James Earl Carter, Jr.
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| In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
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| Vice President | Walter Mondale (1977-1981) |
| Preceded by | Gerald Ford |
| Succeeded by | Ronald Reagan |
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76th Governor of Georgia
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| In office January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975 |
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| Lieutenant | Lester Maddox |
| Preceded by | Lester Maddox |
| Succeeded by | George Busbee |
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Member of the Georgia State Senate from 14th District
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| In office 1962 – 1966 |
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| Constituency | Sumter County |
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| Born | October 1, 1924 Plains, Georgia |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Rosalynn Smith Carter |
| Alma mater | United States Naval Academy Georgia Southwestern College Georgia Tech |
| Occupation | Politician, mediator, peanut farmer, Naval Officer, author |
| Religion | Baptist |
| Signature |  |
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Colonial governors James Oglethorpe, Resident Trustee, 1733 - 1743 ( Oglethorpe County) William Stephens, Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lester Garfield Maddox ( September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American Democratic Party politician who was Lester Garfield Maddox ( September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American Democratic Party politician who was George Dekle Busbee ( August 7, 1927 &ndash July 16, 2004) was an American politician who served as the governor of The Georgia State Senate is the Upper house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state Legislature of Georgia) Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Sumter County is a County located in the US state of Georgia. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Plains is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. The population was 637 at the 2000 census The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18 1927 is the wife of former United States President Jimmy Carter and was First Lady of the United States Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States Georgia Southwestern State University in Americus Georgia, is a school in the University System of Georgia. The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech, or Tech, is a public, Coeducational Research university in A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. (born October 1, 1924) was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981, and the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate and as the 76th Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975. The Georgia State Senate is the Upper house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state Legislature of Georgia) Colonial governors James Oglethorpe, Resident Trustee, 1733 - 1743 ( Oglethorpe County) William Stephens, [1]
As president, Carter created two new cabinet-level departments: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States He established a national energy policy[2] and removed price controls from domestic petroleum production,[3] but was unable to make the U. The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal state and local public entities in the United States, which address issues of energy production distribution Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit S. less reliant on foreign oil sources. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties and the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (sometimes referred to in the singular as the Torrijos-Carter Treaty) are two treaties signed by the United States Carter sought to put a stronger emphasis on human rights; he negotiated a peace between Israel and Egypt in 1979. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. His return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama was a major reversal of U. The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá was a 553 square mile (1432 km² territory inside of Panama, consisting of the Panama Canal and an area generally Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. S. claims of influence over parts of Latin America dating to the Monroe doctrine, and Carter came under heavy criticism for it. The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with The final year of his presidential tenure was marked by several major crises, including the 1979 takeover of the American embassy in Iran and holding of hostages by Iranian students, a failed rescue attempt of the hostages, serious fuel shortages, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 Operation Eagle Claw (or Operation Evening Light) was a United States military operation to rescue the 53 hostages from the U The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving By 1980, Carter's disapproval ratings were significantly higher than his approval, and he was challenged by Ted Kennedy for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1980 election. Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan Carter defeated Kennedy for the nomination, but lost the election to Republican Ronald Reagan.
After leaving office, Carter and his wife Rosalynn founded the Carter Center, an institute to promote global health, democracy and human rights. Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18 1927 is the wife of former United States President Jimmy Carter and was First Lady of the United States The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled He has traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations and establish relief efforts;[4] he is also a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project. Habitat For Humanity International ( HFHI) (generally referred to as Habitat for Humanity or simply Habitat) is an international Ecumenical [5] As of 2008, Carter is the second-oldest living president. List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time Carter remains a national figure today,[6] and has been especially vocal on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Early years
Jimmy Carter descended from a family that had lived in Georgia for several generations. Bessie Lillian Gordy Carter ( August 15, 1898 &ndash October 30, 1983) was the mother of former President of the United States Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule His great-grandfather Private L. B. Walker Carter (1832–1874) served in the Confederate States Army. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861.
Jimmy Carter, the first president born in a hospital,[7] was the oldest of four children of James Earl Carter and Bessie Lillian Gordy. Bessie Lillian Gordy Carter ( August 15, 1898 &ndash October 30, 1983) was the mother of former President of the United States He was born and grew up in the tiny southwest Georgia hamlet of Plains near the larger town of Americus. Plains is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. The population was 637 at the 2000 census Americus is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. The population was 17013 at the 2000 census Carter's father was a prominent business owner in the community and his mother was a registered nurse. A registered nurse (" RN " is a health care professional responsible for implementing the practice of Nursing through the use of the Nursing He was a gifted student from an early age who always had a fondness for reading. By the time he attended Plains High School, he was also a star in basketball. He was greatly influenced by one of his high school teachers, Julia Coleman (1889-1973). While he was in high school he participated in the Future Farmers of America (Now the FFA Association). The National FFA Organization is an American Youth organization known as a Career and Technical Student Organization, based on middle and high school classes that [8]
Carter had three younger siblings: his brother, Billy Carter (1937–1988), his sister Gloria (1926–1990), and his other sister Ruth (1929–1983). William Alton "Billy" Carter III ( March 29, 1937 &ndash September 25, 1988) was the younger brother of United States President Gloria Carter Spann ( October 22, 1926 &ndash March 5, 1990) was the sister of former President of the United States Jimmy Carter Ruth Carter Stapleton ( August 7, 1929 - September 26, 1983) was the sister of Jimmy Carter and was known in her own right as a
He married Rosalynn Smith in 1946. Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18 1927 is the wife of former United States President Jimmy Carter and was First Lady of the United States They had four children: John William "Jack" Carter (born 1947); James Earl "Chip" Carter III (born 1950); Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter, (born 1952) and Amy Lynn Carter (born 1967). John William "Jack" Carter, (born July 3 1947) is an American Businessman and Politician who unsuccessfully ran for the Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the youngest of the four children and the only daughter of U
Naval career
He attended Georgia Tech and Georgia Southwestern State University where he struggled with basic science and math before receiving an appointment to the United States Naval Academy where he eventually received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1946 and is the only graduate of the Naval Academy to become President. The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech, or Tech, is a public, Coeducational Research university in Georgia Southwestern State University in Americus Georgia, is a school in the University System of Georgia. The United States Naval Academy is an undergraduate college in Annapolis, Maryland, United States that educates and commissions officers of the United States [9] Carter finished 59th out of his Academy class of 820. Carter served on surface ships and diesel submarines in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. The United States Fleet Forces Command (USFLTFORCOM of the United States Navy is the part of the Navy responsible for operations in and around the Atlantic Ocean. The United States Pacific Fleet ( USPACFLT) is a Pacific Ocean Navy theater-level component command of the United States Navy, under the operational control As a junior officer, he completed qualification for command of a diesel submarine but never commanded one.
He applied for the U.S. Navy's fledgling nuclear submarine program run by Captain (later Admiral) Hyman G. Rickover. A nuclear submarine is a Submarine powered by Atomic energy. Previously conventional submarines used diesel engines that required air for moving on the Admiral Hyman George Rickover, United States Navy, ( January 27, 1900 – July 8, 1986) was known as the "Father of Rickover's demands were legendary, and Carter later said that, next to his parents, Admiral Rickover had the greatest influence on him.
Carter claimed to love the Navy, and had planned to make it his career. His ultimate goal was to become Chief of Naval Operations. Organization of the CNO's Office The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations includes the Chief of Naval Operations the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Deputy Chiefs Carter felt the best route for promotion was with submarine duty since he felt that nuclear power would be increasingly used in submarines. During service on the submarine, Pomfret, Carter was almost washed overboard. World War II After training the new submarine arrived Pearl Harbor 1 June 1944. [10] Carter began studies in introductory nuclear reactor power at Union College starting in March 1953. Union College is a non-denominational independent liberal arts college located in Schenectady New York. This followed Carter's first-hand experience as part of a group of American and Canadian servicemen who took part in cleaning up after a nuclear meltdown at Canada's Chalk River Laboratories reactor. A nuclear meltdown is a term for a severe Nuclear reactor accident The Chalk River Laboratories (also known as CRL, Chalk River Labs and formerly the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, CRNL) is a Canadian [11][12]
Upon the death of his father in July 1953, however, Lieutenant Carter immediately resigned his commission and was discharged from the Navy on October 9, 1953. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [13][14] This cut short his nuclear power training school, and he was never able to serve on a nuclear submarine, as the first of the fleet was launched January 17, 1955, over a year after his discharge from the Navy. A nuclear submarine is a Submarine powered by Atomic energy. Previously conventional submarines used diesel engines that required air for moving on the Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) [15] Carter is the first and only Korean War era veteran to be President. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the [16]
Farming and teaching
He then took over and expanded his family business in Plains. There he was involved in a farming accident that left him with a permanently bent finger.
From a young age, Carter showed a deep commitment to Christianity, serving as a Sunday School teacher throughout his life. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings " Sunday school " is the generic name for many different types of Religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations Even as President, Carter prayed several times a day, and professed that Jesus Christ was the driving force in his life. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Carter had been greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man, called, "If you were arrested for being a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?"[17]
Early political career
State Senate
Jimmy Carter started his career by serving on various local boards, governing such entities as the schools, hospital, and library, among others. In the 1960s, he served two terms in the Georgia Senate from the fourteenth district of Georgia. The Georgia State Senate is the Upper house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state Legislature of Georgia)
His 1962 election to the state Senate, which followed the end of Georgia's County Unit System (per the Supreme Court case of Gray v. Sanders), was chronicled in his book Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. The County Unit System was used by the US state of Georgia to determine a victor in its primary elections The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Gray v Sanders, 372 US 368 ( 1963) was a Supreme Court of the United States dealing with voting and equal representation The election involved corruption led by Joe Hurst, the sheriff of Quitman County; system abuses included votes from deceased persons and tallies filled with people who supposedly voted in alphabetical order. Quitman County is a County located in the US state of Georgia. It took a challenge of the fraudulent results for Carter to win the election. Carter was reelected in 1964, to serve a second two-year term.
Campaign for Governor
In 1966, at the end of his career as a state senator, he flirted with the idea of running for the United States House of Representatives. The Georgia gubernatorial election of 1970 was held on November 3. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. His Republican opponent dropped out and decided to run for Governor of Georgia. Carter did not want to see a Republican Governor of his state, and, in turn, dropped out of the race for Congress and joined the race to become Governor. Carter lost the Democratic primary, but drew enough votes as a third place candidate to force the favorite, Ellis Arnall, into a runoff election, setting off a chain of events which resulted in the election of Lester Maddox. Ellis Gibbs Arnall ( March 20 1907, Newnan Georgia December 13 1992) was an American Politician who served as The two-round system (also known as the second ballot or runoff voting) is a Voting system used to elect a single winner Lester Garfield Maddox ( September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American Democratic Party politician who was
For the next four years, Carter returned to his agriculture business and carefully planned for his next campaign for Governor in 1970, making over 1,800 speeches throughout the state.
During his 1970 campaign, he ran an uphill populist campaign in the Democratic primary against former Governor Carl Sanders, labeling his opponent "Cufflinks Carl". Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political Carl Edward Sanders Sr (born May 15, 1925) is an American Politician who served as the governor of the U Carter was never a segregationist, and refused to join the segregationist White Citizens' Council, prompting a boycott of his peanut warehouse. The White Citizens' Council ( WCC) was an American white supremacist organization He also had been one of only two families which voted to admit blacks to the Plains Baptist Church. [18] However, he "said things the segregationists wanted to hear," according to historian E. Stanly Godbold. [19] Also, Carter's campaign aides handed out a photograph of his opponent celebrating with black basketball players. [20][21] Following his close victory over Sanders in the primary, he was elected Governor over Republican Hal Suit.
Governor of Georgia
Carter was sworn-in as the 76th Governor of Georgia on January 12, 1971 and held this post for one term, until January 14, 1975. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Governors of Georgia were not allowed to succeed themselves at the time. His predecessor as Governor, Lester Maddox, became the Lieutenant Governor. Lester Garfield Maddox ( September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American Democratic Party politician who was The Lieutenant Governor of Georgia is a constitutional officer of the state elected to a 4-year term by popular vote However, Carter and Maddox found little common ground during their four years of service, often publicly feuding with each other. [22][23]
Civil rights politics
Carter declared in his inaugural speech that the time of racial segregation was over, and that racial discrimination had no place in the future of the state. He was the first statewide office holder in the Deep South to say this in public. Afterwards, Carter appointed many African Americans to statewide boards and offices. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa He was often called one of the "New Southern Governors" — much more moderate than their predecessors and supportive of racial desegregation and expanding African-Americans' rights.
Abortion
Carter broke with his church and many Democrats during the 1970s and became the first US president to endorse abortion rights.
State government reforms
Carter made government efficient by merging about 300 state agencies into 30 agencies. One of his aides recalled that Governor Carter "was right there with us, working just as hard, digging just as deep into every little problem. It was his program and he worked on it as hard as anybody, and the final product was distinctly his. " He also pushed reforms through the legislature, providing equal state aid to schools in the wealthy and poor areas of Georgia, set up community centers for mentally handicapped children, and increased educational programs for convicts. Carter took pride in a program he introduced for the appointment of judges and state government officials. Under this program, all such appointments were based on merit, rather than political influence.
Vice-Presidential aspirations in 1972
In 1972, as U.S. Senator George McGovern of South Dakota was marching toward the Democratic nomination for President, Carter called a news conference in Atlanta to warn that McGovern was unelectable. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives George Stanley McGovern South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Carter criticized McGovern as too liberal on both foreign and domestic policy, yet when McGovern's nomination became a foregone conclusion, Carter lobbied to become his vice-presidential running mate. The remarks attracted little national attention, and after McGovern's huge loss in the general election, Carter's attitude was not held against him within the Democratic Party.
During the 1972 Democratic National Convention he endorsed the candidacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington. The 1972 National Convention of the United States Democratic Party was held at Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach Florida from July Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. [24] However, Carter received 30 votes at the Democratic National Convention in the chaotic ballot for Vice President. The 1972 National Convention of the United States Democratic Party was held at Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach Florida from July Interestingly, McGovern offered the second spot to Reubin Askew, from next door Florida and one of the "new southern governors," but he declined. Reubin O'Donovan Askew (born September 11 1928) is an American politician, who served as the 37th governor of the U
Death penalty issues
After the U. S. Supreme Court overturned Georgia's death penalty law in 1972, Governor Carter quickly proposed state legislature to replace the death penalty with life in prison (previously life in prison option didn't exist). [25]
When legislature passed a new death penalty statute, Carter signed new legislation on March 28, 1973[26] to authorize the death penalty for murder, rape and other offenses and to implement trial procedures which would conform to the newly-announced constitutional requirements. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. In 1976, the Supreme Court upheld Georgia's new death penalty for murder; in the case of Coker v. Georgia, the Supreme Court of the United States the death penalty was unconstitutional as applied to rape. Coker v Georgia,, held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbade the Death penalty for the crime of rape of an adult woman The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. In the words of Justice Lewis Powell, the victim of the rape did not sustain any "serious or lasting injury" (concurring and dissenting opinion). Notable people with the name Lewis Powell include Lewis Franklin Powell Jr
Despite his earlier support, Carter soon became a death penalty opponent and during Presidential campaigns (like previous nominee George McGovern and two successive nominees, Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis) this was noted. Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic [27]
Currently Carter is known for his outspoken opposition to the death penalty in all forms and in his Nobel Prize lecture he urges "prohibition of the death penalty. "[28]
United States Senate appointment
A longtime Georgia Democratic Senator and then-President pro tempore of the United States Senate Richard Russell, Jr. died in office on January 21, 1971 and Governor Carter, who held office just for nine days, appointed fellow political moderate, state Democratic Party chair David H. Gambrell to fill an unexpired Russell term in the Senate on February 1[29]. The President pro tempore of the Senate is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate and the highest-ranking senator Richard Brevard Russell Jr ( November 2, 1897 – January 21, 1971) was an American Democratic Party politician who Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. David Henry Gambrell is a Georgia attorney who represented his state in the United States Senate from 1971 through 1972 Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Gambrell was defeated in the next Democratic primary by the more conservative Sam Nunn. Samuel Augustus Nunn Jr (born September 8, 1938) is an American Lawyer and Politician.
Other information
In 1973, while Governor of Georgia, Carter filed a report on his 1969 UFO sighting with the International UFO Bureau in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Jimmy Carter UFO Incident is the name given to an incident in which future US President Jimmy Carter reported seeing an Unidentified flying object while Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the US state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. [30][31][32] However, in 2007, Carter stated that he did not remember why he filed the report and that he believes he probably only did it at the request of one of his children. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. He also stated he does not believe it was an alien spacecraft, but rather believes it was likely some sort of military experiment being conducted from a nearby military base. [33]
Carter made an appearance as the first guest of the evening on an episode of the game show What's My Line in 1974, signing in as "X", lest his name give away his occupation. What's My Line? is a weekly panel Game show which was produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS After his job was identified on question seven of ten by Soupy Sales, he talked about having brought movie production to the state of Georgia, citing Deliverance, and the then unreleased The Longest Yard, shot at Reidsville Prison. Soupy Sales (born Milton Supman on January 8, 1926) is an American Comedian and Actor. Deliverance is a 1972 Warner Bros motion picture drama directed by John Boorman. The Longest Yard is a 1974 Film about inmates at a prison who play American football against their guards
In 1974, Carter was chairman of the Democratic National Committee's congressional, as well as gubernatorial, campaigns. The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis
1976 presidential campaign
When Carter entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1976, he was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians. The United States presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M He had a name recognition of only 2 percent. Name recognition is a concept used in Politics to describe number of people who are aware of a Politician. When he told his family of his intention to run for President, he was asked by his mother, "President of what?" However, Nixon's Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, and so his position as an outsider, distant from Washington, D.C., became an asset. The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The centerpiece of his campaign platform was government reorganization.
He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate. Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party He attacked Washington in his speeches, and offered a religious salve for the nation's wounds, which was necessary following the Watergate scandal. [34]
Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. He used a two-prong strategy. In the South, which most had tacitly conceded to Alabama's George Wallace, Carter ran as a moderate favorite son. When Wallace proved to be a spent force, Carter swept the region. In the North, Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters and had little chance of winning a majority in most states. In a field crowded with liberals, he managed to win several Northern states by building the largest single bloc. Initially dismissed as a regional candidate, Carter proved to be the only Democrat with a truly national strategy, and he eventually clinched the nomination.
The media discovered and promoted Carter. As Lawrence Shoup noted in his 1980 book The Carter Presidency and Beyond:
"What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months. "
Carter was interviewed by Robert Scheer of Playboy magazine for its November 1976 issue, which hit the newsstands a couple of weeks before the election. Robert Scheer (born 1936) is an American journalist who writes a nationally syndicated op-ed column for the San Francisco Chronicle Playboy is an American Men's magazine, founded in Chicago Illinois, by Hugh Hefner and his associates which has grown into Playboy It was here that in the course of a digression on his religion's view of pride, Carter admitted that "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times. "[35] He remains the only American president to be interviewed by this magazine.
As late as January 26, 1976, Carter was the first choice of only 4% of Democratic voters, according to a Gallup Poll. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Yet "by mid-March 1976 Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the Democratic presidential nomination, he also led President Ford by a few percentage points," according to Shoup.
Carter began the race with a sizable lead over Ford, who was able to narrow the gap over the course of the campaign, but was unable to prevent Carter from narrowly defeating him on November 2, 1976. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Carter won the popular vote by 50. 1% to 48. 0% for Ford and received 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240. He became the first contender from the Deep South to be elected President since the 1848 election. The Deep South is a descriptive category of cultural and geographic subregions in the American South. The United States presidential election of 1848 was an open race
In his inaugural address he said: "We have learned that more is not necessarily better, that even our great nation has its recognized limits, and that we can neither answer all questions nor solve all problems. "[34] His first steps in the White House were to reduce the size of the staff by one third, and order cabinet members to drive their own cars.
Presidency (1977–1981)
Energy crisis
- See also: 1979 energy crisis
In 1973, during the Nixon Administration, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) agreed to reduce supplies of oil available to the world market. The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador This sparked an oil crisis and forced oil prices to rise sharply, spurring price inflation throughout the economy, and slowing growth. Significant government borrowing helped keep interest rates high relative to inflation.
In 1977 Carter had convinced the Democratic Congress to create the United States Department of Energy. The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy Promoting the department's recommendation to conserve energy, Carter wore sweaters, had solar hot water panels installed on the roof of the White House, had a wood stove in his living quarters, ordered the General Services Administration to turn off hot water in some federal facilities, and requested that Christmas decorations remain dark in 1979 and 1980. Solar hot water is water heated by the use of Solar energy. Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar Thermal collectors a Fluid Nationwide controls were put on thermostats in government and commercial buildings to prevent people from raising temperatures in the winter (above 65 degrees Fahrenheit) or lowering them in the summer (below 78 degrees Fahrenheit). Carter also donned a cardigan sweater to emphasize the point.
Economy: stagflation and the appointment of Volcker
During Carter's administration, the economy suffered double-digit inflation, coupled with very high interest rates, oil shortages, high unemployment and slow economic growth. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Productivity growth in the United States had declined to an average annual rate of 1 percent, compared to 3. 2 percent of the 1960s. There was also a growing federal budget deficit which increased to 66 billion dollars.
The 1970s are described as a period of stagflation, meaning economic stagnation coupled with price inflation, as well as higher interest rates. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Stagflation is an economic situation in which Inflation and Economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a period of time Economic stagnation, often called simply stagnation is a prolonged period of slow Economic growth (traditionally measured in terms of the GDP growth In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Price inflation (a rise in the general level of prices) creates uncertainty in budgeting and planning and makes labor strikes for pay raises more likely.
In the wake of a cabinet shakeup in which Carter asked for the resignations of several cabinet members (see "Malaise speech" below), Carter appointed G. William Miller as Secretary of the Treasury. George William Miller ( March 9, 1925 – March 17, 2006) served as the 65th United States Secretary of the The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Miller had been serving as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. To replace Miller, and in order to calm down the market, Carter appointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. Paul Adolph Volcker (born September 5, 1927 in Cape May New Jersey) is an American Economist [36] Volcker pursued a tight monetary policy to bring down inflation, which he considered his mandate. Monetary policy is the process by which the Government, Central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls (i the Supply of Money, He succeeded, but only by first going through an unpleasant phase during which the economy slowed and unemployment rose, prior to any relief from inflation.
Led by Volcker, the Federal Reserve raised the discount rate from 10% when Volcker assumed the chairmanship in August 1979 to 12% within two months. [37] The prime rate hit 21. Prime rate, or Prime Lending Rate is a term applied in many countries to a reference Interest rate used by Banks The term originally indicated the rate of interest 5% in December 1980, the highest rate in U. S. history under any President. [38] Investments in fixed income (both bonds and pensions being paid to retired people) were becoming less valuable. The high interest rates would lead to a sharp recession in the early 1980s[39]
"Malaise" speech
When the energy market exploded — an occurrence Carter desperately tried to avoid during his term — he was planning on delivering his fifth major speech on energy; however, he felt that the American people were no longer listening. The early 1980s recession was a severe Recession in the United States which began in July 1981 and ended in November 1982 The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Carter went to Camp David for ten days to meet with governors, mayors, religious leaders, scientists, economists and citizens. He sat on the floor and took notes of their comments and especially wanted to hear criticism. His pollster told him that the American people simply faced a crisis of confidence because of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, and Watergate. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Watergate scandals were a series of Political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the Indictment of several of Nixon's [40] On July 15, 1979, Carter gave a nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) This came to be known as his "malaise" speech, although the word never appeared in it:
- I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy. . . . I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. . . .
- The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation.
- . . .
- I'm asking you for your good and for your nation's security to take no unnecessary trips, to use carpools or public transportation whenever you can, to park your car one extra day per week, to obey the speed limit, and to set your thermostats to save fuel. [41]
Carter's speech, written by Hendrik Hertzberg and Gordon Stewart,[42] was well-received by some. Hendrik Hertzberg (born 1943 is an American journalist best known as the principal political commentator for The New Yorker magazine [43] The country suffered from the weak economy that was dominated by OPEC-influenced double-digit inflation. Americans, directly affected by the economy, were concerned about the federal government's response to the economic situation. Three days after the speech, Carter asked for the resignations of all of his Cabinet officers, and ultimately accepted five. Carter later admitted in his memoirs that he should simply have asked only those five members for their resignations. By asking the entire Cabinet, it gave the appearance that the White House was falling apart. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence
Domestic policies
Jimmy Carter's reorganization efforts separated the Department of Health, Education and Welfare into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department is a Cabinet -level department of the United States The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS) is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting Efforts were also made to reduce the number of government departments and employees as Carter had done when he was Governor of Georgia. He signed into law a major Civil Service Reform, the first in over a hundred years. Despite calling for a reform of the tax system in his presidential campaign, once in office he did very little to change it. [44]
On Carter's first day in office, January 20, 1977, he fulfilled a campaign promise by issuing an Executive Order declaring unconditional amnesty for Vietnam War-era draft evaders. The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays A draft dodger, draft evader or draft resister, is a person who avoids ("dodges" or otherwise violates the Conscription policies of the [45] [46].
Initially, Carter was fairly successful in getting legislation through Congress, but a rift grew between them. A few months after his term started, and thinking he had the support of about 74 Congressmen, Jimmy Carter issued a "hit list" of 19 projects that he claimed were "pork barrel" spending. In United States Politics, the term " pork barrel " refers to the appropriation of government spending for projects that are intended primarily He said that he would veto any legislation that contained projects on this list. [47]
This list met with opposition from the leadership of the Democratic Party. Carter had characterized a rivers and harbors bill as "pork barrel" spending. In United States Politics, the term " pork barrel " refers to the appropriation of government spending for projects that are intended primarily House speaker Tip O'Neill, who supported the President in a lot of matters, thought it was unwise for the President to interfere with matters that had traditionally been the purview of Congress. Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr ( December 9, 1912 &ndash January 5, 1994) was an American politician. Carter was then further weakened when he signed into law a bill containing much of the "hit list" projects.
Later, Congress refused to pass major provisions of his consumer protection bill and his labor reform package. Carter then vetoed a public works package calling it "inflationary", as it contained what he considered to be wasteful spending. Congressional leaders sensed that public support for his legislation was weak, and took advantage of it. After gutting his consumer protection bill, they transformed his tax plan into nothing more than spending for special interests, after which Carter referred to the congressional tax committees as "ravenous wolves. "
Carter signed legislation greatly increasing the payroll tax for Social Security, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to government and judiciary jobs. Social Security, in the United States currently refers to the federal Old-Age Survivors and Disability Insurance ( OASDI) program He also initiated a comprehensive urban policy. His Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act created 103 million acres (417,000 km²) of national park land in Alaska. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent
Under Carter's watch, the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 was passed, which phased out the Civil Aeronautics Board. The Airline Deregulation Act (or ADA) is a United States federal law signed into law on October 24, 1978. Governments have played an important part in shaping air transportation He was also somewhat successful in deregulating the trucking, rail, communications, oil and finance industries. Deregulation, a term which gained widespread currency in the period 1970-2000 can be seen as a process by which governments remove reduce or simplify Restrictions on Business
Carter legalized home-brewing when he signed the congressionally approved bill into law in February 1979. Home-brewing led to a renewal of appreciation for beer styles largely unseen due to the dominance of the large brewing companies and prefaced a leap in the number of U. S. micro-breweries beginning in the late 1980s.
Among Presidents who served at least one full term, Carter is the only one who never made an appointment to the Supreme Court[48]. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.
Jimmy Carter was one of the first presidents to address the topic of LGBT rights. LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual [49] He opposed a California ballot measure that would have banned gays and supporters of gay rights from being public school teachers. His administration was the first to meet with a group of gay rights activists, and in recent years he has come out in favor of civil unions and ending the ban on gays in the military. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. [50]
Voyager 1 message
Carter's official statement placed on the Voyager 1 spacecraft for its trip outside our solar system on September 5, 1977:[51][52]
We cast this message into the cosmos. The Voyager 1 spacecraft is a 722-kilogram robotic Space probe of the outer Solar system and beyond launched September 5, Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays . . . Of the 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, some — perhaps many — may have inhabited planet and space faring civilizations. If one such civilization intercepts Voyager and can understand these recorded contents, here is our message: We are trying to survive our time so we may live into yours. We hope some day, having solved the problems we face, to join a community of galactic civilizations. This record represents our hope and our determination and our goodwill in a vast and awesome universe.
Foreign policies
South Korea
During his first month in office Carter cut the defense budget by $6 billion. One of his first acts was to order the unilateral removal of all nuclear weapons from South Korea and announce his intention to cut back the number of US troops stationed there. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Other military men confined intense criticism of the withdrawal to private conversations or testimony before congressional committees, but in 1977 Major General John K. Singlaub, chief of staff of U. John Kirk Singlaub is a highly-decorated former OSS officer and a retired Major General in the United States Army, and a founding member of the S. forces in South Korea, publicly criticized President Carter's decision to lower the U. S. troop level there. On March 21, 1977, Carter relieved him of duty, saying his publicly stated sentiments were "inconsistent with announced national security policy". Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays [55][56] Carter planned to remove all but 14,000 U. S. air force personnel and logistics specialists by 1982, but after cutting only 3,600 troops, he was forced to abandon the effort in 1978. [57]
Arab-Israeli Conflict/Camp David Accords
Carter's Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski paid close attention to the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American Diplomatic communications between Israel and Egypt increased significantly after the Yom Kippur War and the Carter administration felt that the time was right for comprehensive solution to the conflict. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום
One of Carter's most important accomplishments as President were the Camp David Accords, finalized on September 17, 1978. The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The accords were a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt negotiated by President Carter, which followed up on earlier negotiations conducted in the Middle East. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In these negotiations King Hassan II of Morocco acted as a negotiator between Arab interests and Israel, and Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania acted as go-between for Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO, the unofficial representative of the Palestinian people). King Hassan II (صاحب الجلالة الملك الحسن الثاني class Nicolae Ceauşescu (nikoˈlaje tʃauˈʃesku (January 26 1918 – December 25 1989 was the communist dictator of Romania from 1965 until December 1989 when a revolution Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Once initial negotiations had been completed, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat approached Carter for assistance. Carter then invited Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Sadat to Camp David to continue the negotiations. The Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is the rustic 125-acre (0 The Camp David Accords produced two frameworks for peace between Egypt and Israel, and a peace treaty was signed on March 26, 1979. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
Rapid Deployment Forces
On October 1, 1979, President Carter announced before a television audience the existence of the Rapid Deployment Forces (RDF), a mobile fighting force capable of responding to worldwide trouble spots, without drawing on forces committed to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) In 1977 a presidential directive called for a mobile force capable of responding to worldwide contingencies but to be established without diverting forces from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization The North Atlantic Treaty The RDF was the forerunner of CENTCOM. The United States Central Command ( USCENTCOM) is a theater -level Unified Combatant Command unit of the U
Human Rights
President Carter initially departed from the long-held policy of containment toward the Soviet Union. Containment refers to a Foreign policy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In its place Carter promoted a foreign policy that put human rights at the front. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled This was a break from the policies of several predecessors, in which human rights abuses were often overlooked if they were committed by a nation that was allied with the United States. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The Carter Administration ended support to the historically U. S. -backed Somoza regime in Nicaragua and gave aid to the new Sandinista National Liberation Front government that assumed power after Somoza's overthrow. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America The Sandinista National Liberation Front ( Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional) is a socialist Nicaraguan Political party. However, Carter ignored a plea from El Salvador's Archbishop Óscar Romero not to send military aid to that country. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez ( August 25 1917 &ndash March 24 1980) commonly known as Monseñor Romero, was a Bishop Romero was later assassinated for his criticism of El Salvador's violation of human rights.
Carter continued his predecessors' policies of imposing sanctions on Rhodesia, and, after Bishop Abel Muzorewa was elected Prime Minister, protested the exclusion of Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo from participating in the elections. Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence Abel Tendekayi Muzorewa (born on 4 April 1925) served as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia from the Internal Settlement to the Lancaster This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo ( June 19, 1917 &ndash July 1, 1999) was the leader and founder of the Zimbabwe African People's Union Strong pressure from the United States and the United Kingdom prompted new elections in what was then called Zimbabwe Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), which saw Robert Mugabe elected as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe; afterwards, sanctions were lifted, and diplomatic recognition was granted. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Zimbabwe Rhodesia (zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ rəʊˈdiːʒə officially the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, was an unrecognized state that existed from June 1, See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Carter was also known for his criticism of Paraguay's Alfredo Stroessner, Augusto Pinochet (who was forced to grant Chile a constitution providing for a transition back into democracy), the Apartheid government of South Africa, Zaire (although Carter later changed course and supported Zaire, in response to alleged - albeit unproven - Cuban support of anti-Mobutu rebels[58][59]) and other traditional allies. Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda, whose name is also spelled Strössner or Strößner (November 3 1912 Encarnación - August 16 2006 Brasília Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Republic of Zaire (pronunciation; République du Zaïre was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between October 27, 1971 The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga ( October 14, 1930 September 7, 1997) known commonly as Mobutu, or Mobutu
People's Republic of China
- See also Sino-American relations
Carter continued the policy of Richard Nixon to normalize relations with the People's Republic of China by granting them full diplomatic and trade relations, and not with Taiwan (though the two nations continued to trade and the U. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. S. unofficially recognized Taiwan through the Taiwan Relations Act). The Taiwan Relations Act is an act of the United States Congress passed in 1979 after the establishment of relations with the People's Republic of In the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations dated January 1, 1979, the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing. The Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations of January 1, 1979, established official relations between the United States and the New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The U. S. reiterated the Shanghai Communiqué's acknowledgment of the Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China; Beijing acknowledged that the American people would continue to carry on commercial, cultural, and other unofficial contacts with the people of Taiwan.
Panama Canal Treaties
One of the most controversial moves of President Carter's presidency was the final negotiation and signature of the Panama Canal Treaties in September 1977. The Torrijos-Carter Treaties (sometimes referred to in the singular as the Torrijos-Carter Treaty) are two treaties signed by the United States Those treaties, which essentially would transfer control of the American-built Panama Canal to the nation of Panama, were bitterly opposed by a majority of the American public and by the Republican Party. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. A common argument against the treaties was that the United States was transferring an American asset of great strategic value to an unstable and corrupt country led by an unelected military dictator (Omar Torrijos). Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera ( February 13, 1929 – August 1, 1981) was the Commander of the Panamanian National Guard Those that supported the Treaties argued that the Canal was built within Panamanian territory therefore, by controlling it, the United States was in fact occupying part of another country and this agreement was intended to turn back to Panama the sovereignty of its complete territory. After the signature of the Canal treaties, in June 1978, Jimmy Carter visited Panama with his wife and twelve U. S. Senators, amid widespread student disturbances against the Torrijos dictatorship. Carter then began urging the Torrijos regime to soften its policies and move Panama towards gradual republicanism. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty
Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)
A key foreign policy issue Carter worked laboriously on was the SALT II Treaty, which reduced the number of nuclear arms produced and/or maintained by both the United States and the Soviet Union. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. SALT is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks, negotiations conducted between the US and the USSR. The work of Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon brought about the SALT I treaty, which had itself reduced the number of nuclear arms produced, but Carter wished to further this reduction. It was his main goal (as was stated in his Inaugural Address) that nuclear weaponry be completely vanished from the face of the Earth.
Carter and Leonid Brezhnev, the leader of the Soviet Union, reached an agreement to this end in 1979 — the SALT II Treaty, despite opposition in Congress to ratifying it, as many thought it weakened US defenses. Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan late in 1979 however, Carter withdrew the treaty from consideration by Congress and the treaty was never ratified (though it was signed by both Carter and Brezhnev). Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Even so, both sides honored the commitments laid out in the negotiations.
Intervention in Afghanistan
The United States secretly began sending aid to anti-Soviet, Afghan Islamist factions on July 3, 1979. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) In December 1979 the USSR invaded Afghanistan, after the pro-Moscow Afghanistan government, put in power by a 1978 coup, was overthrown. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of At the time some believed the Soviets were attempting to expand their borders southward in order to gain a foothold in the region. The Soviet Union had long lacked a warm water port, and their movement south seemed to position them for further expansion toward Pakistan in the East, and Iran to the West. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. American politicians, Republicans and Democrats alike, ignorant of U. S. involvement, feared the Soviets were positioning themselves for a takeover of Middle Eastern oil. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Others believed that the Soviet Union was afraid Iran's Islamic Revolution and Afghanistan's Islamization would spread to the millions of Muslims in the USSR. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski revealed the Carter Administration's involvement in starting the war in a 1998 interview with Le Nouvel Observateur. Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American Brzezinski told Le Nouvel Observateur that the Soviet invasion gave America "the opportunity of giving to the USSR its Vietnam War. "Full Text of Interview
After the invasion, Carter announced what became known as the Carter Doctrine: that the U. The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January S. would not allow any other outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the He terminated the Russian Wheat Deal, which was intended to establish trade with USSR and lessen Cold War tensions. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The grain exports had been beneficial to people employed in agriculture, and the Carter embargo marked the beginning of hardship for American farmers. He also prohibited Americans from participating in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and reinstated registration for the draft for young males. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority
Carter and Brzezinski started a $40 billion covert program of training insurgents in Pakistan and Afghanistan as a part of the efforts to foil the Soviets' apparent plans. On the surface as well, Carter's diplomatic policies towards Pakistan in particular changed drastically. The administration had cut off financial aid to the country in early 1979 when religious fundamentalists, encouraged by the prevailing Islamist military dictatorship over Pakistan, burnt down a US Embassy based there. Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Benjamin Franklin established the first overseas mission of the United States in Paris in 1779 The international stake in Pakistan, however, had greatly increased with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The then-President of Pakistan, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, was offered 400 million dollars to subsidize the anti-communist Mujahideen in Afghanistan by Carter. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or General Zia declined the offer as insufficient, famously declaring it to be "peanuts"; and the U. S. was forced to step up aid to Pakistan.
Reagan would later expand this program greatly to combat Cold War concerns presented by Russia at the time. In retrospect, this contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Critics of this policy blame Carter and Reagan for the resulting instability of post-Soviet Afghan governments, which led to the rise of Islamic theocracy in the region, and also created many of the current problems with Islamic fundamentalism. Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler
Iran hostage crisis
The main conflict between human rights and U. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 William Healy Sullivan (born October 12, 1922) is a career United States Foreign Service officer and served as United States Ambassador to S. interests came in Carter's dealings with the Shah of Iran. The Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, had been a strong ally of America since World War II and was one of the "twin pillars" upon which U. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including S. strategic policy in the Middle East was built. However, his rule was strongly autocratic, and in 1953 he went along with the plan of the Eisenhower Administration to stage a coup to remove the elected Prime Minster Mohammed Mossadegh. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Mohammad Mosaddeq ( (, pronounced mosæddeq}} also Mosaddegh or Mossadegh) ( May 19 1882 – 5 March 1967) was a major
On a state visit to Iran, Carter spoke out in favor of the Shah, calling him a leader of supreme wisdom, and a pillar of stability in the volatile Middle East. The speech was apparently never shown on American television.
When the Iranian Revolution broke out in Iran, and the Shah was overthrown, the U. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed S. did not intervene. The Shah went into permanent exile. Carter initially refused him entry to the United States, even on grounds of medical emergency.
Despite his initial refusal to admit the Shah into the United States, on October 22, 1979, Carter finally granted him entry and temporary asylum for the duration of his cancer treatment; the Shah left for Panama on December 15, 1979. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) In response to the Shah's entry into the U. S. , Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Tehran, taking 52 Americans hostage. The Iran hostage crisis ( Persian: تصرف سفارت آمریکا was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of [34] The Iranians demanded:
- the return of the Shah to Iran for trial,
- the return of the Shah's wealth to the Iranian people,
- an admission of guilt by the United States for its past actions in Iran, plus an apology, and
- a promise from the United States not to interfere in Iran's affairs in the future.
Though later that year the Shah left the U. S. and died in Egypt, the hostage crisis continued and dominated the last year of Carter's presidency. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The subsequent responses to the crisis—from a "Rose Garden strategy" of staying inside the White House, to the unsuccessful attempt to rescue the hostages by military means—were largely seen as contributing to Carter's defeat in the 1980 election. The White House Rose Garden is a Garden bordering the Oval Office and the West Wing of the White House.
After the hostages were taken, President Carter issued, on November 14, 1979, Executive Order 12170 - Blocking Iranian Government property,[60] which was used to freeze the bank accounts of the Iranian government in US banks, totaling about $8 billion US at the time. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) This was to be used as a bargaining chip for the release of the hostages.
In the days before President Ronald Reagan took office, Algerian diplomat Abdulkarim Ghuraib opened fruitful, but demeaning, negotiations between the U. S. and Iran. This resulted in the "Algiers Accords" one day before the end of the Carter's Presidency on January 19, 1981, which entailed Iran's commitment to free the hostages immediately. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 [61] Additionally, Executive Orders 12277 through 12285 were issued by Carter[62] releasing all assets belonging to the Iranian government and all assets belonging to the Shah found within the United States and the guarantee that the hostages would have no legal claim against the Iranian government that would be heard in U. S. courts. Iran, however, also agreed to place $1 billion of the frozen assets in an escrow account and both Iran and the United States agreed to the creation of a tribunal to adjudicate claims by U. S. Nationals against Iran for compensation for property lost by them or contracts breached by Iran. The tribunal, known as the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, has awarded over $2 billion dollars to U. The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal is an international Arbitral tribunal established out of an agreement between Iran and the United States, under an S. claimaints and has been described as one of the most important arbitration bodies in the history of International Law. Although the release of the hostages was negotiated and secured under the Carter administration, the hostages were released on January 20, 1981 moments after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as President. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981
Administration and cabinet
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | Jimmy Carter | 1977–1981 |
| Vice President | Walter Mondale | 1977–1981 |
| State | Cyrus Vance | 1977–1980 |
| Edmund Muskie | 1980–1981 | |
| Treasury | W. Michael Blumenthal | 1977–1979 |
| G. William Miller | 1979–1981 | |
| Defense | Harold Brown | 1977–1981 |
| Justice | Griffin Bell | 1977–1979 |
| Benjamin R. Civiletti | 1979–1981 | |
| Interior | Cecil D. Andrus | 1977–1981 |
| Commerce | Juanita M. Kreps | 1977–1979 |
| Philip M. Klutznick | 1979–1981 | |
| Labor | Ray Marshall | 1977–1981 |
| Agriculture | Robert Bergland | 1977–1981 |
| HEW | Joseph A. Califano, Jr. | 1977–1979 |
| HHS | Patricia R. Harris | 1979–1981 |
| Education | Shirley M. Hufstedler | 1979–1981 |
| HUD | Patricia R. Harris | 1977–1979 |
| Moon Landrieu | 1979–1981 | |
| Transportation | Brock Adams | 1977–1979 |
| Neil E. Goldschmidt | 1979–1981 | |
| Energy | James R. Schlesinger | 1977–1979 |
| Charles W. Duncan | 1979–1981 | |
Other cabinet-level and high posts
Cabinet-level:
- White House Chief of Staff
- Hamilton Jordan (1979-1980)
- Jack H. Watson (1980-1981)
- Director of the Office of Management and Budget
- Bert Lance (1977)
- James T. McIntyre (1977-1981)
- United States Trade Representative
- Robert S. Strauss (1977-1979)
- Reubin O'Donovan Askew (1979-1981)
- Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
- John Quarles, Jr. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie ( March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American Democratic Politician The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Werner Michael Blumenthal (born January 3, 1926) served as United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Jimmy Carter from 1977-1979 George William Miller ( March 9, 1925 – March 17, 2006) served as the 65th United States Secretary of the The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Harold Brown (born September 19, 1927) American scientist was U The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Griffin Boyette Bell (born October 31, 1918) is an American lawyer and former United States Attorney General. Benjamin Richard Civiletti (born July 17, 1935, in Peekskill New York) served as the United States Attorney General during the last The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. Cecil Dale Andrus (born August 25, 1931 in Hood River, Oregon) is a former Secretary of the Interior and Democratic The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to Juanita Morris Kreps (born January 11, 1921) was US Secretary of Commerce from January 23, 1977 until October 31, Philip Morris Klutznick ( July 9, 1907 – August 14, 1999) was a U "Secretary of Labor" redirects here See also Secretary of Labor (Mexico. Freddie Ray Marshall (born August 22, 1928) is the Professor Emeritus of the Audre and Bernard Rapoport Centennial Chair in Economics and Public Affairs at the The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. Robert Selmer Bergland (born July 22, 1928 in Roseau Minnesota) is a United States Politician. The United States Secretary of Health Education and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health Education and Welfare. Joseph Anthony Califano Jr (born May 15, 1931) is As of 2005 the Chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with health matters Patricia Roberts Harris ( May 31, 1924 &ndash March 23, 1985) served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the Department of Education. Shirley Mount Hufstedler (born August 24, 1925 in Denver Colorado) was United States Secretary of Education under President The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with urban housing Patricia Roberts Harris ( May 31, 1924 &ndash March 23, 1985) served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Maurice Edwin "Moon" Landrieu (born July 23, 1930) is a Democratic Politician from Louisiana who served as Mayor The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation. Brockman "Brock" Adams ( January 13, 1927 &ndash September 10, 2004) was an American politician and member of Neil Edward Goldschmidt (born June 16 1940 is an American businessman and former Democratic politician The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the President's Cabinet, and fifteenth in the James Rodney Schlesinger (born February 15, 1929) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Charles William Duncan Jr (born September 9, 1926) is an American entrepreneur administrator and statesman best known for serving as U Cyrus Roberts Vance ( Clarksburg West Virginia, March 27, 1917 &ndash January 12, 2002) was the United States Secretary of State The White House Chief of Staff is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President William Hamilton McWhorter Jordan ( September 21 1944 &ndash May 20 2008) was Chief of Staff to President of the United States Jack H Watson Jr (* 24th October 1938) former Chief Legal Strategist of Monsanto, served as Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs Secretary The Office of Management and Budget (OMB is a Cabinet -level office and is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP Thomas Bertram Lance, known as Bert Lance (Born June 3, 1931, in Gainesville Georgia) is an American Businessman, known James T McIntyre was a director of the United States ' Office of Management and Budget from September 24 1977 until January 20 1981 The Office of the United States Trade Representative, or USTR, is the United States government agency responsible for developing and recommending United States Robert Schwarz Strauss (born in Lockhart Texas, October 19, 1918) is a highly influential figure in American politics and diplomacy Reubin O'Donovan Askew (born September 11 1928) is an American politician, who served as the 37th governor of the U The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is the head of the United States federal government's Environmental Protection Agency, and is thus responsible (1977, acting)
- Douglas M. Costle (1977-1981)
- United States Ambassador to the United Nations
- Andrew Young (1977-1979)
- Donald McHenry (1979-1981)
Others:
- Stansfield Turner (Director of Central Intelligence)
- Zbigniew Brzeziński (National Security Advisor)
Personal and family matters during presidency
Carter's youngest child Amy lived in the White House while her father served as president. Douglas Michael Costle was born July 27 1939 in Long Beach California. The United States Ambassador to the United Nations (full title Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status This page is about Congressman and Ambassador Andrew Young For other men with the same name see Andrew Young (disambiguation. Donald Franchot McHenry ( October 13 1936 -) was the United States Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the United Nations from September 1979 Stansfield M Turner (born December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois, USA) was an Admiral and Director of Central The Office of United States Director of Central Intelligence (DCI was established by U Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski (Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński ˈzbigɲev bʐɛˈʑiɲski: (born March 28 1928 Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish-American The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18 1927 is the wife of former United States President Jimmy Carter and was First Lady of the United States Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the youngest of the four children and the only daughter of U See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Amy Lynn Carter (born October 19, 1967) is the youngest of the four children and the only daughter of U She was the subject of much media attention during this period as young children had not lived in the White House since the early 1960s presidency of John F. Kennedy. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of
Carter's brother Billy Carter generated a great deal of notoriety during Carter's presidency for his colorful and often outlandish public behavior. William Alton "Billy" Carter III ( March 29, 1937 &ndash September 25, 1988) was the younger brother of United States President The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech, or Tech, is a public, Coeducational Research university in Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) William Alton "Billy" Carter III ( March 29, 1937 &ndash September 25, 1988) was the younger brother of United States President [63] In 1977, Billy Carter endorsed Billy Beer, capitalizing upon his colorful image as a beer-drinking, Southern boy that had developed in the press during President Carter's campaign. Billy Beer was made in the United States by the Falls City Brewing Company and promoted by Billy Carter, brother of then- President "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" Billy Carter's name was occasionally used as a gag answer for a Washington, D.C., trouble-maker on 1970s episodes of The Match Game. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Match Game also called The Match Game was an American Television Game show that celebrities and contestants answering Billy Carter once urinated on an airport runway in full view of the press and dignitaries. In late 1978 and early 1979, Billy Carter visited Libya with a contingent from Georgia three times. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab He eventually registered as a foreign agent of the Libyan government and received a $220,000 loan. This led to a Senate hearing over alleged influence peddling which some in the press dubbed "Billygate". The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives A Senate sub-committee was called To Investigate Activities of Individuals Representing Interests of Foreign Governments (Billy Carter-Libya Investigation).
On May 5, 1979, Carter was the target of Raymond Lee Harvey, a transient diagnosed with a mental illness, who was found with a starter pistol awaiting the President's Cinco de Mayo speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles, and claimed to be part of a 4-man assassination attempt. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Raymond Lee Harvey (born January 29, 1950) was an Ohio -born unemployed American Drifter who was arrested by the Secret Service after A starting pistol or starter pistol is a Handgun (typically a specially designed Revolver) that is fired to start Track and field races Cinco de Mayo (Spanish for "5th of May" is a Mexican national holiday that honors the Mexican victory over the French army at Puebla de Los Angeles in 1862 The holiday commemorates The Civic Center Mall, located in downtown Hartford, was a three level enclosed Shopping mall and office complex built in 1974 as part of a large downtown urban redevelopment Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West [64]
1980 election
Carter lost the presidency to Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan The popular vote went 50. 7%, or 43. 9 million popular votes, for Reagan and 41%, or 35. 5 million, for Carter. Independent candidate John B. Anderson won 6. John Bayard Anderson (born February 15 1922 is an attorney and former United States Congressman and Presidential candidate 6%, or 5. 7 million votes. However, because Carter's support was not concentrated in any geographic region, Reagan won a landslide 91% of the electoral vote, leaving Carter with only six states and the District of Columbia. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Reagan carried a total of 489 electoral votes compared to Carter's 49.
While Carter kept his promise (all 52 hostages returned home alive), he failed to secure the release of the hostages prior to the election. While Carter ultimately won their release, Iran did not release the hostages until minutes after Reagan took office. In recognition of the fact that Carter was responsible for bringing the hostages home, President Reagan asked Carter to go to West Germany to greet them upon their release. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (
During his campaign, Carter was mocked for an encounter with a swimming rabbit while fishing on a farm pond on April 20, 1979. Dubbed the " Killer rabbit " attack by the media the Jimmy Carter rabbit incident involved a Swamp rabbit that caught press imagination after furiously trying Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)
Post-presidency and legacy
In 1981, he returned to Georgia to his peanut farm, which he had placed into a blind trust during his presidency to avoid even the appearance of a conflict of interest. A blind trust is a trust in which the fiduciaries, namely the Executors or those who have been given Power of attorney, have full discretion over Unfortunately, upon returning, Carter found that the trustees had mismanaged the trust, leaving him over one million dollars in debt. He devoted his time to writing several best-selling books (twenty-three books in all), establishing the Carter Center, and to building his presidential library. [34]
Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale are the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On December 11, 2006, they had been out of office for 25 years and 325 days, surpassing the former record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who both died on July 4, 1826. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display
In ten surveys of historians which ranked US presidents, which included over 1000 scholars, the ranking of Carter's presidency ranged from #19 to #34. In Political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served These rankings are similar to those of Gerald Ford, Carter's predecessor in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President At the time he left office Carter's presidency was viewed by some as a failure, his activities since leaving office, especially his many peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts, have led him to be widely hailed as one of the most successful ex-presidents in U. S. history. [65]
After leaving office, Jimmy Carter has written books and attempted to influence politics in the United States. His popularity as a statesman has risen since he has left office. [66]
Humanitarian work
Carter's expressed goal has always been to make government "competent and compassionate. " He has been involved in a variety of national and international public policy, conflict resolution, human rights and charitable causes. The term "conflict resolution" refers to a range of processes aimed at alleviating or eliminating sources of conflict Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates He established the Carter Center in 1982 in Atlanta to advance human rights and alleviate unnecessary human suffering. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U The center promotes democracy, mediates and prevents conflicts, and monitors the electoral process in support of free and fair elections. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office The center also works to improve global health through the control and eradication of diseases such as Guinea worm disease, malaria, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and schistosomiasis. Dracunculiasis, more commonly known as Guinea worm disease ( GWD) or Medina Worm, is a parasitic Infection caused by the A major accomplishment of the Carter Center has been the elimination of 99. 5% of cases of Guinea worm disease, a debilitating parasite that has existed since ancient times, from more than 3. 5 million cases in 1986 to fewer than 11,000 cases in 2005.
He and his wife, Rosalynn, are also well-known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity, a program that helps low income working people to build and purchase their own homes. Habitat For Humanity International ( HFHI) (generally referred to as Habitat for Humanity or simply Habitat) is an international Ecumenical
Carter was the third U. S. President, after Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. In his Nobel Lecture, Carter told the European audience that U. S. actions after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the 1991 Gulf War, like NATO itself, was a continuation of President Wilson's doctrine of collective security. Collective Security, according to Inis Claude's article "Collective Security as an Approach to Peace" is seen as a compromise between the concept of world government and a nation-state [67] In addition, President Carter is a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism. The Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism is a prize given to people who made exemplary contributions to humanity and the environment
On June 18, 2007, Carter, accompanied by his wife, arrived in Dublin, Ireland for talks with President Mary McAleese and Taoiseach Bertie Ahern concerning human rights. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> Mary Patricia McAleese (Máire Pádraigín The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern ( Irish: Pádraig Parthalán Ó hEachthairn, born 12 September 1951 is an Irish politician who served On June 19, Carter attended and spoke at the annual Human Rights Forum at Croke Park. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Croke Park (Páirc an Chrócaigh in Dublin, Ireland is the largest sports Stadium in Ireland (fifth largest in Europe) and the principal stadium An agreement between Irish Aid and the Carter Center was also signed on this day. The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U
On July 18, 2007, Carter joined Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, South Africa to announce his participation in a new humanitarian organization - The Elders. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. The Global Elders or The Elders is a group of Public figures noted as elder statesmen, Peace activists and Human rights advocates Carter joined a delegations to the Sudan as part of this group, and will accompany fellow Elders Kofi Annan and Mary Robinson on mission to the Middle East in April of 2008. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (Máire Mhic Róibín born 21 May 1944 was the first female President of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997 and the United Nations
The 2007 documentary, "Man from Plains", gives an overview of Carter's humanitarian work. Man from Plains (originally entitled "He Comes in Peace" is a 2007 American Documentary film written and directed by Jonathan Demme
U. S. politics
In 2001, Carter criticized President Bill Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich, calling it "disgraceful" and suggesting that Rich's financial contributions to the Democratic Party was a factor in Clinton's action. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it Marc Rich (born Marc David Reich on December 18, 1934) is an international commodities trader [68]
In September 2006, Carter was interviewed on the BBC's current affairs program Newsnight, voicing his concern at the increasing influence of the Religious Right on U. September 2006 was marked by a controversy surrounding statements made by Pope Benedict XVI regarding Islam, during the same week as the fifth anniversary For the CNN programme see NewsNight with Aaron Brown Newsnight is a British daily News analysis S. politics. [69]
Carter has also criticized the presidency of George W. Bush. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. In a May 2007 interview with the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, he said, "I think as far as the adverse impact on the nation around the world, this administration has been the worst in history. The Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, commonly abbreviated locally as the Dem-Gaz, Demgaz or DemoZet, is a daily newspaper published in Little "[70][71] However, two days after the quote was published, Carter told NBC's Today that the "worst in history" comment was "careless or misinterpreted," and that he "wasn't comparing this administration with other administrations back through history, but just with President Nixon's. Today, also referred to as The Today Show, is an American morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on NBC. "[72] The day after the "worst in history" comment was published, White House spokesman Tony Fratto said that Carter had become "increasingly irrelevant with these kinds of comments". Salvatore Antonio "Tony" Fratto (born June 27, 1966) is Deputy Assistant to United States President George W [73]
In May 2007, Carter described the relationship of Tony Blair, the outgoing British prime minister, to Bush, in the Iraq conflict, as "abominable, loyal, blind, apparently subservient". Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to [74]
Due to his status as former President, Carter is a superdelegate to the Democratic National Convention. " Superdelegate " is an informal term commonly used for some of the Delegates to the Democratic National Convention, the presidential nominating convention The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. On June 3, 2008, Carter announced his endorsement of Sen. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Barack Obama. He has said that Obama should offer the Vice Presidential nomination to "somebody like a [former Georgia Sen. ] Sam Nunn" instead of Clinton. Samuel Augustus Nunn Jr (born September 8, 1938) is an American Lawyer and Politician.
Diplomacy
In 1994, Carter persuaded President Clinton to send him on a mission to North Korea. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [75] North Korea had expelled investigators from the International Atomic Energy Agency and was threatening to begin processing spent nuclear fuel. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its Carter met with North Korean President Kim Il Sung, resulting in the signing of the Agreed Framework, under which North Korea agreed to stop processing nuclear fuel in exchange for a return to normalized relations, oil deliveries and two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors. Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was signed on October 21 1994 between North Korea ( DPRK) and
The Agreed Framework negotiated by Jimmy Carter was widely hailed at the time as a diplomatic achievement, but, in 2005, North Korea announced that it had nuclear weapons and on October 9, 2006 backed up this assertion with the underground detonation of a low-yield nuclear device. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Carter's supporters attributed the failure of the agreement to continued sanctions by a Republican-controlled Congress. Their opponents claimed the North Korean government never intended to give up its nuclear weapons program. [76]
Carter visited Cuba in May 2002 and met with Fidel Castro. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until He was allowed to address the Cuban public on national television with a speech that he wrote and presented in Spanish. This made Carter the first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since the Cuban revolution of 1959. The Cuban Revolution refers to the revolution that led to the overthrow of the United States proxy ruler General Fulgencio Batista 's regime on January 1, He also created an uproar in the US when he was seen socializing and shaking hands with Castro at the funeral of former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau in late 2000.
A popular petition resulted in Venezuela holding a recall election on August 15, 2004, and Carter was there to observe it. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The Venezuelan recall referendum of 15 August 2004 was a Referendum to determine whether Hugo Chávez, the current President of Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " European Union observers had declined to participate, saying too many restrictions were put on them by the Chávez administration. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. [77] A record number of voters turned out to defeat the recall attempt with a 59% "no" vote. [78] The Carter Center "concluded the results were accurate. "[79] On the afternoon of August 16, 2004, the day after the vote, Carter and Organization of American States (OAS) Secretary General César Gaviria gave a joint press conference in which they endorsed the preliminary results announced by the National Electoral Council. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered According to the Charter of the Organization of American States: The Secretary General shall direct the General Secretariat be the legal representative César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo (born March 31, 1947 in Pereira, Risaralda) is a Colombian politician and a Latin American statesman The monitors' findings "coincided with the partial returns announced today by the National Elections Council" said Carter, while Gaviria added that the OAS electoral observation mission's members had "found no element of fraud in the process". Directing his remarks at opposition figures who made claims of "widespread fraud" in the voting, Carter called on all Venezuelans to "accept the results and work together for the future". [80] However, a Penn, Schoen & Berland Associates (PSB) exit poll had predicted that Chávez would lose by 20%, and when the election results showed him to have won by 20% Schoen commented, "I think it was a massive fraud". Penn Schoen & Berland Associates describes itself as "an innovative strategic market research firm with offices in New York Washington D [81] US News and World Report offered an analysis of the polls, indicating "very good reason to believe that the (Penn, Schoen & Berland) exit poll had the result right, and that Chávez's election officials — and Carter and the American media — got it wrong". The Schoen exit poll and the government's programming of election machines became the basis of claims of election fraud. Indymedia, citing the Associated Press, reports that PSB used Súmate (pro-recall) volunteers for fieldwork, and its results contradicted five other opposition exit polls. [82]
In March 2004, Carter condemned George W. Bush and Tony Blair for waging an unnecessary war "based upon lies and misinterpretations" in order to oust Saddam Hussein. He claimed that Blair had allowed his better judgment to be swayed by Bush's desire to finish a war that George H. W. Bush (his father) had started. In August 2006, Carter criticized Blair for being "subservient" to the Bush administration and accused Blair of giving unquestioning support to any "radical or ill-advised" policy adopted by Bush. [83] On May 19, 2007, Blair made his final visit to Iraq before stepping down as British Prime Minister in June, and Carter used the occasion to attack Blair once again. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Carter told the BBC that Blair was "apparently subservient" to Bush and criticised him for his "blind support" for the Iraq war. [84] Carter described Blair's actions as "abominable" and stated that the British Prime Minister's "almost undeviating support for the ill-advised policies of President Bush in Iraq have been a major tragedy for the world". Carter said he believes that had Blair distanced himself from the Bush administration during the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it may have made a crucial difference to American political and public opinion, and consequently the invasion might not have gone ahead. Carter states that "one of the defences of the Bush administration. . . has been, okay, we must be more correct in our actions than the world thinks because Great Britain is backing us. So I think the combination of Bush and Blair giving their support to this tragedy in Iraq has strengthened the effort and has made the opposition less effective, and prolonged the war and increased the tragedy that has resulted. " Carter expressed his hope that Blair's successor Gordon Brown would be "less enthusiastic" about Bush's Iraq policy. WikipediaManual of Style (biographies#Academic titles --> James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951 is [85]
In June 2005, Carter urged the closing of the Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba, which has been the center point for recent claims of prisoner abuse. The Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp is a controversial United States Detention center operated by Joint Task Force Guantanamo since 2002 in Guantanamo
Carter has also in recent years become a frequent critic of Israel's policies in Lebanon, West Bank and Gaza. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. [86][87]
Presidents Clinton, George H. W. and George W. Bush are said to have been less than pleased with Carter's "freelance" diplomacy in Korea, Iraq and elsewhere. [88][76] Carter has been particularly critical of the George W. Bush administration. Carter later said that his comments calling administration's foreign policy "the worst in history" had been “careless or misinterpreted. ”[89]
In August 2007 Carter offered himself to negotiate with the terrorist group ETA. eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist He also explained in Santander that he also offered to negotiate in 1998 but the offer was rejected by the government of Aznar. The port city of Santander is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain between Asturias (to the west and [90]
In October 2007, Carter toured Darfur with several African statesmen including Desmond Tutu. Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African Cleric and activist who rose to Worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent Sudanese security prevented him from visiting a Darfuri tribal leader, leading to a heated exchange. [91]
In April 2008, the London-based Arabic newspaper Al-Hayat reported that Carter will meet with exiled Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal on his visit to Syria. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Khaled Mashal, also known as Khaled Mashaal or Khalid Mish'al (خالد مشعل (b Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Carter Center did not confirm nor deny the story. The US State Department considers Hamas a terrorist organization. [92] Within this Mid-East trip, Carter also broke with US policy by laying a wreath on the grave of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah on April 14, 2008. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Ramallah ( Arabic:) (lit "Height of God" is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank adjacent to Al-Bireh with a population 118000 Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [93] Carter very politely denied on April 23, 2008 that Condoleezza Rice or anyone else in her secretary of state-department had warned him against meeting with Hamas leaders during his April 13, 2008 trip to the Middle East. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [94]
In May 2008, while arguing that the United States should directly talk to Iran, Carter stated that Israel has 150 nuclear weapons in its arsenal. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. [95]
Following Ecuador's severing of ties with Colombia in March of 2008, Carter brokered a deal for agreement between the countries' respective presidents on the restoration of low-level diplomatic relations announced June 8, 2008. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [96][97]
Palestine Peace Not Apartheid
In his book Palestine Peace Not Apartheid, published in November 2006, Carter states that "Israel's continued control and colonization of Palestinian land have been the primary obstacles to a comprehensive peace agreement in the Holy Land. Palestine Peace Not Apartheid is a ''New York Times'' Best Seller written by Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States (1977–1981 This article attempts to summarize and illustrate selected notable representative critical reaction to and commentary on the book Palestine Peace Not Apartheid (New York Palestine Peace Not Apartheid is a ''New York Times'' Best Seller written by Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States (1977–1981 "[98] While he recognizes that Arab citizens in Israel proper have equal rights,[99] he declares that Israel's current policies in the Palestinian territories constitute "a system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land, but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called The crime of apartheid is defined by the 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court which established the International Criminal Court as inhumane acts Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled "[98] While some have praised Carter for speaking frankly about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, others have accused him of anti-Israeli bias and of making significant factual errors, omissions and misstatements in the book. [100][101] Angered by Carter's book, Israel refused to provide Carter protection during an April 2008 visit. [102]
Accolades
Carter has received honorary degrees from many American colleges, including Harvard University, Emory University, Bates College and the University of Pennsylvania. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The William J Clinton Presidential Center and Park includes the Clinton Presidential library and the offices of the Clinton Foundation and the University of Arkansas Little Rock is the Capital and the most populous city of the U Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, Bates College is a private liberal arts college located in Lewiston Maine, in the United States. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Because he had served as a submariner, a submarine was named for him. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability The USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) was named on April 27, 1997, making it one of the very few United States Navy vessels to be named for a person still alive at the time of the naming. Alleged spying mission The defense writer Robert Karniol writes that the successfully tapped into Soviet underwater military communication cables in the Barents Sea in 1979 Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar The United States Navy has a long tradition that no vessel be named for a living person and an equally long tradition stretching back to the Continental Navy, of breaking In February 2005, both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter spoke at the commissioning ceremony for this submarine.
Carter has participated in many ceremonial events such as the opening of his own presidential library and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton. He has also participated in many forums, lectures, panels, funerals and other events. Carter delivered a eulogy at the funeral of Coretta Scott King and, most recently, at the funeral of his former political rival, but later his close, personal friend and diplomatic collaborator, Gerald Ford. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing Coretta Scott King (April 27 1927 January 30 2006 was an American Author and Activist, perhaps most recognized as the wife of Martin Gerald Ford died on December 26, 2006 at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, at 645 p Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President Whether Carter will be included in the Presidential $1 Coin Program depends on whether he is still alive in 2014. The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with
Carter intends to be buried in front of his home in Plains, Georgia. Every President since Herbert Hoover has been buried at their presidential library or presidential museum (with the exception of John F. Kennedy, who is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, and Lyndon B. Johnson, who is buried at his own ranch, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, who is buried in the Rose Garden of his home in Hyde Park, New York). Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War Lyndon B Johnson National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park in central Texas about 50 miles west of Austin in the See also New Hyde Park for the village on Long Island there is also a hamlet named Hyde Park in Otsego County, near Cooperstown Both President Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, were born in Plains. Carter also noted that a funeral in Washington, D.C. with visitation at the Carter Center is being planned as well. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D [103]
Among the honors Carter has received are the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed Others include:
- LL.D. (honoris causa) Morehouse College, 1972; Morris Brown College, 1972; University of Notre Dame, 1977; Emory University, 1979; Kwansei Gakuin University, 1981; Georgia Southwestern College, 1981; New York Law School, 1985; Bates College, 1985; Centre College, 1987; Creighton University, 1987; University of Pennsylvania, 1998
- D. Doctor of Laws ( Latin: Legum Doctor, LLD) is a Doctorate -level Academic degree in Law. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding Morehouse College is a private, all-male, historically black college located in Atlanta, Georgia. Morris Brown College (MBC is a four-year private coed liberal arts college located in the Vine City Community of Atlanta Georgia. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in colloquially abbreviated to, is a private Non-sectarian and Coeducational University located in Nishinomiya, Sanda, Osaka Georgia Southwestern State University in Americus Georgia, is a school in the University System of Georgia. New York Law School is a private Law school in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Bates College is a private liberal arts college located in Lewiston Maine, in the United States. Creighton University is a university located in Omaha Nebraska. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. E. (honoris causa) Georgia Institute of Technology, 1979
- Ph.D (honoris causa) Weizmann Institute of Science, 1980; Tel Aviv University, 1983; Haifa University, 1987
- D.H.L. (honoris causa) Central Connecticut State University, 1985; Trinity College, 1998
- Doctor (honoris causa) G. The Georgia Institute of Technology, commonly known as Georgia Tech, or Tech, is a public, Coeducational Research university in "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The Weizmann Institute of Science (מכון ויצמן למדע known as Machon Weizmann is a university and research institute in Rehovot, Israel. Tel Aviv University (TAU אוניברסיטת תל־אביב את"א is Israel 's largest on-site University, located in Tel Aviv. The University of Haifa (אוניברסיטת חיפה is a University in Haifa, Israel. The degree of Doctor of Humane Letters ( Latin: Litterarum humanarum doctor; D Central Connecticut State University is a state university in New Britain, Connecticut. Trinity College is a private liberal arts college in Hartford Connecticut. Doctor ( gen: doctoris) means teacher in Latin. The word is originally an Agentive noun of the verb docēre ('teach' O. C. University, 1995
- Silver Buffalo Award, Boy Scouts of America, 1978
- Gold medal, International Institute for Human Rights, 1979
- International Mediation medal, American Arbitration Association, 1979
- Martin Luther King, Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize, 1979
- International Human Rights Award, Synagogue Council of America, 1979
- Conservationist of the Year Award, 1979
- Harry S. Truman Public Service Award, 1981
- Ansel Adams Conservation Award, Wilderness Society, 1982
- Human Rights Award, International League of Human Rights, 1983
- World Methodist Peace Award, 1985
- Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, 1987
- Edwin C. The Silver Buffalo Award is the national-level distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million The American Arbitration Association ( AAA) is a private enterprise in the business of arbitration and one of several Arbitration organizations that administers arbitration Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Ansel Easton Adams (February 20 1902 – April 22 1984 was a legendary American Photographer and Environmentalist, best known for his Black-and-white Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher Whitehead Award, National Center for Health Education, 1989
- Jefferson Award, American Institute of Public Service, 1990
- Liberty Medal, National Constitution Center, 1990
- Spirit of America Award, National Council for the Social Studies, 1990
- Physicians for Social Responsibility Award, 1991 Aristotle Prize, Alexander S. The Liberty Medal is an annual award administered by the National Constitution Center of the United States to recognize leadership in the pursuit of freedom The National Constitution Center is a history museum on Independence Mall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, just two blocks from the Liberty Bell Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Onassis Foundation, 1991
- W. Averell Harriman Democracy Award, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1992
- Spark M. William Averell Harriman ( November 15 1891 July 26 1986) was an American Democratic Party politician businessman Matsunaga Medal of Peace, US Institute of Peace, 1993
- Humanitarian Award, CARE International, 1993
- Conservationist of the Year Medal, National Wildlife Federation, 1993
- Rotary Award for World Understanding, 1994
- J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding, 1994
- National Civil Rights Museum Freedom Award, 1994
- UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize, 1994
- Great Cross of the Order of Vasco Nunéz de Balboa, Panama, 1995
- Bishop John T. James William Fulbright ( April 9, 1905 &ndash February 9, 1995) was a United States Senator representing Arkansas from Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Award, Africare, 1996
- Humanitarian of the Year, GQ Awards, 1996
- Kiwanis International Humanitarian Award, 1996
- Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development, 1997
- Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Awards for Humanitarian Contributions to the Health of Humankind, National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, 1997
- United Nations Human Rights Award, 1998
- The Hoover Medal, 1998
- International Child Survival Award, UNICEF Atlanta, 1999
- William Penn Mott, Jr. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the The United Nations Prizes in the Field of Human Rights were instituted by United Nations General Assembly resolution 2217 in 1966 The Hoover Medal is an American Engineering prize It has been given since 1930 for "great unselfish non-technical services by an engineer to humankind" , Park Leadership Award, National Parks Conservation Association, 2000
- Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, 2007
- Berkeley Medal, University of California campus, May 2, 2007
- Freedom of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne, England[11] awarded on the occasion of his visit to the city (6 May 1977)[12]
- Honorary Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (conferred on the 18 June 2007)
- Honorary Fellow of Mansfield College, Oxford (conferred on the 21 June 2007)
Electoral history
See also
- 1977 in United States history
- 1979 energy crisis
- Jack Carter (politician) (born 1947; eldest son of former U. The Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album has been awarded since 1959. The University of California ( UC) is a Public university system in the state of California. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by some municipalities in Australia, Canada, Ireland, France, Italy, New Zealand Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Honorary titles in Academia may be conferred on persons in recognition of contributions by a non-employee or by an employee beyond regular duties The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ( RCSI) (Coláiste Ríoga na Máinleá in Éirinn is a Dublin -based private medical institution situated on St Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Honorary titles in Academia may be conferred on persons in recognition of contributions by a non-employee or by an employee beyond regular duties Mansfield College is one of the 39 constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Electoral history of Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States and 76th Governor of Georgia. Events Polish-American mathematician Antoni Zygmund authors his major work Measure and Integral. The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. John William "Jack" Carter, (born July 3 1947) is an American Businessman and Politician who unsuccessfully ran for the S. President Jimmy Carter)
- History of the United States (1964-1980)
- History of the United States (1980-1988)
- Nicaragua Betrayed
- The Carter Center
Footnotes
- ^ "Jimmy Carter". The history of the United States from 1964 through 1980 includes the continuation of the African American Civil Rights Movement; the Vietnam War and protests against The history of the United States (1980-1991 includes the last year of the Jimmy Carter presidency eight years of the Ronald Reagan administration and the first Nicaragua Betrayed, published in 1980, is the Memoir of former Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza Debayle (as told The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U . Georgia Humanities Council. Retrieved on 2007-12-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city
- ^ Biography of Jimmy Carter
- ^ Jimmy Carter: Decontrol of Marginal Oil Wells Executive Order 12209
- ^ Carter fears Florida vote trouble, BBC
- ^ Jimmy Carter and Habitat for Humanity - Habitat for Humanity Int'l
- ^ Nichols, John (2007-05-21). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Who's Afraid of Jimmy Carter? George Bush. The Nation. This article is about the US Publication. For other newspapers magazines and alternate uses by the same name see The Nation (disambiguation. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Jimmy Carter
- ^ http://www.ffa.org/documents/about_prominentmembers.pdf
- ^ The Class of 1947 had a war-accelerated three-year program. [1].
- ^ Hayward, Steven F. (2004). The Real Jimmy Carter: How Our Worst Ex-President Undermines American. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0895260905.
- ^ Reactor Accidents: The Human Fallout
- ^ American Experience | Jimmy Carter | Timeline
- ^ [2].
- ^ [3].
- ^ Atomic Insights Blog: Picking on the Jimmy Carter myth
- ^ PBS Interview: Jimmy Carter
- ^ Lieutenant James Earle Carter, Jr., USN - Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy, October 19, 1997. The Naval Historical Center (NHC is the official History program of the United States Navy. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar
- ^ People & Events: James Earl ("Jimmy") Carter Jr. (1924–) - American Experience, PBS, accessed March 18, 2006. American Experience (sometimes abbreviated AmEx) is a Television program airing on the PBS network in the United States The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ American Experience | Jimmy Carter | Transcript
- ^ The Claremont Institute - Malaise Forever
- ^ "Jimmy Carter", Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005, accessed March 18, 2006. Encarta is a Digital Multimedia Encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Peter Applebome. "In Georgia Reprise, Maddox on Stump", The New York Times, 14 January 1990. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Race Matters - Lester Maddox, Segregationist and Georgia Governor, Dies at 87
- ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - July 10, 1972
- ^ Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, 1999, page 242
- ^ Death Penalty Information Center
- ^ Democrats shift on death penalty - The Boston Globe
- ^ CNN.com - Carter Nobel Peace Prize speech - December 10, 2002
- ^ GAMBRELL, David Henry - Biographical Information
- ^ Martin, Robert Scott (October 15, 1999). Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Celebrities Have Close Encounters, Too. Space. com. Retrieved on 2004-04-16. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Horvath, Alex (February 7, 2003). Bolinas man's film says we are not alone. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Stenger, Richard (October 22, 2002). Clinton aide slams Pentagon's UFO secrecy. CNN. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, July 25, 2007 episode
- ^ a b c d American Presidency, Brinkley and Dyer, 2004
- ^ "The Playboy Interview: Jimmy Carter. The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe is a weekly one-hour Podcast hosted by Steven Novella, MD and a panel of " skeptical rogues " Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. " Robert Scheer. Playboy, November 1976, Vol. 23, Iss. 11, pg. 63-86
- ^ Erwin C. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good, London, 1988, p 102.
- ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis - Discount Rates.
- ^ http://mortgage-x.com/general/indexes/prime.asp.
- ^ "The downturn was precipitated by a rise in interest rates to levels that exceeded the record rates recorded a year earlier. " Congressional Budget Office, "The Prospects for Economic Recovery," February 1982.
- ^ American Experience | Jimmy Carter | People & Events
- ^ Transcript - "Crisis of Confidence" speech, July 15, 1979
- ^ C-SPAN interview with Hertzberg
- ^ Clymer, Adam (July 18, 1979). Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) "Speech Lifts Carter Rating to 37%; Public Agrees on Confidence Crisis; Responsive Chord Struck Speech Lifts Carter Rating to 37% Big Impact Found Some Would Buy Bonds Big Gain in the South More Encouragement". New York Times: A1.
- ^ Jimmy Carter - MSN Encarta
- ^ Executive Orders
- ^ Online NewsHour: Remembering Vietnam: Carter's Pardon
- ^ Pincus, W. , & Writer, W. P. S. (1977, April 1). Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne When a campaign vow crashes into a pork barrel. [i]The Washington Post[/i]
- ^ U.S. Senate: Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Supreme Court Nominations, present-1789
- ^ Shilts, Randy, Conduct Unbecoming
- ^ Gaywired.com
- ^ Voyager hurtles deep into outer space. BBC News (February 18, 1998). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2004-04-16. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Voyage of The Voyagers: First Quarter-Century. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Jimmy Carter UFO. Presidential UFO. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow.
- ^ Jimmy Carter and the Voyager Spacecraft. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ [4] Carter / Singlaub (NBC) from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive
- ^ [5]Time Magazine - General on the Carpet
- ^ Korea: The Case For Disengagement
- ^ Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 389
- ^ Jeffrey M. Elliot and Mervyn M. Dymally, Voices of Zaire: Rhetoric or Reality, p. 88
- ^ http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/executive-orders/1979.html.
- ^ Iranian Hostage Crisis.
- ^ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/executive_orders.php?year=1981.
- ^ PBS's American Experience - Billy Carter
- ^ Skid Row Plot - TIME
- ^ Felsenthal, Carol (03). "Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton: They Genuinely Dislike Each Other". The Huffington Post.
- ^ Brinkley, Douglas (Fall 1996). Douglas Brinkley (born December 14, 1960, in Atlanta Georgia is an American Author and distinguished Professor of History "The rising stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'hands on' legacy of our thirty-ninth President". Diplomatic History 20 (4): 505–530. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. ISSN 0145-2096. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- ^ Text from the Nobel lecture given by The Nobel Peace Prize laureate for 2002, December 10, 2002, transcript from Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
- ^ CNN. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum in Atlanta Georgia houses U
- ^ BBC
- ^ Lockwood, Frank. "Carter pipes up, calls Bush's way 'worst in history'", Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 19, 2007
- ^ Carter calls Bush administration worst ever
- ^ "Carter: Anti-Bush remarks 'careless or misinterpreted'", Associated Press, May 21, 2007. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved May 21, 2007
- ^ "'Carter is irrelevant,' Bush administration shoots back", Associated Press, May 20, 2007. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved May 21, 2007
- ^ "White House hits back at Carter", BBC News, May 21, 2007. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved May 21, 2007
- ^ Marion V. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Creekmore. A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter, The Power of a Peacemaker, and North Korea's Nuclear Ambitions (2006)
- ^ a b [6].
- ^ Jose De Cordoba, and David Luhnow, "Venezuelans Rush to Vote on Chávez: Polarized Nation Decides Whether to Recall President After Years of Political Rifts," Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition), New York City, August 16, 2004, p. The City of New York Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " A11.
- ^ "Venezuelan Audit Confirms Victory," BBC News, BBC, 21 September 2004, accessed 5 November 2005. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Carter Center (2005). Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report. Accessed 25 January 2006. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [7].
- ^ M. Barone, "Exit polls in Venezuela," U. S. News & World Report August 20, 2004. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ UK Indymedia - U.S. Poll Firm in Hot Water in Venezuela
- ^ [8].
- ^ BBC News accessed January 23, 2008
- ^ Carter attacks Blair's Iraq role. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common BBC News (May 19, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ Douglas G. Brinkley. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize (1999), pp. 99–123
- ^ Kenneth W. Stein, "My Problem with Jimmy Carter's Book," Middle East Quarterly 14. Kenneth W Stein is William E Schatten Professor of Contemporary Middle Eastern History Political Science and Israeli Studies and Director of the Institute for the Study of Modern Israel Middle East Quarterly ( MEQ) is a quarterly journal devoted to subjects relating to the Middle East. 2 (Spring 2007).
- ^ Marion V. Creekmore, A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter, The Power of a Peacemaker, and North Korea's Nuclear Ambitions (2006).
- ^ [9] MSNBC. com.
- ^ Jimmy Carter se ofrece de nuevo a mediar entre el Gobierno y ETA 'si lo piden las partes' | elmundo.es
- ^ Jimmy Carter blocked from meeting Darfur chief: Mail & Guardian Online
- ^ "Jimmy Carter Planning to meet Mashaal" Jerusalem Post April 9, 2008
- ^ "Carter lays wreath at Arafat's grave." Associated Press. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common April 15, 2008. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Carter: Rice did not advise against Hamas meeting." CNN April 23, 2008. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Israel has 150 nuclear weapons: Former U.S. president
- ^ The Carter Center (2008-06-08). The Carter Center is a nongovernmental not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable "Ecuador and Colombia Presidents Accept President Carter's Proposal to Renew Diplomatic Relations at the Level of Chargé d'Affaires, Immediately and Without Preconditions". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ "Colombia, Ecuador restore ties under deal with Carter", Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 2008-06-08. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Thomson Reuters is an information company created by The Thomson Corporation 's purchase of Reuters on 17 April 2008. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ a b "Simon & Schuster: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid (Hardcover) - Read an Excerpt,", Simon & Schuster, November 2006, accessed April 9, 2007. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ [10], "Jimmy Carter Issues Letter to Jewish Community on Palestine Peace Not Apartheid", Carter Center, December 15, 2006, accessed April 9, 2007
- ^ Julie Bosman, "Carter View of Israeli 'Apartheid' Stirs Furor," The New York Times, December 14, 2006, accessed March 29, 2008. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Alan Dershowitz. "The World According to Carter", The New York Sun, 2006-11-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Retrieved on 2007-09-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France
- ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24107417/ Israel refused to guard Carter, sources say]
- ^ President Carter Talks of Funeral Plans
See also
References
- Further information: List of books by Jimmy Carter
- Allen, Gary. This is a list of books authored by Jimmy Carter the 39th President of the United States (1977&ndash1981 For the country music artist see Gary Allan Gary Allen (1936 – 29 November 1986) was an American conservative journalist Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter, '76 Press, 1976.
- Berggren, D. Jason and Rae, Nicol C. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style. " Presidential Studies Quarterly 2006 36(4): 606-632. Issn: 0360-4918 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ingenta
- Busch, Andrew E. Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right, (2005) online review by Michael Barone
- Califano, Joseph A. , Jr. Governing America: An insider's report from the White House and the Cabinet. 1981
- Freedman, Robert. "The Religious Right and the Carter Administration. " Historical Journal 2005 48(1): 231-260. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: in Swetswise
- Jordan, Hamilton. Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency. 1982
- Lance, Bert. The Truth of the Matter: My Life in and out of Politics. 1991
- New York Times article TOPICS; Thermostatic Legacy, January 1, 1981, Thursday (NYT); Editorial Desk Late City Final Edition, Section 1, Page 18, Column 1
- Harris, David [13] (2004). New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 David Harris (born 1946 in Fresno California) is an American Journalist and Author. The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam. Little, Brown.
- Regarding the failed Iranian mission to rescue the American hostages
- Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Dr Peter Bourne (born 1939 is a Physician, anthropologist, biographer, Author and international civil servant with experience in Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-19543-7.
- Clymer, Kenton. "Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia. " Diplomatic History 2003 27(2): 245-278. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco
- Dumbrell, John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation, 2nd ed. , Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4693-9.
- Fink, Gary M. ; and Hugh Davis Graham (eds. ) (1998). The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0895-8.
- Flint, Andrew R. ; and Joy Porter (March 2005). "Jimmy Carter: The re-emergence of faith-based politics and the abortion rights issue". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (1): 28–51. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- Gillon, Steven M. (1992). The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07630-4.
- Glad, Betty (1980). Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-07527-3.
- Hahn, Dan F. (1992). "The rhetoric of Jimmy Carter, 1976–1980", in in Theodore Windt and Beth Ingold: Essays in Presidential Rhetoric, 3rd ed. , Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, pp. 331–365. ISBN 0-8403-7568-9.
- Hargrove, Erwin C. (1988). Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1499-5.
- Jones, Charles O. (1988). The Trusteeship Presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1426-X.
- Jorden, William J. (1984). Panama Odyssey. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76469-3.
- Kaufman, Burton I. (1993). The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0572-X.
- Kucharsky, David (1976). The Man From Plains: The Mind and Spirit of Jimmy Carter. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064891-0.
- Morgan, Iwan. "Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, and the New Democratic Economics. " Historical Journal 2004 47(4): 1015-1039. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: in Swetswise
- Ribuffo, Leo P. (1989). "God and Jimmy Carter", in in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert: Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 141–159. ISBN 0-313-25707-8.
- Ribuffo, Leo P. (1997). "'Malaise' revisited: Jimmy Carter and the crisis of confidence", in in John Patrick Diggins (ed. ): The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 164–185. ISBN 0-691-04829-0.
- Rosenbaum, Herbert D. ; and Alexej Ugrinsky (eds. ) (1994). The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, pp. 83–116. ISBN 0-313-28845-3.
- Schram, Martin (1977). Running for President, 1976: The Carter Campaign. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2245-5.
- Schmitz, David F. and Walker, Vanessa. "Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: the Development of a Post-cold War Foreign Policy. " Diplomatic History 2004 28(1): 113-143. Issn: 0145-2096 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco
- Strong, Robert A. (Fall 1986). "Recapturing leadership: The Carter administration and the crisis of confidence". Presidential Studies Quarterly 16 (3): 636–650. ISSN 0360-4918. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Strong, Robert A. (2000). Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2445-1.
- White, Theodore H. (1982). Theodore Harold White ( May 6, 1915 – May 9, 1986) was an American political journalist historian and novelist best known for his accounts America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956–1980. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-039007-7.
- Witcover, Jules (1977). Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972–1976. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-45461-3.
External links
- Extensive essay on Jimmy Carter and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- Full audio of Carter speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
- Extensive collection of Oral History Transcripts on the Carter Administration from the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)
- Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
- The Carter Center: Advancing Human Rights and Alleviating Suffering
- PBS American Experience Video Biography of Jimmy Carter
- Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter Partnership Foundation
- Text and Audio of Carter's Crisis of Confidence (Malaise) Speech
- Text and Notes to Carter's Undelivered Energy Speech
- Simon & Schuster Audio homepage for Jimmy Carter
- Interpretive essay in New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Website about Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
Biographical pages
- Educational Background
- Biography, via whitehouse. gov
- Biography, via Britannica. com - Jimmy Carter
- Biography via ourgeorgiahistory. com
- Biography, via geocities. com
- Navy Years, via submarinehistory. com
Other links
- Interview about the SALT II negotiations for the WGBH series
- War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
- Inaugural Address of Jimmy Carter via re-quest. net
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Jimmy Carter
- State of the Union Addresses: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 (written message) at UCSB's American Presidency Project
- Audio recordings of Carter's speeches, via Michigan State University
- Nobel lecture, Oslo, Norway (December 10, 2002)
- About the malaise speech, via PBS
- The 1980 October Surprise
- "The U.S. President was here" — about Carterpuri, a village in Haryana, India named after President Carter
- Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940–1990 Chap. 3 The Carter Years
- Carter's hand written UFO sighting report of 1969
- More information about the "killer rabbit" incident
- Works by Jimmy Carter at Project Gutenberg
- Jimmy Carter at the Internet Movie Database
- Jimmy Carter's thoughts on Earth Day 2006
- Carter shares insight on peace in Mideast
- Interview with Jimmy Carter (August 2006)
- Interview with Jimmy Carter on Current Campaign (April 2007)
- Interview with Jimmy Carter (April 2007) on Speaking of Faith with Krista Tippett
- Interview with Jimmy Carter on The Skeptic's Guide to the Universe about his UFO sighting (July 2007)
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Lester Maddox |
Governor of Georgia 1971 – 1975 |
Succeeded by George Busbee |
| Preceded by Gerald Ford |
President of the United States January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
Succeeded by Ronald Reagan |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by George McGovern |
Democratic Party Presidential Nominee 1976, 1980 |
Succeeded by Walter Mondale |
| Order of precedence in the United States of America | ||
| Preceded by John G. Roberts Chief Justice of the United States |
United States order of precedence Former President of the United States |
Succeeded by George H. W. Bush Former President of the United States |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carter, Jimmy |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Carter, James Earl, Jr. Michigan State University ( MSU) is a co-educational public Research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Krista (Weedman Tippett (born November 9, 1960) is a Peabody Award -winning broadcaster journalist and author Lester Garfield Maddox ( September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American Democratic Party politician who was Colonial governors James Oglethorpe, Resident Trustee, 1733 - 1743 ( Oglethorpe County) William Stephens, George Dekle Busbee ( August 7, 1927 &ndash July 16, 2004) was an American politician who served as the governor of Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 George Stanley McGovern This is a list of the candidates for the offices of President of the United States and Vice President of the United States of the modern Democratic Party of the United The United States presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M The United States presidential election of 1980 featured a contest between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and his Republican opponent Ronald Reagan Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party The United States Order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the government of the United States. John Glover Roberts Jr (born January 27 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States. The United States Order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the government of the United States. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | President of the United States |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 1, 1924 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Plains, Georgia, United States |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Plains is a city in Sumter County, Georgia, United States. The population was 637 at the 2000 census The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
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