| Jinan 济南 Jǐnán Shì |
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| — Sub-provincial city — | |
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  Jinan
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| Country | China |
| Province | Shandong |
| County-level divisions | 10 |
| Township divisions | 146 |
| Area | |
| - Total | 8,177 km² (3,157. A sub-provincial city ( Chinese: 副省级城市 (or deputy-provincial city in the People's Republic of China, is a Prefecture-level city Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 2 sq mi) |
| Population (2004) | |
| - Total | 5,900,000 |
| - Density | 721. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5/km² (1,868. 8/sq mi) |
| Time zone | China Standard Time (UTC+8) |
| Postal code | 250000 |
| Area code(s) | 531 |
| License plate prefixes | 鲁A |
| GDP (2006) | CNY 218. China standard time or Beijing time is the Time zone observed in the People's Republic of China ( PRC) UTC+8 is a band of Timezones separated from the Greenwich Mean Time by 8 hours The Postal code for the People's Republic of China uses a numeric six-digit System for the whole country A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks The Chinese Telephone Code Plan is the way to group telephone numbers in the mainland of the People's Republic of China. The People's Republic of China issues vehicles Licence plates at its Vehicle Management Offices under the administration of the Ministry of Public Security Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 51 billion |
| - per capita | CNY 37,035 |
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| Website: www.jinan.gov.cn (Chinese) | |
Jinan (simplified Chinese: 济南; traditional Chinese: 濟南; pinyin: Jǐnán; in some literatures the pinyin without tones is given as Ji'nan, to disambiguate from a possible misreading as Jin an) is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Shandong province, People's Republic of China, it is also called "The Spring City". A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or Salix matsudana ( Chinese Willow) is a species of Willow native to northwestern China. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also Nelumbo is a Genus of aquatic plants with large showy Water lily -like flowers commonly known as Lotus or sacred lotus Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use A sub-provincial city ( Chinese: 副省级城市 (or deputy-provincial city in the People's Republic of China, is a Prefecture-level city ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Located in western Shandong, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast and Tai'an to the south. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Liaocheng administers 8 county-level divisions, including 1 district, 1 County-level city Administration The Prefecture-level city of Dezhou administers 11 county-level divisions, including 1 district, 2 county-level cities Administration The Prefecture-level city of Binzhou administers 7 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 6 counties. Zibo ( is a Prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Laiwu ( is a Prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Tai'an administers 12 county-level divisions, including 2 districts, 2 county-level cities
Contents |
Administration
The sub-provincial city of Jinan administers 10 county-level divisions, including 6 districts, 1 county-level city and 3 counties. See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. A county-level city ( is a county-level administrative division of Mainland China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn)
- Licheng District (历城区)
- Lixia District (历下区)
- Shizhong District (市中区)
- Huaiying District (槐荫区)
- Tianqiao District (天桥区)
- Changqing District (长清区)
- Zhangqiu City (章丘市)
- Pingyin County (平阴县)
- Jiyang County (济阳县)
- Shanghe County (商河县)
These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions, including 65 towns, 27 townships and 54 subdistricts. Zhangqiu City (章丘市 Pinyin: Zhāngqīu Shì now called Mingshui City is a division of Jinan Sub-provincial city, Shandong Province Pingyin County ( is under the administration of Jinan, in Shandong Province See also Administrative divisions of the Republic of China Due to China 's large Population and area the political divisions of China have consisted When referring to Political Divisions of China, town is the standard English translation of the Chinese 鎮 (simplified 镇; pinyin zhèn Wade-Giles Township ( is the basic level of political divisions in China. Subdistrict is a low level Administrative division of a country
Geography and climate
Jinan is located in the north-western part of Shandong province at 36° 40′ northern latitude and 116° 57′ east of Greenwich. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. This article describes the unit of angle For other meanings see Degree. A minute of arc, arcminute, or MOA is a unit of angular measurement, equal to one sixtieth (1/60 of one degree. Latitude, usually denoted symbolically by the Greek letter phi ( Φ) gives the location of a place on Earth (or other planetary body north or south of the Greenwich ( ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ GREN-itch /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-idge or /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-idge is a district in south-east London, Because its location falls within the warm temperate continental monsoon climate zone, Jinan has four distinct seasons. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The city is dry and rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold in winter. The average annual temperature is 14. 2°C, and the annual rainfall is around 675 mm. January is the coldest and driest month, the monthly averages are -5. 4°C for the daily minimum temperature, 3. 6°C for the daily maximum temperature, and 6. 6 mm for the rainfall. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to July is the warmest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 23. 5°C, 32. 6°C, and 190. 9 mm (Source: The Global Historical Climatology Network, version 2 beta, covering 874 months between 1916 and 1990). The Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN is a database of Temperature, precipitation and Pressure records managed by the National Climatic
History
Jinan has been inhabited since more than 4000 years ago. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Chengziya (城子崖) in the eastern Zhangqiu City is where the Longshan Culture was first discovered in 1928. Zhangqiu City (章丘市 Pinyin: Zhāngqīu Shì now called Mingshui City is a division of Jinan Sub-provincial city, Shandong Province Longshan culture ( was a late Neolithic culture in China, centered on the central and lower Yellow River and dated from about 3000 BC to One of the unique features of Longshan Culture is the skill of pottery making, demonstrated in recovered black pottery relics - some of which are as thin as egg shells.
During the Spring and Autumn Period (722 B. The Spring and Autumn Period ( was a period in Chinese history which roughly corresponds to the first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (from the second half of the 8th century BC C. - 481 B. C. ) and Warring States Period (475 B. The Warring States Period ( also known as the Era of Warring States covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the C - 221 B. C. ), Jinan was split between two states - the state of Lu in the west and the state of Qi in the east. Lu ( was an ancient state in China during the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi ( 齊; Pinyin: Qí was a powerful state during the Spring and Autumn Period and Period of the Warring States. In 685 B. C. , the state of Qi started to build the Great Wall of Qi (齐长城) across Changqing county, and the wall still remains today and is open to tourists. The Great Wall of Qi ( Chinese: 齐长城 is the oldest existing great wall in China. Bian Que (扁鹊) From present-day Changqing County came the earliest Chinese doctor to appear in historical documents and the most famous one of his time. Bian Que ( Chinese: 扁鹊 Wade-Giles: Pien Ch'üeh the characters of his name are also often pronounced Bian Qiao, Wade-Giles Pien Ch'iao) Zou Yan (邹衍, 305 B. Zou Yan ( 305 BC - 240 BC was the representative thinker of the School of Yin-Yang (or School of Naturalists during the Hundred Schools of Thought era in Chinese C - 240 B. C) developed the concepts of Yin-Yang and Five Elements (阴阳五行说). In Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin and yang ( is used to describe how seemingly opposing forces are bound together intertwined and interdependent in the
In the Han Dynasty (206 B. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. C. - 220 A. D. ), Jinan was the capital of Kingdom of Jibei (济北国) and started to become the cultural and economic hub of the region. In 1995 and 1996, archaeologists from Shandong University excavated the tomb of Han Dynasty in Shuangru Mountain (双乳山汉墓) where the last king of Jibei Liu Kuan (刘宽) was buried. Shandong University ( Chinese: 山东大学 is one of the oldest and prestigious Universities in China. More than 2000 relics such as jade swords, jade masks, jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, showing off the wealth of the city during the period. Cao cao (曹操, 155 A. Cáo Cāo ( 曹[[wikt 操|操]] 155 &ndash March 15, 220) was a regional Warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the D - 220 A. D) was an official of Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of Han Dynasty. His son overthrew the last emperor of Han and founded the Wei Kingdom(220 A. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period D - 265 A. D) of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of
Since the 5th century, Buddhism has flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple (朗公寺) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive building of Buddhist architectures in the southern counties of Licheng and Changqing such as Lingyan Temple (灵岩寺) and Thousand-buddha Cliff (千佛崖).
Jinan remained the cultural center of the region during the Song Dynasty (960 A. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms D - 1279 A. D), and the two most important poets of Southern Song were both born in Jinan: Xin Qiji (辛弃疾, 1140 A. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms See also List of Chinese authors Zh-classical辛棄疾 D - 1207 A. D ), the famous patriotic poet who led the peasant rebellion against the Jurchen invasion in 1161 A. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu D. and Li Qingzhao (李清照, 1084 A. Li Qingzhao ( Traditional Chinese: 李清照 Simplified Chinese: 李清照 Pinyin: Lǐ Qīngzhào Wade-Giles: Li Ch'ing-chao (1084&ndashc D - 1151 A. D), the most famous female poet in Chinese history. Both of the poets lived in the same period when the Song Dynasty suffered major military setbacks against Jurchen invasion and lost almost half of the territories. Although well-known for their patriotism, the poets failed to persuade the government of Song Dynasty to stand up to the northern Jurchen Kingdom and recover the lost territories including Jinan. After retreating to southern China and realizing the incapabilities of their government, the poets started to write extensively and passionately about their hope of a stronger nation and recovery of lost lands. Many of their poems appeared in Chinese textbooks of later dynasties as well as the textbooks used today.
During the Jurchen and Mongolian occupation, culture in Jinan continued to thrive. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu The most famous artist of Yuan Dynasty, Zhao Mengfu (赵孟頫, 1254 A. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Zhao Mengfu ( 1254–1322 Courtesy name Ziang (子昂 Pseudonyms Songxue (松雪 "Pine Snow" Oubo (鸥波 "Gull D - 1322 A. D) was appointed as the governor of Jinan in 1293 A. D and spent three years in the city. Among the extraodinary art works he finished during his stay in Jinan, the best painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains" (鹊华秋色). Geographer Yu Qin (于钦, 1284 A. Yu Qin (于钦 1284 &ndash 1333 was a well-known Chinese geographer living in the Yuan Dynasty. D - 1333 A. D) was also an official of Jinan and finished the famous geography book Qi Cheng (齐乘) in Jinan. Qi Cheng (齐乘 is a famous Chinese geography book written by Yu Qin (于钦 1284 A
Economy
Jinan has a pool of high-quality labor resources. There are 18 universities and colleges in the city where more than 200,000 students are studying. Among the 200+ research institutes in the city, 10 are national laboratories.
The focus on technology intensive industries has transformed Jinan from a city supported by heavy industry and textiles to a city of more complex industrial structures. IT, transportation tools, home appliances, bio-engineered products, etc. have become the new pillars of industry. Jinan's IT-related economic output ranks No. 4 in China in 2004.
Transportation
Railways
The two major railways going through Jinan are the North-South Jinghu Railway from Beijing to Shanghai and the West-East Jiaoji Railway from Jinan to Qingdao. The Jinghu railway (京沪铁路 is a train line running between Beijing and Shanghai in China through Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Jiaoji Railway (胶济铁路 is a west-east railway that connects Qingdao and Jinan of Shandong Province, China. By the Jinghu Railway, cities that can be reached within the province include Dezhou, Tai'an, Jining and Zaozhuang; by the Jiaoji Railway, cities that can be reached within the province include Zibo, Qingdao and Weifang
Expressways
Major expressways include China National Highway 104, China National Highway 220 and China National Highway 309. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Zaozhuang administers 6 county-level divisions, including 5 districts and 1 County-level city Administration The Prefecture-level city of Weifang administers 12 county-level divisions, including 4 districts, 6 county-level cities China National Highway 104 ( G104) runs from Beijing to Fuzhou via Jinan, Xuzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou and China National Highway 309 ( G309) runs from Rongcheng in Shandong to Lanzhou in Gansu. The Jinan Coach Terminus has the largest passenger flow in China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
Airport
From Jinan Airport, one can fly to every Chinese provincial capital (except for Lhasa) as well as international cities including Seoul and Singapore. Lhasa, ( in English l̥ʰásə or in Tibetan; Chinese: 拉萨 Pinyin: Lāsà sometimes spelled Lasa, is the administrative capital of the Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Singapore
Attractions
Jinan is famous across China for its springs and lakes. Jinan was also the historical center of Buddhist culture for the whole province and invaluable historic sites are left behind in its southern counties.
Spring and lake parks
Jinan is known as the "Spring City" because of the large number of springs in the city. Daming Lake ( Simplified: 大明湖 Pinyin: Dàmíng Hú which literally translates as Lake of Great Light is one of the biggest lakes in the city of The majority of springs, known historically as the "72 Famous Springs" (七十二名泉) are concentrated in the downtown district and flow north to converge in Daming Lake. High on the must-see list is the Baotu Spring Park, where the Baotu Spring and many other smaller springs nearby have been a major attraction for tourists for many years.
"Baotu" means "jumping and leaping" in Chinese. The water in the spring pool can be seen foaming and gushing, looking like a pot of boiling water. The spring was visited by the famous Chinese Emperor Qian Long (1711 A. Emperor Qianlong (Chinese 乾隆 Qiánlóng, Wade-Giles' Ch'ien-Lung', Mongolian Tengeriig Tetgesen Khaan, born Hongli (弘历 September D - 1799 A. D) of the Qing Dynasty and the Emperor complimented the spring as "No. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China 1 under the Heaven"(天下第一泉). A tablet with the Emperor's handwriting "Baotu Spring" has since been erected beside the spring pool and the fame of Baotu Spring has spread across the country.
Not far away to the northeast of Baotu Spring Park is the Daming Lake, which, together with Baotu Spring and Thousand-Buddha Mountain have been considered the "Three Greatest Attractions in Jinan" before other historic sites outside of the city started to be developed for tourism. However, since new historic sites and parks started to be developed in counties outside of the city, the old attractions within the city have been losing lure for tourists.
Other notable parks include the Lake of Five Dragons (五龙潭) near the Baotu Spring Park, the Black Tiger Springs (黑虎泉) beside the city moat, and the Baimai Spring (百脉泉) of eastern Zhangqiu City.
Buddhist sites
Licheng County to the south east of the city of Jinan boasts a great richness in historic Buddhist sites envied by the rest of Shandong Province. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. The Four-door Pagoda (四门塔), built in 661 A. D. , is the oldest existing one-story stone tower in China. Inside the tower sit four buddhist statues of the 6th century, and the Cypress (九顶松) beside the tower dates back more than 1000 years ago. Below the hill on which tower is built are the remnants of the Shentong Temple (神通寺) founded in the 4th century but destroyed in the wars of later dynasties. The tomb towers of monks in the temple which date from different historic periods display extraodinary artistic features. The statues in the nearby Thousand-Buddha Cliff (千佛崖) form one of the best collections of Tang Dynasty Buddhist statues in the region. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by
The Lingyan Temple in the southern county of Changqing was one of the four most famous temples (四大名刹) of the Tang Dynasty. The temple was founded during the Jin Dynasty and it reached its heyday in the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties During the Tang Dynasty, the famous monk Xuan Zang stayed in the temple and translated Buddhist manuscripts he had brought to China from India. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler Many emperors in Chinese history had visited the temple before they went to Mount Tai (one of China's five sacred mountains, located south of Jinan) for ceremonies. Mount Tai ( is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Tai'an, in Shandong Province, China.
The clay sculptures of Buddhas made in the Song Dynasty are considered as "The Best of China" (海内第一名塑) by the great scholar and journalist Liang Qichao (1873 A. Liang Qichao ( Chinese: 梁啟超 Liáng Qǐchāo; Courtesy: Zhuoru, 卓如 Pseudonym: Rengong, 任公 ( February D - 1929 A. D). Buddhist architectures within the temple such as towers and tomb towers are among the earliest and best protected in the region.
Museums and libraries
The Shandong Provincial Museum located at the foothill of Thousand-Buddha Mountain is the largest museum in the province. It has a large collection of natural as well as historical treasures from the whole province. The museum was established in 1982 and right now it has 8 exhibition halls - "Treasures of Shandong Province", "Stone Sculptures", "Warship of Ming Dynasty", "Ancient Coins", "Art Treasures", "Fossil Collections", "Dinosaurs" and "Specimens". The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The museum has more than 210,000 relics and specimens, making up 1/3 of the collections in museums of whole province. Shandong Provincial Museum ranks No. 7 for number of relics in museums across China.
The Jinan Municipal Museum is to the west of Thousand-Buddha Mountain, in the north of the city. Even though dwarfed by the provincial museum, the Jinan Municipal Museum still has a collection of more than 20,000 relics. Most relics on display in the municipal museum were recovered in the city.
The Shandong Provincial Library in the eastern High-tech Park is the finest in the province and among the Top 10 Chinese Libraries. As of 2004, the library had more than 5. 18 million documents, many of which date back many centuries and are important sources for research on Chinese history. The library also has a large collection of western journals/books. Originally, the library was built beside the famous Daming Lake in 1909 by the then governor of Shandong. In the late 1990s, a project was undertaken to move the library to the eastern part of the city, and it reopened in 2002 with 35 reading rooms and more than 2000 seats.
Shopping centers
Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around Quancheng Square and Quancheng Road. Quancheng Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century; at the center is the statue "Spring" which has become a symbol of Jinan. The square is beside the city moat. It has a music fountain, a 46,000 square meter underground shopping center and a memorial hall with statues of famous people from Shandong. Quancheng Square is almost always chosen as the open-air stage for large-scale public entertainment in Jinan.
Quancheng Road was rebuilt at the same time that the Quancheng Square was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore one may find both newly-built shopping malls with traditional Chinese styles and modern western skyscrapers. Quancheng Bookstore--the largest bookstore of the city--is located here. Walmart also can be found, near the western entrance to Quancheng Road.
Education
Universities and colleges
- Shandong University (山东大学)
- Shandong Normal University (山东师范大学)
- Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering (山东建筑工程学院)
- Shandong Jiaotong University (山东交通学院)
- Shandong Economic University (山东经济学院)
- Shandong Finance Institute (山东财政学院)
- Shandong University of Chinese Traditional Medicine (山东中医药大学)
- Shandong College of Arts (山东艺术学院)
- Shandong College of Arts and Design (山东工艺美术学院)
- Shandong Physical Education Institute (山东体育学院)
- University of Jinan (济南大学)
- Jinan Railway Polytechnic (济南铁道职业技术学院)
High schools
- Shandong Experimental High School (山东省实验中学)
- Jinan Foreign Language School (济南市外国语学校)
Sports
In Jinan ,there is a very well known football team called Shandong Luneng who currently plays at the highest tier of Chinese football(the Chinese Super League). Shandong University ( Chinese: 山东大学 is one of the oldest and prestigious Universities in China. Shandong Normal University, also known as Shandong Teachers' University is located in Jinan City Shandong Province, China. Shandong Economic University ( Simplified Chinese: 山东经济学院 is based in Jinan, China. The University of Jinan ( is a university in Jinan, Shandong province, China. Shandong Luneng ( Simplified Chinese: 山东鲁能 is a Chinese Super League football club owned by Shandong Luneng Group the biggest supplier of The Chinese Football Association Super League ( Simplified Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛 commonly known as Chinese Super League (中超联赛 or CSL They are known very well through out the province(province of Shandong) and in their last 4 years,they have won 4 trophys. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China.
There is also a basketball team called Shandong Jinsidun. Shandong Jinsidun Lions (山东黄金金斯顿狮 or Shandong Lions or Shandong Jinsidun are a Basketball team in the North Division of the Chinese
Sister cities
Jinan has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):
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Suwon, South Korea; since October 27, 1993. Suwon ( Suwon-si) is the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Events 312 - Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) 
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; since September 25, 1994. Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) 
Vantaa, Finland; since August 27, 2001. Geography Location Vantaa encompasses 243 km² of which 190 km² is water Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. 
Joondalup, Australia; since September 4, 2004. Joondalup is a northern suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 
Augsburg, Germany; since October 10, 2004. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
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