposition (Clark wasn't), much to the chagrin of the Canadian Alliance politicians who occupied the Opposition Leader's chair during the same period. Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Indeed, Chretien and Clark had been fellow parliamentarians since the 1970s and they shared a mutual respect despite sitting on opposite benches.

Clark's personal popularity grew as, once again, scandal enveloped Chrétien's Liberal government. Clark was widely trusted by Canadians, but this, in his own words, did not translate into more votes and additional seats. Citing this, Clark announced his intention to step down as PC leader on August 6, 2002, at the PC Party's Edmonton policy convention. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. It was expected that a pro-Alliance merger candidate would succeed Clark, but Clark was instead replaced by Peter MacKay on May 31, 2003. Peter Gordon MacKay, PC, QC, MP (born September 27, 1965) serves as the Member of Parliament (MP for Central Nova Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. MacKay had signed a controversial deal with Red Tory rival David Orchard, promising not to merge the PC Party with the Alliance. David Orchard (born June 28, 1950, in Borden, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian political figure member of the Liberal Party of Canada Clark had always encouraged MacKay to keep Orchard and his followers within the PC camp.

MacKay immediately reversed his position on seeking a merger, and in 2003, 90% of PC Party delegates voted in favor of a merger with the Canadian Alliance. Orchard unsuccessfully tried to block the merger and later joined the Liberal Party.

Legacy of second PC leadership

Overall, Clark's efforts to rebuild the PC party had mixed results. In May 2003, the party finally overtook the New Democratic Party as the fourth-largest party in the House of Commons, after successful by-election wins in Newfoundland and Labrador and Ontario. Principles policies and electoral achievement The NDP grew from populist, agrarian and democratic socialist roots Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Many of his supporters have suggested his actions helped sustain the relevance of the weakened Progressive Conservative Party during some of its toughest years when its national alternative status was seriously challenged by the prairie populism of Preston Manning and the Reform Party of Canada and the social conservatism of Stockwell Day and the Canadian Alliance. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political Ernest Preston Manning, CC (born June 10, 1942, in Edmonton Alberta) is a Right-wing populist Canadian politician The Reform Party of Canada ( Parti réformiste du Canada) was a Canadian federal Political party that existed from 1987 to 2000 Social conservatism is a political or moral ideology that affirms the government's role in encouraging or enforcing traditional values or behaviors in the belief that these are what Stockwell Burt Day Jr, PC, MP (born August 16, 1950 in Barrie Ontario) is a Canadian Politician and

At the same time, the party was still $10 million in debt from the 2000 election. The PC Party's membership had also dropped from 100,000 in 1998 to 45,000 card carrying PCs in May 2003. ^[7] Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservatives was also the subject of criticism from many United Alternative supporters, who argued that his staunch opposition to a merger with the Reform/Alliance parties helped divide the "conservative" vote during the tenure of Jean Chrétien. Unite the Right, also called the United Alternative, was a Canadian Political movement from 1997 to 2003 Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Some critics accused Clark of being more interested in helping the interests of his own party and own career than the Canadian conservative movement in general. Others attacked Clark's goal of the PC party regaining its former power as unrealistic.

From a historical perspective, it could be argued that Clark's five year long second leadership and consistent opposition to a merger with the Reform/Alliance was necessary for the latter to water-down its more right-wing policies. This process began with Preston Manning's decision to pursue the United Alternative in 1998, Reform's demise and the Canadian Alliance's rocky birth under Stockwell Day in 2000, and Stephen Harper's policy conventions of 2003 that blurred the policy differences between the Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives. Ernest Preston Manning, CC (born June 10, 1942, in Edmonton Alberta) is a Right-wing populist Canadian politician Unite the Right, also called the United Alternative, was a Canadian Political movement from 1997 to 2003 Stockwell Burt Day Jr, PC, MP (born August 16, 1950 in Barrie Ontario) is a Canadian Politician and WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC Clark's staunch opposition to serious merger talks inadvertently gave Harper 18 months to consolidate power and gain control of the unwieldy Alliance parliamentary caucus and its divided membership, instead of spending that time to promote a merger with Clark's PCs.

Progressive Conservative/Canadian Alliance merger

On December 8, 2003, the day that the PC Party and the Canadian Alliance were dissolved and the new Conservative Party of Canada registered, Clark was one of three MPs — the other two were André Bachand and John Herron — to announce that they would not join the new caucus. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Canadian Alliance (in French Alliance Canadienne) formally the Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance (or in French Alliance réformiste-conservateur The Conservative Party of Canada ( Parti conservateur du Canada) colloquially known as the " Tories " is a conservative Not to be confused with André Bachand, Liberal MP from Missisquoi André Bachand (born December 8, 1961 in John Herron (born October 21, 1964) is a former Canadian politician MP Scott Brison had already joined the Liberals. Scott A Brison, PC, MP (born 10 May 1967, Windsor Nova Scotia) is a Canadian Politician.

Clark announced that he would continue to sit for the remainder of the session as a Progressive Conservative MP, and retired from Parliament at the end of the session. The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario.

Later, Clark openly criticized the new Conservative Party in the run-up to the 2004 election. The Canadian federal election 2004 (more formally the 38th General Election) was held on June 28, 2004 to elect members of the Canadian House of He gave a luke-warm endorsement to the Liberal leader, Paul Martin, saying that Canadians should trust "the devil they know" over Stephen Harper. Paul Edgar Philippe Martin. PC, MP (also known as Paul Martin Jr WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Honorific prefixes --> Stephen Joseph Harper PC He criticized the new Conservative Party as an 'Alliance take-over', and speculated that eastern Canada would not accept the new party or its more socially conservative policies against gay marriage and abortion. Clark endorsed former NDP leader Ed Broadbent and other Liberals and Conservatives as individuals, saying that the most important thing was to have "the strongest possible Canadian House of Commons" since neither large party offered much hope. John Edward "Ed" Broadbent PC, CC (born March 21, 1936 in Oshawa, Ontario) is a Canadian Social The House of Commons (Chambre des communes is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and Clark was criticized by some for dismissing the new Conservative Party outright rather than helping to steer it towards a moderate path.

Clark today

Clark continues to use his experience in foreign affairs. He was in Washington on January 20, 2005 at the second inauguration of U.S. President George W. Bush. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Inauguration Day is the day every four years on which the President of the United States is sworn in and takes office. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Before heading to the United States Capitol, he and Canada's ambassador to Washington, Michael Kergin, discussed the inaugural festivities with Arizona Senator John McCain at the Canadian Embassy in Washington. Michael Kergin (born 26 April 1942) is a Canadian career diplomat who has been a member of the foreign service in some capacity since 1967 when he joined The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Clark served as Public Policy Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. He served as Distinguished Statesman in Residence, School of International Service, and Senior Fellow, Center for North American Studies, both at the American University, Washington, D.C.. For other universities known as American University see American University (disambiguation. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D In addition to teaching classes at the American University in Washington, Clark has also written several op-ed pieces for several of Canada's national newspapers since his retirement. In October 2006, Clark took a position at McGill University as a Professor of Practice for Public-Private Sector Partnerships at the McGill Centre for Developing-Area Studies. He also serves with the Jimmy Carter Center, routinely traveling overseas as part of the centre's international observing activities. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Clark is a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to promote good governance around the world. The Global Leadership Foundation (GLF is an NGO founded in 2004 by former State President of South Africa and Nobel Prize laureate F ^[8]

Clark was attacked while walking down the street in Montreal in mid-November, 2007. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec The attacker first asked him if he was the former prime minister, and when Clark answered that he was, the man struck him and fled. Clark sustained a bloody nose but was not seriously hurt (The Globe and Mail, December 10, 2007, p. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities A4).

As of 2007, Clark has enjoyed the second longest retirement of any Canadian Prime Minister. If he lives past January 12, 2014 he will beat the current record holder, Arthur Meighen. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople 2014 ( MMXIV) will be a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Arthur Meighen (ˈmiən PC, QC ( June 16, 1874 – August 5, 1960) was the ninth Prime Minister of Canada

Clark never achieved the cult status of his predecessor Pierre Trudeau; nor did he win the massive majorities of Brian Mulroney, his successor as PC leader and prime minister. Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth But Clark, throughout his long political career, while he made some policy mistakes and a few political blunders, maintained a very high personal ethical standard, and was never involved in any personal political misdeeds or financial irregularities. The political writer John Sawatsky noted that Clark likely became Tory leader in 1976 at least five years too soon, as the demanding job did not tolerate mistakes^[9]. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques Yet Clark eventually thrived while experiencing adversity, growing in stature as opposition leader, and then further as a key cabinet minister serving under Mulroney.

Honours

As a former prime minister, Clark is entitled to carry "The Right Honourable" designation for life. Clark was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin He is a member of the Alberta Order of Excellence. The Alberta Order of Excellence is the highest award given in the Canadian province of Alberta. He was honoured as Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Pleiade from La Francophonie. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples He also holds the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal, 125th Anniversary of Confederation Medal Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, and the Alberta Centennial Medal. The Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal was a commemorative medal struck to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal was a commemorative medal struck by the Royal Canadian Mint to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Elizabeth's reign The Alberta Centennial Medal is a commemorative medal celebrating Alberta ’s first 100 years of Confederation. Clark was the first recipient of the Vimy Award. He is Honourary Chief Bald Eagle of the Samson Cree Nation. Not to be confused with the Creek. Cree is an Exonym applied to various people indigenous to North America namely the Nehiyaw Nehithaw Nehilaw

Clark has received honorary degrees from the University of New Brunswick, the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, Concordia University in Montreal, Grant MacEwan College, the University of King's College in Halifax, St. The University of New Brunswick ( UNB) is a Canadian university located in the province of New Brunswick. The University of Alberta (U of A is a public research University located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The University of Calgary is a research-intensive Public university in Calgary Alberta, Canada. Concordia University is a comprehensive Public university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Grant MacEwan College is an educational institution located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Thomas University of St. Paul, Minnesota, and the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, or SAIT (say-t as it's referred to locally is located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

In 2004, Clark's lifetime achievements were recognized with the Award for Excellence in the Cause of Parliamentary Democracy by Canada's Churchill Society for the Advancement of Parliamentary Democracy.

On Tuesday, May 27, 2008, Clark's official parliamentary portrait was unveiled during a reception ceremony to be hung in Center Bloc along side Canada's past prime ministers. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation.

Further reading

• Winners, Losers, by Patrick Brown (journalist), Rae Murphy, and Robert Chodos, 1976. Patrick Brown is a Canadian journalist based in and living in Beijing China.

• Joe Clark: A Portrait, by David L. Humphreys, Toronto 1978, Deneau and Greenberg Publishers Ltd. David L Humphreys (born Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1939 is a Canadian Journalist, Writer, Lobbyist, and consultant , ISBN 0-00-216169-9.

• Discipline of Power: the Conservative Interlude and the Liberal Restoration, by Jeffrey Simpson, Macmillan of Canada, 1984, ISBN 0920510248. Jeffrey Carl Simpson (born 1949 in New York City New York) is an influential Canadian journalist

• The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists, by John Sawatsky, 1987. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques

• Prime Ministers of Canada, by Jim Lotz, 1987.

• Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition, by John Sawatsky, Toronto 1991, MacFarlane, Walter, and Ross. John Sawatsky, born Ferdinand John Sawatzky in Winkler Manitoba, Canada in 1948 is an award-winning author journalist and expert on interviewing techniques

• A Nation Too Good To Lose: Renewing The Purpose Of Canada, by Joseph Clark, Toronto 1994, Key Porter Books, ISBN 1-55013-603-8.

• Right Honourable Men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, by Michael Bliss, 1994. Professor Michael Bliss CM, PhD, FRSC (born 1941 is a conservative Canadian historian and public intellectual considered

• The Prime Ministers of Canada, by Gordon Donaldson (journalist), 1997. Gordon Donaldson (1926-2001 was a Scottish - Canadian author and journalist

• Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders, by Norman Hillmer and J.L. Granatstein, 1999. Professor Norman Hillmer (born George Norman Hillmer is a leading Canadian Historian and is among the leading scholars on Canada-US relations Jack Lawrence Granatstein OC, FRSC (born 1939 is a Canadian Historian who specializes in political and Military history.

• Egotists and Autocrats: The Prime Ministers of Canada, by George Bowering, 1999. George Harry Bowering (born December 1, 1935) is a prolific Canadian Novelist, Poet, Historian, and Biographer

• Bastards and Boneheads: Canada's Glorious Leaders, Past and Present, by Will Ferguson, 1999. Will Ferguson (born William Stener Ferguson on October 12 1964 is a Canadian writer and novelist who is best known for his humorous observations on Canadian history

• In My Own Name, by Maureen McTeer, 2003. Maureen Anne McTeer (born February 27, 1952) is an Author and a Lawyer, and the wife of Joe Clark, the 16th Prime Minister of

References

External links

• Political biography from the Library of Parliament
• Order of Canada Citation
• CBC Digital Archives – The Man from High River: Joe Clark

Joe Clark shares a website with his wife Maureen McTeer, http://www.maureenmcteer.com.

Video links

• Joe Clark on The Hour

24th Ministry - Government of Brian Mulroney
Cabinet Posts (2)
Predecessor	Office	Successor
Don Mazankowski	President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (1991 – 1993)	Pierre Blais
Jean Chrétien	Secretary of State for External Affairs (1984 – 1991)	Barbara McDougall
Special Cabinet Responsibilities
Predecessor	Title	Successor
	Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs (1991 – 1993)
21st Ministry - Government of Joe Clark
Cabinet Posts (1)
Predecessor	Office	Successor
Pierre Trudeau	Prime Minister of Canada (1979 – 1980)	Pierre Trudeau
Party political offices
Preceded by Robert Stanfield	Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party 1976–1983	Succeeded by Erik Nielsen
Preceded by Elsie Wayne	Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party 1998–2003	Succeeded by Peter MacKay
Parliament of Canada
Preceded by Robert Stanfield	Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons 1976–1979	Succeeded by Pierre Trudeau
Preceded by Pierre Trudeau	Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons 1980–1983	Succeeded by Erik Nielsen
Preceded by Allen Sulatycky	Member of Parliament Rocky Mountain 1972–1979	Succeeded by District Abolished
Preceded by New District	Member of Parliament Yellowhead 1979–1993	Succeeded by Cliff Breitkreuz
Preceded by Scott Brison	Member of Parliament Kings—Hants 2000	Succeeded by Scott Brison
Preceded by Eric Lowther	Member of Parliament Calgary Centre 2000–2004	Succeeded by Lee Richardson

Persondata
NAME	Clark, Charles Joseph
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Clark, Joe
SHORT DESCRIPTION	15th Prime Minister of Canada (1979-1980)
DATE OF BIRTH	June 5, 1939
PLACE OF BIRTH	High River, Alberta
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth Donald Frank Mazankowski, PC, OC, AOE (born July 27, 1935, in Viking Alberta) was a Canadian politician who In the Canadian cabinet the President of The Queen's Privy Council for Canada (President du Conseil privé de la Reine pour le Canada is nominally in charge of the Privy Pierre Blais, PC (born December 30 1948) is a Canadian Jurist and former politician and Cabinet minister Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien, (generally known as Jean Chrétien) (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician who was the twentieth Prime Canada 's Secretary of State for External Affairs was from 1909 to 1993 the member of the Cabinet of Canada responsible for overseeing the federal government's Barbara Jean McDougall, PC, OC, (born November 12, 1937, Toronto, Ontario) is a former Canadian Politician The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Erik Hersholt Nielsen, DFC, QC, PC ( February 24 1924 &ndash September 4, 2008) was a Canadian Elsie Eleanore Wayne (née Fairweather (born April 20, 1932 in Shediac New Brunswick) is a Canadian politician and a former Progressive The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada ( PC) ( Parti progressiste-conservateur du Canada) ( 1867 – 2003) was a Canadian Peter Gordon MacKay, PC, QC, MP (born September 27, 1965) serves as the Member of Parliament (MP for Central Nova The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. Robert Lorne Stanfield, PC, QC ( April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was Premier of Nova Scotia Erik Hersholt Nielsen, DFC, QC, PC ( February 24 1924 &ndash September 4, 2008) was a Canadian Allen B Sulatycky, (born June 13, 1938) is a Canadian judge and former politician A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. For the current|defunct federal|provincial electoral district see Rocky Mountain (electoral district ---> Rocky Mountain was a federal electoral A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Yellowhead is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1979 Clifford N Breitkreuz (born July 30, 1940 near Onoway, Alberta, Canada) Scott A Brison, PC, MP (born 10 May 1967, Windsor Nova Scotia) is a Canadian Politician. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Kings—Hants (formerly Annapolis Valley—Hants) is a federal electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that has been represented in the Scott A Brison, PC, MP (born 10 May 1967, Windsor Nova Scotia) is a Canadian Politician. Eric Lowther (born August 31, 1954 in Regina Saskatchewan) is a Canadian politician who represented the electoral district of A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Calgary Centre (formerly known as Calgary South Centre) is a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in Lee Richardson (born October 31, 1947 in North Battleford Saskatchewan) is a Canadian politician Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. High River is a town in southwestern Alberta, Canada with a population of 10716

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