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Ming Dynasty musketeers in drill formation.
Ming Dynasty musketeers in drill formation. A musketeer (mousquetaire was an early modern type of Infantry Soldier equipped with a Musket.

Jiao Yu (Traditional and Simplified Chinese: 焦玉, Wade-Giles: Chiao Yü, Hanyu Pinyin: Jiāo Yù) was a Chinese military officer loyal to Zhu Yuanzhang (1328-1398 AD), the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD). Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led He was entrusted by Emperor Hongwu (洪武) as a leading artillery officer for the rebel army that overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, and established the Ming Dynasty. Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai [1] As a senior advisor and general, he was later appointed to the venerable and noble status of the Count of Dongning. A count is a Nobleman in European countries The word count comes from French comte, itself from Latin [2] He edited and wrote a famous military treatise that outlined the use of Chinese military technology during the mid 14th century, as far back as his military campaign of 1355 AD. [1] However, descriptions of advanced gunpowder weapons in his treatise extended back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in battles against the Khitans, Jurchens and Mongols. Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Events By Place Europe Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu In his Huolongjing, he described the fire arrow, fire lance, the early grenade, firearm, matchlocks, bombard, cannon, exploding cannonballs, land mine, naval mine, rocket, rocket launcher, two-stage rockets, and use of various gunpowder solutions that included poisonous concoctions. The Huolongjing ( Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; Traditional Chinese: 火龍經 rendered by its translator into English as The Fire Arrow is a projectile weapon that uses Black powder. The fire lance ( or fire spear is one of the first gunpowder weapons in the world A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion The Matchlock was the first mechanism or "lock" invented to uncomplicate the firing of a hand-held firearm | NOTE Throughout this article "cannon" is used as BOTH the || singular and plural Round shot is an obsolete solid Projectile without explosive charge fired from Small arms or Cannons As the name implies round shot is spherical A land mine is an Explosive device designed to be placed on or in the ground to explode when triggered by an operator or the Proximity of a vehicle person A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by

Contents

Life and career

A portrait of the Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming Dynasty, whose many loyal officers included Jiao Yu.
A portrait of the Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming Dynasty, whose many loyal officers included Jiao Yu. Early life Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 in Pei County Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province as the youngest of four sons The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led

In his youth, Jiao was an aspiring Confucian scholar, although his studies would not secure a great political future, since the ruling Mongols had restricted the amount of Chinese accepted into their governmental administration. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Before Jiao Yu took up the cause against the ruling Mongols over China, he had met an adept Daoist intellect living in the Tiantai Mountains known as Chichi Daoren (the "Knowing-when-to-stop Daoist"). Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions Mount Jiuhua ( Pinyin: Jǐuhuá Shān literally "Nine Glorious Mountains" is one of the four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhism. [3] Like Jiao Yu, Daoren accepted the Confucian teachings of Confucius and Mencius, but in military affairs Jiao was convinced that he had inherited the skill of the ancient Sun Tzu. Confucius ( lit " Master Kung " September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher Life Mencius also known by his birth name Meng Ke or Ko, was born in the State of Zou (simp Sun Tzu ( ("Master Sun" also called Sun Wu ( is traditionally considered to be the author of The Art of War (also simply called the [3] After Jiao Yu became his protege, Daoren urged Yu to join the cause of Zhu Yuanzhang's rebellion. [4] Daoren had also shared with him various literatary works on 'fire-weapons' and their recorded uses in battle. [4] After joining his ranks, Jiao Yu became one of Zhu Yuanzhang's trusted confidants in the Red Turban Rebellion against the ruling Mongols of Yuan Dynasty China. Zhu was impressed with Jiao's designs of firearms, the knowledge of which he had earlier acquired from Daoren, yet Zhu wanted to test their abilities. A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion Zhu Yuanzhang ordered his officer Xu Da to provide a demonstration of their destructive capability, and after the display Zhu Yuanzhang was most impressed with their power. [4]

With the aid of Jiao's 'fire-weapons', Zhu's army (once stationed in Hezhou amongst a plethora of different rebel groups in surrounding towns) conquered Jingzhou and Xiangzhou in one expedition, in the second expedition the provinces of Jiang and Zhe, and in the third campaign the entire province of Fujian was taken, including its surrounding waterways. Hezhou ( Simplified Chinese: 贺州 Pinyin: Hézhōu Zhuang: ??? is a Prefecture-level city in China 's Guangxi Zhuang Jingzhou ( is a city in the Hubei province of the People's Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang This article is about the People's Republic of China province [2] After this, Zhu's army captured the whole of the Shandong province in one campaign, strengthening his base while the authority of the Mongol regime at Beijing was collapsing all around. ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. [2] Zhu Yuanzhang finally drove the Mongols north in 1367, establishing a new capital at Nanjing soon after (while Beijing remained the secondary capital). ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles

After the successful rebellion and establishment of Zhu as China's new Hongwu Emperor, Jiao was put in charge of manufacturing firearms for the government. [4] Jiao was eventually appointed as the head officer in charge of the enormous Shen Zhi Ying Armory, where multitudes of manufactured guns and artillery were deposited for storage and safekeeping. An armory (Armoury is a Military depot used for the storage of Weapons and Ammunition. [4] Proper maintenance and safety measures for gunpowder arsenals were taken very seriously by the Chinese during Jiao's time. An arsenal is an establishment for the construction repair storage and issue of Weapons and Ammunition. This was due to the fact that previous disasters occurred during the Song Dynasty, with Prime Minister Zhao Nanchong's personal arsenal catching fire and exploding in 1260 AD,[5] alongside the monumental disaster of the enormous Weiyang arsenal accidentally catching fire in 1280 AD and killing more than 100 people. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Weiyang, (维扬 is the ancient name of Chinese city Yangzhou. [6] With Zhu Yuanzhang in power over the government, he established various manufactories in the capital at Nanjing for the manufacture of gunpowder and fire-weapons, stored in various arsenals throughout the country. [4] The Hongwu Emperor even established a new Gunpowder Department in the central administration of the capital. [2] Indeed, Jiao Yu placed a lot of emphasis on the importance of these fire-weapons, as he once wrote in a preface to his book, "the very existence or destruction of the Empire, and the lives of the whole armed forces depend on the exact timing of these weapons. This is what fire-weapons are all about. "[3]

Along with the scholar, general, and court advisor Liu Ji (1311-1375), Jiao Yu was the main editor of the 14th century military treatise known as the Huolongjing (Fire Drake Manual), which would include quotations from both editors. Liu Ji ( July 1 1311 — 16 May 1375) Courtesy name Bowen (伯温 Posthumous name Wencheng (文成 The Huolongjing ( Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; Traditional Chinese: 火龍經 rendered by its translator into English as [7] The Nanyang publication of the book, known as the Huolongjing Quanzhi (Fire Drake Manual in One Complete Volume) featured a preface written by Jiao Yu much later in 1412 AD. Both publications falsely attributed the earliest passages of the book to the ancient Chinese Prime Minister Zhuge Liang (181-234 AD) of the Shu Kingdom,[7] even though gunpowder warfare did not exist in China until the advent of the gunpowder-fuse-ignited flamethrower (Pen Huo Qi) in the 10th century. Zhuge Liang (181–234 was Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China Events By place Roman Empire The Antonine Wall is overrun Roman cavalry general Lucius Artorius Castus (possible Events By Place Roman Empire Emperor Alexander Severus buys peace from the Alemanni. Shu Han ( Traditional Chinese: 蜀漢 Pinyin: Shǔ Hàn sometimes known as the Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ was one of the Three Kingdoms competing Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive In an Explosive, Pyrotechnic device or military Munition, a fuse (or fuze) is the part of the device that initiates function A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of Fire. The Pen Huo Qi is a double-piston pump Naphtha Flamethrower used in 919 in China during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period [8] In any case, the oldest passages found in the Huolongjing were made no earlier than circa 1270 AD. [9]

Although Jiao Yu's biography does not appear in the official Ming historical text of the Ming Shi (1739), Yu was mentioned in Zhao Shizhen's book Shenqipu (1598 AD), He Rubin's book Binglu (1606 AD), and Jiao Xu's book Zekelu (1643 AD). A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account The History of Ming ( Chinese: 明史 Pinyin: Míng Shǐ is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories [4] His text of the Huolongjing was also reprinted in the 19th century, during the late Qing Dynasty. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China [7]

The Huolongjing

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) era matchlock firearms featuring serpentine levers.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) era matchlock firearms featuring serpentine levers. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The Matchlock was the first mechanism or "lock" invented to uncomplicate the firing of a hand-held firearm A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion

The Huolongjing (Simplified Chinese: 火龙神器阵法), compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Zhi, outlined the use of many different gunpowder weapons found in China during the 14th century. The Huolongjing ( Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; Traditional Chinese: 火龍經 rendered by its translator into English as It provided information for:

For more, see the article on the Huolongjing. WING "ESPN 1410" is a commercial AM radio station in Dayton Ohio operating with 5000 watts at 1410 kHz with studios offices and transmitter located on David fin is a surface used to produce lift and Thrust or to steer while traveling in Water, air or other Fluid media The Huolongjing ( Wade-Giles: Huo Lung Ching; Traditional Chinese: 火龍經 rendered by its translator into English as

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 26. The following is a list of famous Chinese-speaking/writing people The Song Dynasty (宋朝 960–1279 CE provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented statesmen See also Firearm Gunpowder was discovered in China in the 9th century Early Modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of Gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive Hwacha or Hwach'a. was an Anti-personnel Gunpowder weapon developed and used in Korea, inspired by Chinese Fire arrows Singijeon is the world's first multi-launch rocket system whose schematics are still intact Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes The naval Battle of Tangdao (唐岛之战 took place in 1161 between the Jurchen Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty of China The naval Battle of Caishi (采石之战 took place in 1161 and was the result of an attempt by forces of the Jurchen Jin to cross the Yangtze The naval battle of Lake Poyang (鄱陽湖之戰 took place 30 August - 4 October 1363 and was one of the final battles fought in the fall of Liu Ji ( July 1 1311 — 16 May 1375) Courtesy name Bowen (伯温 Posthumous name Wencheng (文成
  2. ^ a b c d Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 31.
  3. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 29.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 27.
  5. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 209.
  6. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 209-210.
  7. ^ a b c Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 25.
  8. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 82.
  9. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 24.
  10. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 180-187.
  11. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 183.
  12. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 153-154.
  13. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 192-196.
  14. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 203-205.
  15. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 229.
  16. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 314-325.
  17. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264.
  18. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 459.
  19. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489.
  20. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 508.
  21. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 498-503.

References

External links

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