Citizendia
Your Ad Here

This article is about the Peoples Temple leader. For other persons of the same name, see Jim Jones (disambiguation). Jim Jones (1931–1978 was a religious leader known for the Jonestown suicide cult
James Warren "Jim" Jones

Photo credit: The Jonestown Institute
Born May 13, 1931(1931-05-13)
Crete, Indiana
Died November 18, 1978 (aged 47)
Jonestown, Guyana
Occupation Leader, Peoples Temple

James Warren "Jim" Jones (May 13, 1931 – November 18, 1978) was the American founder of the Peoples Temple, which became synonymous with group suicide after the November 18, 1978 death of over 900 people from cyanide poisoning in their isolated agricultural intentional community called Jonestown, along with the death of 9 other people at a nearby airstrip and in Georgetown. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Crete is a small town in Greensfork Township, Randolph County, Indiana about 3 miles east of the town of Lynn. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that by the mid-1970s possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that by the mid-1970s possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Potassium cyanide is an Inorganic compound with the formula KCN An intentional community is a planned Residential community designed to have a much higher degree of Teamwork than other communities Georgetown, estimated population 310320 (2002 Guyana census is the Capital and largest city of Guyana, located in the Demerara-Mahaica region To the extent the actions in Jonestown were viewed as a mass suicide, it is one of the largest such mass suicides in history, perhaps the largest in over 1,900 years and the largest mass suicide of United States citizens. Mass suicide occurs when a number of people kill themselves together and/or for the same reason Mass suicide occurs when a number of people kill themselves together and/or for the same reason The United States of America —commonly referred to as the At a nearby airstrip, the event also resulted in the first and only murder of a Congressman, Leo Ryan, in the history of the United States, along with the murder of three journalists and a defecting Temple member. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries A Member of Congress is a Politician who is a member of a Congress. Leo Joseph Ryan Jr (May 5 1925&ndashNovember 18 1978 was an American politician of the Democratic Party. Four other Temple members also died in Georgetown that night.

Contents

Early life

Jones was born in Crete, Indiana, to James Thurman Jones, a World War I veteran, and Lyneta Putnam. Crete is a small town in Greensfork Township, Randolph County, Indiana about 3 miles east of the town of Lynn. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All [1] He would later claim part Cherokee descent through his mother. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact In 2007 interviews with PBS, childhood acquaintances recalled Jones as being a "weird kid" who was "obsessed with religion . The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the . . obsessed with death;" they further claimed that Jones frequently held funerals for small animals, and heard a story of Jones fatally stabbing a cat. [2]. He graduated from Richmond High School in Richmond, Indiana. Richmond High School is a Public high school in Richmond Indiana, located at 380 Hub Etchison Parkway Richmond (ˈrɪtʃmənd is a city in Wayne Township, Wayne County, in east central Indiana, which borders Ohio. In 1951 Jones and his wife Marceline moved to Indianapolis, where Jones enrolled in Butler University attending night school and earned a degree in secondary education in 1961. Butler University is a private Liberal arts University in Indianapolis, Indiana. [3]

Founding of the Temple

Main article: Peoples Temple

Indiana beginnings

In 1951, Jones began attending communist meetings and rallies in Indianapolis. Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that by the mid-1970s possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [4] Jones became flustered at harassment he received during the McCarthy Hearings,[4] particularly, regarding meetings between Jones and his mother with Paul Robeson. The Army-McCarthy Hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate 's Subcommittee on Investigations between March 1954 and June 1954 Paul LeRoy Bustill Robeson ( April 9, 1898 &ndash January 23, 1976) was a multi-lingual American Actor, athlete [5] This, among other things, provoked a seminal moment for Jones where he asked himself "how can I demonstrate my Marxism? The thought was, infiltrate the church. "[5][4]

Jones' interest in religion began during his childhood, mainly because he found making friends difficult, though initially he vacillated on his church of choice. [6] In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, but left that church because they barred him from integrating African Americans into his congregation. [4] Around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at the Seventh Day Baptist Church, observed that it attracted people and their cash and concluded that with financial resources from such healings, he could help accomplish his social goals. [4]

Jones then began his own church, which changed names until it became the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel. [4] Jones sold pet monkeys door-to-door to raise the money to fund his church. [7]

In 1961, Jones helped to integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the police department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Methodist Hospital and became the executive director of the Indianapolis Human Rights Commission. [4]

Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views. [4] Jim and Marcy Jones were also the first white couple in Indiana to adopt an African American child, and they also adopted other children of Korean-American and Native American ancestry. [8][4]

Move to California

After traveling in Brazil from 1962 to 1963, in 1965, Jones claimed that the world would be engulfed in a nuclear war on July 15, 1967 that would then create a new socialist Eden on earth and that they must move to Northern California for safety. [9][4] Accordingly, the Peoples Temple began moving to Redwood Valley, California. Redwood Valley is an Unincorporated town located in Mendocino County, California. [4]

While Jones had always spoke of the social gospel's virtues, before the late 1960s, Jones did not reveal that his gospel was actually communism. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [4] By the late 1960s, Jones began at least partially openly revealing in Temple sermons his "Apostolic Socialism" concept. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution [4] Specifically, "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment -- socialism. "[10] Jones often mixed those concepts, such as preaching that "If you're born in capitalist America, racist America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin. "[11]

Jim Jones as portrayed in a brochure of the Peoples Temple
Jim Jones as portrayed in a brochure of the Peoples Temple

By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding traditional Christianity as "fly away religion," rejected the Bible as being white mens' justification to subordinate women and enslave of people of color and stated it spoke of a "Sky God" who was no God at all. Peoples Temple was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that by the mid-1970s possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San [4] Jones authored a booklet titled "The Letter Killeth," stating what he felt were the contradictions, absurdities, and atrocities in the Bible. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin [12]

By the Spring of 1976, Jones began openly admitting even to outsiders that he was an atheist. [13] Despite the Temple's fear that the IRS was investigating its religious tax exemption, by 1977, Jones' wife Marcy admitted to the New York Times that, as early as age 18 when he watched his idol Mao Tse Tung overthrow the Chinese government, Jim Jones realized that the way to achieve social change through Marxism in the United States was to mobilize people through religion. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led [9] She stated that "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion," and had slammed the bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!" [9]

San Francisco Housing Commission and Political Support

Since the Peoples Temple participation was instrumental in the mayoral election victory of George Moscone in 1975, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Commission. George Richard Moscone (November 24 1929&ndashNovember 27 1978 (mɒsˈkoʊni was an American attorney and Democratic politician [14]

Unlike most other figures deemed as cult leaders, Jones enjoyed public support and contact with some of the highest level politicians in the United States. For example, in the heat of the 1976 presidential campaign, Jones met with vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale on his campaign plane. Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party [15] Likewise, First Lady Rosalynn Carter personally met Jones for a private dinner at the Stanford Court Hotel. Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (born August 18 1927 is the wife of former United States President Jimmy Carter and was First Lady of the United States [15] Mrs. Carter later called Jones personally. [16] At the 1976 grand opening of the San Francisco Democratic Party Headquarters, Jones packed the audience with Temple members and garnered louder applause when he spoke than Mrs. Carter. [17]

In September of 1976, Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones, also attended by Governor Jerry Brown, Lieutenant Govenor Mervyn Dymally, among others. Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr (born April 7, 1938) is the current Attorney General and former governor of the State of Mervyn Malcolm Dymally (born May 12, 1926 in Cedros, Trinidad and Tobago) is a California Democratic Politician [18] At that dinner, while introducing Jones, Willie Brown stated "Let me present to you what you should see every day when you look in the mirror in the early morning hours . . . Let me present to you a combination of Martin King, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein . . . Chairman Mao. "[19] Introducing Jones at another dinner, Brown referred to him as "a young man came upon the scene, became an inspiration for a whole lot of people. He’s done fantastic things. "[20] At that testimonial dinner when Jones garnered huge applause from the thousands attending, Moscone stated "you know I’m smarter than to give a speech after listening to Reverend Jim Jones" and "there are two people I’m glad I’m not running against, Cecil Williams and Jim Jones". [21]

Following a visit to the Peoples Temple, Harvey Milk wrote to Jones: "Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reach today. Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22 1930 – November 27 1978 was an American politician and the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California as a member of the I found something dear today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back. For I can never leave. "[22]

Jonestown's formation and operation

Main article: Jonestown

In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members moved to the Temple's "Agriculatural Project" in Guyana after they learned of the contents of a newspaper article by Marshall Kilduff to be published, in which former Temple members claimed they were physically, emotionally, and sexually abused. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state [23][17] Jones named the settlement Jonestown after himself.

Jonestown (Guyana )
Jonestown
Jonestown
Georgetown
Georgetown
Kaituma
Kaituma
Jonestown, Guyana

Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent model communist community stating, "I believe we’re the purest communists there are. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based " [24] Jones' wife, Marceline, described Jonestown as "dedicated to live for socialism, total economic and racial and social equality. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution We are here living communally. "[24] Jones wanted to construct a model community to show others and stated that Prime Minister of Guyana Forbes Burnham "couldn’t rave enough about us, uh, the wonderful things we do, the project, the model of socialism. Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham ( 20 February 1923 &ndash 6 August 1985) was a Guyanese political leader and leader of Guyana "[25] In that regard, like the restrictive emigration policies of the then Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist republics, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [26]

In spite of the allegations, Jones was still widely respected for setting up a racially mixed church which helped the disadvantaged; 68 percent of Jonestown's residents were black. [27]

Religious scholar Mary McCormick Maaga argued that Jones' authority waned after he moved to the isolated commune, because he was not needed for recruitment and he could not hide his drug addiction from rank and file members. [28]

Political support for Jones after he fled to Jonestown

After Jones' move to Jonestown, as a show of support, Willie Brown spoke at a rally at the Peoples Temple, also attended by Harvey Milk and Art Agnos, stating "When somebody like Jim Jones comes on the scene, that absolutely scares the hell out of most everybody occupying positions of power in the system. Arthur (Art Christ Agnos (born September 1, 1938) is an American politician. "[29] Harvey Milk wrote Jones a handwritten note stating "my name is cut into stone in support of you - and your people. "[30] Most imporantly for Jones and the Temple, Moscone's office shortly thereafter issued a press release saying that Jones had broken no laws. [30]

Amidst growing pressure in the United States to investigate the Temple, on February 19, 1978, Harvey Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 [31] Therein, Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character. "[31] Regarding defecting Temple members pressing for an investigation of the Peoples Temple, Milk wrote "they are attempting to damage Rev. Jones reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies. "[31]

Further pressure for investigations of Jonestown

On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives of Peoples Temple members distributed a packet of documents, including letters and affidavits, that they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) James Warren Jones" to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress. [32] In June of 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown. [33]

In the summer of 1978, Jones also hired famous JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" by intelligence agencies against the Peoples Temple. The assassination of John F Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, took place on Friday November 22 1963 in Dallas Texas For the Canadian singer see Don Freed. Donald Freed (born 1933 is a politically-engaged American Playwright, Novelist [34] Jones told Lane he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver", referring to a fugitive Black Panther that was able to return to the United States after repairing his reputation. Eldridge Cleaver ( August 31, 1935 &ndash May 1, 1998) was an Author, a prominent American Civil rights leader [35]

Visit by Congressman Ryan, murders and mass suicide

Main article: Jonestown

In November 1978, U. S. Congressman Leo Ryan led a fact-finding mission to the Jonestown settlement in Guyana to investigate allegations of human rights abuses by relatives of Temple members in the U. Leo Joseph Ryan Jr (May 5 1925&ndashNovember 18 1978 was an American politician of the Democratic Party. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled S. Ryan's delegation, which included Don Harris, an NBC network news reporter, an NBC cameraman and reporters for various newspapers. The group arrived in Jonestown on November 15 and spent three days interviewing residents. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Ryan's delegation was originally denied access to the camp, where it was later learned that the residents were practicing songs and dance. The delegation was granted access on November 17. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers However, it left hurriedly on the morning of Saturday November 18, after an attempt was made on Ryan's life by a man armed with a knife. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull The attack was thwarted, bringing the visit to an abrupt end. Congressman Ryan and his people succeeded in taking with them fifteen People's Temple members who had expressed a wish to leave. At that time, Jones made no attempt to prevent their departure. However, Peoples Temple survivors reported that a group from Jonestown left shortly afterwards in a truck with the intention of stopping the delegation and members from leaving the country alive.

Port Kaituma Airstrip shootings

Surviving delegation members later told police that as they were boarding two planes at the airstrip, the truck with Jones' armed guards arrived and began shooting at them, killing Congressman Ryan and five others. At the same time, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party. An NBC cameraman was able to capture footage of the shooting. When the gunmen departed, six people were dead: Representative Ryan, Don Harris, a reporter from NBC, a cameraman from NBC, a newspaper photographer, and one defector from the Peoples Temple. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Surviving the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, then a staff member for Ryan; Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the U. A Member of Congress is a Politician who is a member of a Congress. Karen Lorraine Jacqueline Speier, known as Jackie Speier (born May 14, 1950) is the Democratic Representative for California's 12th congressional A Deputy Chief of Mission, or DCM is the number two Diplomat assigned to an Embassy or other Diplomatic mission. S. Embassy at Georgetown and allegedly an officer of the Central Intelligence Agency; and Bob Flick, a producer for NBC News. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The murder of Congresman Ryan was the first and only murder of a Congressman in the line of duty in the history of the United States. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries A Member of Congress is a Politician who is a member of a Congress. [36]

Deaths in Jonestown

Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown, 276 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around a Pavilion. No video was taken during the mass suicide, though the FBI did recover a 45 minute audio of the suicide in progress. [37]

On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that Russia, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the Temple had murdered Congressman Leo Ryan, NBC reporter Don Harris and three others at a nearby airstrip. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A Member of Congress is a Politician who is a member of a Congress. Leo Joseph Ryan Jr (May 5 1925&ndashNovember 18 1978 was an American politician of the Democratic Party. [37] The reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with Jones' previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us," "shoot some of our innocent babies" and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors. "[37] Parroting Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism, one temple member states "the ones that they take captured, they're gonna just let them grow up and be dummies. "[37]

Given that reasoning, Jones and several members argued that the group should commit "revolutionary suicide" by drinking cyanide-laced grape flavored Flavor Aid (often misidentified as Kool-Aid) along with a sedative. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Flavor Aid is a non-carbonated Soft drink Beverage made by Jel Sert, introduced in 1929 Kool-Aid is a brand of artificially-flavored drink mix owned by the Kraft Foods Company. [37] One member, Christine Miller, dissents toward the beginning of the tape. [37] When members apparently cried, Jones counseled "Stop this hysterics. This is not the way for people who are Socialists or Communists to die. No way for us to die. We must die with some dignity. "[37] Jones can be heard saying, "Don't be afraid to die" and, regarding death as "just stepping over into another plane" and that "[death is] a friend. "[37] At the end of the tape, Jones concludes: "We didn't commit suicide, we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world. "[37] Children were given the drink first and families were told to lie down together. The mass suicide had been discussed in simulated events called "White Nights" on a regular basis, while members drank liquid Jones first told them was poison during at least one of those White Nights.

Jones was found dead sitting in a deck chair with a gunshot wound to the head that Guyanese coroner Cyrill Mootoo stated was consistent with a self-inflicted gun wound. [38] An autopsy of Jones' body also showed levels of the barbiturate phenobarbital which would have been lethal to humans who had not developed physiological tolerance. An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, or obduction, is a Medical procedure that consists of a thorough Examination Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system Depressants and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild Sedation Phenobarbital ( INN) or phenobarbitone (former BAN) is a Barbiturate, first marketed as Luminal by Friedr In Physiology, tolerance occurs when an organism builds up a resistance to the effects of a substance after repeated exposure [39] His drug usage (including various LSD and marijuana experimentations) was confirmed by his son, Stephan, and Jones's doctor in San Francisco. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a

Other issues

In MacArthur Park, Los Angeles on December 13, 1973, Jones was arrested and charged with soliciting a man for sex in a movie theater bathroom known for homosexual activity. MacArthur Park (formerly Westlake Park) is a park in the Westlake neighborhood of Los Angeles California, named after General Douglas MacArthur Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. In the United States, solicitation is a Crime; it is an Inchoate offense that consists of a person offering money or something else of value in order to Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [40] The man was an undercover Los Angeles Police Department vice officer. Being undercover is disguising one's own identity or using an assumed identity for the purposes of gaining the trust of an individual or organization to learn secret information This article is about a police unit For the punk rock band see Vice Squad. Jones is on record as later telling his followers that he was "the only true heterosexual," but at least one account exists of his sexual abusing of a male member of his congregation in front of the followers, ostensibly to prove the man's own homosexual tendencies. [40]

One of his sources of inspiration was the controversial International Peace Mission movement leader Father Divine. The International Peace Mission movement was the religious movement started by Father Divine, an African-American who claimed to be God. George Baker ( c. 1880 September 10 1965) also known as Father Divine, was an African American spiritual leader from [41] Jones had borrowed the term "revolutionary suicide"[42] from Black Panther leader and Peoples Temple supporter Huey Newton who had argued "the slow suicide of life in the ghetto" ought to be replaced by revolutionary struggle that would end only in victory (socialism and self determination) or revolutionary suicide (death). The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense) was a Marxist / Maoist African-American organization established Huey Percy Newton ( February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure

Family

Jones married Marceline, a nurse, with whom he had one biological son, Stephan Gandhi Jones. [43] Jim and Marcy Jones also were the first white couple in Indiana to adopt an African American child, James Warren Jones, Jr. [44]

In addition, the couple adopted children from varied ethnic backgrounds, including three children of Korean-American ancestry (Lew, Suzanne and Stephanie) and a part Native American daughter (Agnes). [45][46] Jones referred to them as his rainbow family, and stated: "Integration is a more personal thing with me now. It's a question of my son's future. "[47] The couple also adopted another son, Tim. [48]

Stephan, Jim, Jr. and Tim did not take part in the mass suicide because they were in Georgetown playing with the Peoples Temple basketball team against the Guyanese national team. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m [49][42] Three days before the tragedy, Stephan refused over the radio to comply with an order by his father to return the team to Jonestown for Ryan's visit. [50]

Lew and Agnes died in the tragedy at Jonestown. [51][52] Stephanie died at age 5 in a car accident. [53] After Suzanne left and turned against the Temple, Jim Jones referred to her openly as "my goddamned no good for nothing daughter" and stated she was not to be trusted. [54] In a signed note found at the time of her death, Marceline Jones directed that the Jones' funds were to be given to the Communist Party of the USSR and specified that "I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell. "[55] Suzanne was not in Jonestown during the tragedy and died in November of 2006. [56]

Jones also claimed to be the biological father of John Victor Stoen, although the birth certificate lists Timothy and Grace Stoen as the parents of the boy. [57] The Temple repeatedly claimed that Jones fathered the child when, in 1971, Tim Stoen had requested that Jones have sex with Grace Stoen to keep her from defecting. [58] The custody dispute over John Stoen would be the lynchpin of several battles between the Temple and the Concerned Relatives. [59] Specific references to Tim Stoen, including the logistics of possibly murdering him, are made on the Temple's final "death tape," as well as a discussion over whether the Temple should include John Stoen among those committing "revolutionary suicide. "[37]

Stephan is currently a businessman and family man who is married with three daughters. He appeared in the documentary Jonestown: Paradise Lost which aired on the History Channel and Discovery Channel. History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften Discovery Channel is an American Satellite and Cable TV channel (also delivered via IPTV, Terrestrial television and He stated he will not watch the documentary and that he does not mourn his father, only his mother Marceline. [60] Jim, Jr. , who lost his wife and unborn child at Jonestown, returned to San Francisco. He remarried and has three sons from this marriage. [42]

References

  1. ^ Martindale, Rob. Ancestry of Jim Jones. Wargs. com.
  2. ^ American Experience [1]
  3. ^ Knoll, James. American Experience (sometimes abbreviated AmEx) is a Television program airing on the PBS network in the United States Mass Suicide & the Jonestown Tragedy: Literature Summary. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University. October 2007.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wessinger, Catherine. How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate. Seven Bridges Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1889119243.
  5. ^ a b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 134." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. ]
  6. ^ Kilduff, Marshall and Javers, Ron. The Suicide Cult. Bantam Books, 1978. p. 10.
  7. ^ Lattin, Don. "How spiritual journey ended in destruction." San Francisco Chronicle. 18 November 2003.
  8. ^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Race and the Peoples Temple." PBS. org.
  9. ^ a b c New York Times, "How Rev. Jim Jones Gained His Power Over Followers", Robert Lindsay, November 26, 1978
  10. ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Seductive Poison A Jonestown Survivor's Story of Life and Death in the Peoples Temple is a first-hand account of the incidents surrounding Peoples Temple, written Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-3854-8984-6. p. 53.
  11. ^ Jim Jones, Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 1053
  12. ^ Jones, Jim. "The Letter Killeth." Original material reprint. Department of Religious Studies. San Diego State University.
  13. ^ See, e. g. , Jones, Jim in conversation with John Maher, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. ]
  14. ^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple. PBS. org.
  15. ^ a b Reiterman, Tim, Tom Reiterman, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Reverend Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 302-4.
  16. ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 799." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  17. ^ a b Kilduff, Marshall and Phil Tracy. "Inside Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. August 1, 1977.
  18. ^ Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. Seductive Poison A Jonestown Survivor's Story of Life and Death in the Peoples Temple is a first-hand account of the incidents surrounding Peoples Temple, written Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-3854-8984-6. p. 105.
  19. ^ Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1 page 308
  20. ^ Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 784
  21. ^ Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 784
  22. ^ Sawyer, Mary My Lord, What a Mourning:’ Twenty Years Since Jonestown, Jonestown Institute at SDSU
  23. ^ Layton, Deborah. (1998) Seductive Poison. Seductive Poison A Jonestown Survivor's Story of Life and Death in the Peoples Temple is a first-hand account of the incidents surrounding Peoples Temple, written Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-3854-8984-6. p. 113.
  24. ^ a b Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 50." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  25. ^ Jones, Jim. "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 833." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  26. ^ Reiterman, Tim, Tom Reiterman, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Reverend Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 451.
  27. ^ Moore, Rebecca. "The Demographics of Jonestown. Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University, adapted from Moore, Rebecca, Anthony Pinn and Mary Sawyer. "Demographics and the Black Religious Culture of Peoples Temple. " in Peoples Temple and Black Religion in America. Bloomington: Indiana Press University, 2005. 57-80
  28. ^ McCormick Maaga, Mary. Hearing the voices of Jonestown. Syracuse University Press, 1998. Syracuse University (SU is a private research university located in Syracuse, New York. ISBN 0-8156-0515-3.
  29. ^ Reiterman, Tim. (1982) Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. page 327
  30. ^ a b Kinsolving, Kathleen and Tom. "Madman in Our Midst: Jim Jones and the California Cover Up." 1998.
  31. ^ a b c Milk, Harvey Letter Addressed to President Jimmy Carter, Dated February 19, 1978
  32. ^ "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. April 11, 1978.
  33. ^ "Affidavit of Deborah Layton Blakey." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  34. ^ Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1 page 440
  35. ^ Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1 page 440
  36. ^ Brazil, Jeff. "Jonestown's Horror Fades but Mystery Remain." Los Angeles Times. December 16, 1999.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jim Jones, "Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 42." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  38. ^ Guyana Inquest - Interviews of Cecil Roberts & Cyril Mootoo
  39. ^ Autopsty of Jim Jones by Kenneth H. Mueller, Jonestown Institute at SDSU
  40. ^ a b Wise, David. "Sex in Peoples Temple." Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  41. ^ "FAQ: Who was the leader of Peoples Temple?" Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  42. ^ a b c Fish, Jon and Chris Connelly (2007-10-05). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Outside the Lines: Grandson of Jonestown founder is making a name for himself. ESPN.com. ESPNcom is the official website of ESPN and a division of ESPN Inc Retrieved on 2007-10-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
  43. ^ Catherine Wessinger (2000) "How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate" ISBN 978-1889119243
  44. ^ "Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - Race and the Peoples Temple." PBS. org.
  45. ^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - People & Events PBS. org.
  46. ^ Catherine Wessinger (2000) "How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate" ISBN 978-1889119243
  47. ^ Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple - People & Events PBS. org.
  48. ^ Catherine Wessinger (2000) "How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate" ISBN 978-1889119243
  49. ^ Catherine Wessinger (2000) "How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate" ISBN 978-1889119243
  50. ^ Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1 page 474-75
  51. ^ Lew Eric Jones Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University
  52. ^ Agnes Paulette Jones Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University
  53. ^ Catherine Wessinger (2000) "How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven's Gate" ISBN 978-1889119243
  54. ^ FBI Tape Q 265 - October 17, 1978 address, Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University
  55. ^ "November 18, 1978 Letter from Marceline Jones. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) " Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University.
  56. ^ Who Has Died Since 18 November 1978? Jonestown Institute, San Diego State University
  57. ^ Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1 page 130-1
  58. ^ See, e. g. , Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1 page 445
  59. ^ Tim Reiterman (1982) "Raven: The Untold Story of Reverand Jim Jones and His People" ISBN 0-525-24136-1
  60. ^ Brownstein, Bill. "The son who survived Jonestown." The Gazette. Canada. 9 March 2007.

Bibliography

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic