| Jesus of Nazareth | |
 6th-century mosaic of Jesus at Church San Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest (See depictions of Jesus). The depiction of Jesus in art took several centuries to reach a conventional standardized form for his physical appearance which has subsequently remained largely stable since that | |
| Born | 7–2 BC/BCE Bethlehem, Judaea, Roman Empire (traditional) |
|---|---|
| Died | 26–36 AD/CE. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial (According to Christians, he rose three days later. This article concerns itself with Jesus Christ Christian, Islamic and other religious interpretations of resurrection in general ) Calvary, outside Josephus' second Jerusalem wall, Iudaea Province, Roman Empire |
| Cause of death | Crucifixion |
| Burial place | A garden tomb, traditionally located in what is now the Church of the Holy Sepulchre[1] |
| Occupation | Carpenter, itinerant preacher |
| Home town | Nazareth, Galilee |
Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC/BCE to 26–36 AD/CE),[2][3] also known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christians as the incarnation of God. "Golgotha" redirects here For other uses see Golgotha (disambiguation. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Sanctum Sepulchrum also called the Church of the Resurrection, ( Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως Naos tis Anastaseos A carpenter (builder is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry - a wide range of Woodworking that includes constructing buildings, In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The Incarnation is the belief in Christianity that Jesus Christ is the God of Israel in the flesh Muslims consider Jesus a prophet, and several other religions also consider him an important figure. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets
The name "Jesus" is an Anglicization of the Greek Ίησους (Iēsous), itself a Hellenization of the Hebrew יהושע (Yehoshua) or Hebrew-Aramaic ישוע (Yeshua), meaning "YHWH rescues". Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. Aramaic is a Semitic language with For the article on the person teaching and acts of Jesus Christ see the Jesus article See also Yahweh Tetragrammaton (from the Greek, meaning ' of four letters' (tetra "four" + gramma (gen "Christ" is a title derived from the Greek Χριστός (Christós), meaning the "Anointed One," which corresponds to the Hebrew-derived "Messiah". Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions [4]
The main sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the gospels. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Most scholars in the fields of history and biblical studies agree that Jesus was a Galilean Jew, was regarded as a teacher and healer, was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on orders of Roman Governor Pontius Pilate, on the charge of sedition against the Roman Empire. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and related texts "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Faith healing is the attempt to use Religious or spiritual means such as Prayer, mental practices spiritual insights or other techniques to prevent In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the A Roman governor was an official either elected or appointed to be the chief administrator of Roman law throughout one or more of the many provinces constituting the This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial [5][6] Most critical scholars believe that ancient texts on Jesus' life are at least partially accurate. [7][8]
Christian views of Jesus (see also Christology) center on the belief that Jesus is divine, is the Messiah whose coming was prophesied in the Old Testament, and that he was resurrected after his crucifixion. Christian views of Jesus consist of the teachings and beliefs held by Christian groups about Jesus including his divinity humanity and earthly life Christology (from Christ and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with Christology (from Christ and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Jesus of Nazareth is universally accepted as the Messiah by Christians. Christians predominantly believe that Jesus is the "Son of God" (generally meaning that he is God the Son, the second person in the Trinity), who came to provide salvation and reconciliation with God. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. God the Son is the second person of the Trinity in Christian Theology. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Other Christian beliefs include Jesus' virgin birth, performance of miracles, ascension into Heaven, and future Second Coming. The virgin birth of Jesus is a religious Tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while According to the canonical Gospels Jesus worked many Miracles in the course of his ministry, which may be categorized into cures Exorcisms The general and most common understanding of the Christian Doctrine of Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to Heaven in the presence Heaven may refer to the physical heavens the sky or the seemingly endless expanse of the Universe beyond In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic While the doctrine of the Trinity is widely accepted by Christians, a small minority instead hold various nontrinitarian beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus. Nontrinitarianism includes all Christian belief systems that reject as non-scriptural wholly or partly the doctrine of the Trinity; the Doctrine [9]
In Islam, Jesus (Arabic: عيسى, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets,[10][11] a bringer of scripture, a worker of miracles. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Injil ( Arabic إنجيل (or Injeel) is one of the five Islamic Holy Books the Qur'an records as revealed by God, the others Jesus is also called "Messiah", but Muslims do not believe that he was divine. Islam denies the Death and resurrection of Jesus, believing instead that he ascended bodily to heaven. See also Islamic views of Jesus, Death of Jesus The issue of Jesus' death is important to Muslims because Muslims believe in Jesus's return at the end
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Chronology
Scholars do not know the exact year or date of Jesus' birth or death. Introduction The chronology of Jesus is linked to a number of Jewish festivals The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke place Jesus' birth under the reign of Herod the Great, who died in 4 BC/BCE,[12] although the Gospel of Luke also describes the birth as taking place during the first census of the Roman provinces of Syria and Iudaea in 6 AD/CE. The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho The Census of Quirinius refers to a historical enrollment of the Roman Provinces of Syria and Iudaea for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of History of Bahrein, AND COMPARE THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO STATES Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard [13] Scholars generally assume a date of birth between 6 and 4 BC/BCE. [14] Jesus' ministry followed that of John the Baptist. [15] The Gospels name Pontius Pilate as the Roman prefect that had Jesus crucified, and Pilate was prefect of Judea between 26 and 36 AD/CE. [16]
The common Western standard for numbering years, in which the current year is 2008, is based on an early medieval attempt to count the years from Jesus' birth.
While Christmas, in honor of Jesus' birth, is celebrated on December 25, there is no indication that this was his actual birthday. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Jesus was executed after Passover, a Jewish holiday occurring in northern spring. Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish Some Christians commemorate Jesus' crucifixion on Good Friday and celebrate his resurrection on Easter Sunday. Good Friday, also called Holy Friday or Great Friday, is the Friday preceding Easter Sunday ("Pascha" Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year.
Life and teachings, as told in the Gospels
The Bible's four canonical gospels are the main sources for the traditional Christian biography of Jesus' life. The four canonical Gospels of the New Testament are the main sources of information for the doctrinal Christian narrative of Jesus ' life Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin A Biblical canon or canon of scripture is a list or Set of Biblical books considered to be authoritative as Scripture by a particular religious This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Scholars, although considering the gospel accounts to be historically useful, differ widely as to their reliability. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which Historians use Primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history Each gospel portrays Jesus' life and its meaning differently. [17][18] To combine these four stories into one story is tantamount to creating a fifth story, one different from each original. [18] The gospel of John is not a biography of Jesus but a theological presentation of him as the divine Logos. [19]
The Gospels (especially Matthew) present Jesus' birth, life, death, and resurrection as fulfillments of prophecies found in the Hebrew Bible. Jesus of Nazareth is universally accepted as the Messiah by Christians. See, for example, the virgin birth, the flight into Egypt, Immanuel (Isaiah 7:14), and the suffering servant. The flight into Egypt describes an event in the Gospel of Matthew ( in which Joseph fled to Egypt with his wife Mary and Jesus The Book of Isaiah ( Hebrew: Sefer Y'sha'yah ספר ישעיה is a book of the Bible traditionally attributed to the Prophet Isaiah, who lived [20]
Genealogy and family
Of the four gospels, only Matthew and Luke give accounts of Jesus' genealogy. The genealogy of Jesus through Joseph is given by two passages from the Gospels, Matthew and Luke. The Desposyni (plural from Greek ( desposynos) "of or belonging to the master or lord" as in Gr A Jesus bloodline is a hypothetical sequence of direct descendants of the Historical Jesus and Mary Magdalene, or some other woman usually portrayed as The Black Madonna of Częstochowa ( Czarna Madonna or Matka Boska Częstochowska in Polish, Imago thaumaturga Beatae Virginis Mariae Immaculatae The accounts in the two gospels are substantially different, and various theories have been proposed to explain the discrepancies. [21] Both accounts, however, trace his line back to King David and from there to Abraham. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: These lists are identical between Abraham and David, but they differ between David and Joseph. Matthew starts with Solomon and proceeds through the kings of Judah to the last king, Jeconiah. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. Ykhanya (יְכָנְיָה jəxɔnjɔh meaning " God will fortify (his people" see Theophory in the Bible; Greek: ιεχονιας After Jeconiah, the line of kings terminated when Babylon conquered Judah. The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Thus, Matthew shows that Jesus is the legal heir to the throne of Israel. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is Luke's genealogy is longer than Matthew's; it goes back to Adam and provides more names between David and Jesus. Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living
Joseph, husband of Mary, appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood. Joseph "of the House of David " ( Hebrew יוֹסֵף also known as Saint Joseph, Joseph the Betrothed, Joseph of Nazareth No mention, however, is made of Joseph during the ministry of Jesus.
The New Testament books of Matthew, Mark, and Galatians tell of Jesus' relatives, including what may have been brothers and sisters. [22] The Greek word adelphos in these verses, often translated as brother, can refer to any familial relation, and most Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians translate the word as kinsman or cousin in this context (see Perpetual virginity of Mary). The Perpetual Virginity of Mary, a dogma of the Roman Catholic Church and also of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy, which Luke also mentions that Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist, was a "cousin" or "relative" of Mary (Luke 1:36), which would make John a distant cousin of Jesus. Saint Elizabeth, also spelled Elisabeth or Elisheva ( Hebrew אֱלִישֶׁבַע / אֱלִישָׁבַע "My God
Nativity and early life
According to Matthew and Luke, Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea to Mary, a virgin, by a miracle of the Holy Spirit. In Christianity the Annunciation ( grc Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου, Evangelismós tēs Theotókou in Greek) is the revelation For depictions in painting and sculpture see Nativity of Jesus in art. The Child Jesus, or Divine Infant, represents the infant Jesus until to the age of twelve Gerard van Honthorst ( November 4 1592 - April 27 1656) also known as Gerrit van Honthorst and Gherardo della Notte, was Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance The Gospel of Luke gives an account of the angel Gabriel visiting Mary to tell her that she was chosen to bear the Son of God (Luke 1:26–38). An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition Gabriel ( Latin: Gabrielus; Greek:, Gabriēl; Arabic: جبريل Jibrīl or جبرائيل Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. According to Luke, an order of Caesar Augustus had forced Mary and Joseph to leave their homes in Nazareth and come to the home of Joseph's ancestors, the house of David, for the Census of Quirinius. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible The Census of Quirinius refers to a historical enrollment of the Roman Provinces of Syria and Iudaea for the purpose of taxation taken during the reign of
After Jesus' birth, the couple was forced to use a manger in place of a crib because of a shortage of accommodation (Luke 2:1–7). A manger is a trough or box of carved stone or wood construction used to hold Food for Animals (as in a Stable) According to Luke, an angel announced Jesus' birth to shepherds who left their flocks to see the newborn child and who subsequently publicized what they had witnessed throughout the area (see The First Noël). " The First Nowell " is a traditional English Christmas carol, most likely from the 16th or 17th century but possibly dating from as early as the 13th century Matthew tells of the "Wise Men" or "Magi" who brought gifts to the infant Jesus after following a star which they believed was a sign that the King of the Jews had been born (Matthew 2:1–12). "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish
Jesus' childhood home is identified as the town of Nazareth in Galilee. Nazareth (ˈnæzərəθ (נָצְרַת Hebrew Natz'rat or Natzeret, الناصرة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the capital and largest "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Except for a journey to Egypt by his family in his infancy to escape Herod's Massacre of the Innocents and a short trip to Tyre and Sidon (in what is now Lebanon), the Gospels place all other events in Jesus' life in ancient Israel. The flight into Egypt describes an event in the Gospel of Matthew ( in which Joseph fled to Egypt with his wife Mary and Jesus For the painting by Peter Paul Rubens see " Massacre of the Innocents (Rubens " Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh The history of Ancient Israel and Judah is known to us from classical sources including Judaism 's Tanakh or Hebrew Bible (known [23] According to Matthew, the family remained in Egypt until Herod's death, whereupon they returned to Nazareth to avoid living under the authority of Herod's son and successor Archelaus (Matthew 2:19–23). Herod Archelaus (23 BC – c 18 AD was the Ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Edom from 4 BC to 6 AD
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Only Luke tells that Jesus was found teaching in the temple by his parents after being lost. The Finding in the Temple (Luke 2:41–52) is the only event between Jesus' infancy and baptism mentioned in any of the canonical Gospels. The Finding in the Temple, also called "Christ among the Doctors" (the usual name in art and formerly the Disputation, was an episode in the early According to Luke, Jesus was "about thirty years of age" when he was baptized (Luke 3:23). In Mark, Jesus is called a carpenter. Matthew says he was a carpenter's son, however, the Greek word used in the Gospel is "tekton" meaning "builder," which suggests he could have been an artisan of some type as well. It is also assumed that Jesus may have spent some or all of his first 30 years practicing his craft with his father (Mark 6:3, Matthew 13:55).
Baptism and Temptation
All three synoptic Gospels describe the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist, an event which Biblical scholars describe as the beginning of Jesus' public ministry. In the Synoptic gospels, Jesus is baptised by John the Baptist. The temptation of Christ in Christianity, refers to the Temptation of Jesus by the Devil as detailed in each of the Synoptic Gospels Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. The synoptic gospels are the first three Gospels of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. In the Synoptic gospels, Jesus is baptised by John the Baptist. Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. According to these accounts, Jesus came to the Jordan River where John the Baptist had been preaching and baptizing people in the crowd. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia Matthew describes John as initially hesitant to comply with Jesus' request for John to baptize him, stating that it was Jesus who should baptize him. Jesus persisted, "It is proper for us to do this to fulfill all righteousness" (Matthew 3:15). After Jesus was baptized and rose from the water, Mark states Jesus "saw the heavens parting and the Spirit descending upon Him like a dove. Then a voice came from heaven saying: 'You are My beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased'" (Mark 1:10–11). The Gospel of John does not describe the baptism, but it does attest that Jesus is the very one about whom John the Baptist had been preaching — the Son of God.
Following his baptism, Jesus was led into the desert by God where he fasted for forty days and forty nights (Matthew 4:1–2). Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all Food, Drink, or both for a period of time During this time, the devil appeared to him and tempted Jesus three times. mainstream Christianity, the Devil is named Satan, sometimes Lucifer. Each time, Jesus refused temptation with a quotation of scripture from the Book of Deuteronomy. Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament The devil departed and angels came and brought nourishment to Jesus (Matthew 4:1–11, Mark 1:12–13, Luke 4:1–13).
Ministry
The Gospels state that Jesus, as Messiah, came to "give his life as a ransom for many" and "preach the good news of the Kingdom of God. In the Gospel of St Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus' sayings epitomizing his moral teaching. The Sermon on the Plain was a sermon given by Jesus of Nazareth according to the Gospel of Luke; it may be compared to the longer Sermon on the Mount The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e The Transfiguration of Jesus is an event reported by the Synoptic Gospels in which Jesus is transfigured upon a mountain (,) "[24] Over the course of his ministry, Jesus is said to have performed various miracles, including healings, exorcisms, walking on water, turning water into wine, and raising several people, such as Lazarus, from the dead (John 11:1–44, Matthew 9:25, and Luke 7:15). According to the canonical Gospels Jesus worked many Miracles in the course of his ministry, which may be categorized into cures Exorcisms Exorcism (from Late Latin exorcismus, from Greek exorkizein - to adjure is the practice of evicting Demons or other evil Walking on water is one of the Miracles that the Gospels attribute to Jesus. The Marriage at Cana or Wedding at Cana is an event reported by the Gospel of John but not by any of the Synoptic Gospels. Lazarus ( Hebrew: אלעזר Elʿāzār Eleazar "God (has helped" is the name of two separate men mentioned in the New Testament.
The Gospel of John describes three different passover feasts over the course of Jesus' ministry. Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish This implies that Jesus preached for a period of at least "two years plus a month or two",[25] although some interpretations of the Synoptic Gospels suggest a span of only one year. The synoptic gospels are the first three Gospels of the New Testament in the Christian Bible. [26] The focus of his ministry was toward his closest adherents, the Twelve Apostles, though many of his followers were considered disciples. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry. The Twelve Apostles and others closest to Jesus were all Jews as shown by Jesus' statements that his mission is directed only to those of the house of Israel (Matthew 15:24, Matthew 10:1-6) and by the fact that only after the death of Jesus did the apostles agree with Paul that the teaching of the gospel could be extended to uncircumcised Gentiles (Acts 15:1–31, Galatians 2:7-9, Acts 10:1–11:18). Jesus led an apocalyptic following. He preached that the end of the current world would come unexpectedly, and that he would return to judge the world, especially according to how they treated the vulnerable; for this reason, he called on his followers to be ever alert and faithful. End time, End times, or End of days are the eschatological writings in the three Abrahamic religions and in doomsday scenarios in various other The Sheep and the Goats or "The Judgment of the Nations" was a discourse of Jesus recorded in the New Testament. Jesus also taught that repentance was necessary to escape hell, and promised to give those who believe in him eternal life (John 3:16–18). Hell, according to many Religious beliefs, is a location in the Afterlife, which may be described as a place of suffering
At the height of his ministry, Jesus attracted huge crowds numbering in the thousands, primarily in the areas of Galilee and Perea (in modern-day Israel and Jordan respectively). "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [27] Some of Jesus' most famous teachings come from the Sermon on the Mount, which contained the Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer. In the Gospel of St Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus' sayings epitomizing his moral teaching. The Beatitudes (from Latin beatus, meaning "blessed" or "happy" is the beginning portion of the Sermon on the Mount of the Gospel of The Lord's Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater noster, is probably the best-known Prayer in Christianity. Jesus often employed parables, such as the Parable of the Prodigal Son and the Parable of the Sower. The parables of Jesus, found in the Synoptic gospels, embody much of Jesus ' teaching. The Parable of the Sower is a Parable of Jesus according to all of the Synoptic Gospels (at Mark 41-20 Matthew 131-23 and Luke 81-15 as well as His teachings encouraged unconditional self-sacrificing God-like love for God and for all people. Agapē (ˈægəpiː ( Gk αγάπη) is one of several Greek words translated into English as love. During his sermons, he preached about service and humility, the forgiveness of sin, faith, turning the other cheek, love for one's enemies as well as friends, and the need to follow the spirit of the law in addition to the letter. Turning the other cheek is to respond to an aggressor without violence (in every sense of the word The Expounding of the Law ( KJV: sometimes called the ''Antithesis of the Law'', is a highly structured ("Ye have heard. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to [28]
Jesus often met with society's outcasts, such as the publicani (Imperial tax collectors who were despised for extorting money), including the apostle Matthew; when the Pharisees objected to Jesus' meeting with sinners rather than the righteous, Jesus replied that it was the sick who need a physician, not the healthy (Matthew 9:9–13). In antiquity, publicans ( Latin publicanus (singular publicani (plural were public contractors in which role they often supplied the Matthew the Evangelist (מתי/מתתיהו "Gift of Yahweh " Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew: Mattay or Mattithyahu The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" According to Luke and John, Jesus also made efforts to extend his ministry to the Samaritans, who followed a different form of the Israelite religion. This is reflected in his preaching to the Samaritans of Sychar, resulting in their conversion (John 4:1–42). Shechem ( Sichem, Shkhem or Shachmu, Hebrew: שְׁכֶם / שְׁכָם, Standard
According to the synoptic gospels, Jesus led three of his apostles — Peter, John, and James — to the top of a mountain to pray. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e Saint John the Apostle ( Greek Ιωάννης, see Names of John) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. For people and places called Saint James, see the Saint James disambiguation page While there, he was transfigured before them, his face shining like the sun and his clothes brilliant white; Elijah and Moses appeared adjacent to him. The Transfiguration of Jesus is an event reported by the Synoptic Gospels in which Jesus is transfigured upon a mountain (,) Elijah or Elias ( was a Prophet in Israel in the 9th century BC Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ A bright cloud overshadowed them, and a voice from the sky said, "This is my beloved son, with whom I am well pleased. "[29] The gospels also state that toward the end of his ministry, Jesus began to warn his disciples of his future death and resurrection (Matthew 16:21–28).
Arrest, trial, and death
In the account given by the synoptic gospels, Jesus came with his followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival where a large crowd came to meet him, shouting, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Blessed is the King of Israel!"[30] Following his triumphal entry,[31] Jesus created a disturbance at Herod's Temple by overturning the tables of the moneychangers who set up shop there, and claiming that they had made the Temple a "den of robbers. Hosanna is a liturgical word in Judaism and Christianity. In Judaism it is always used in its original Hebrew form Hoshana. Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King The narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers occurs in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the Gospel of John, although it occurs close to the end of the Synoptic Gospels " (Mark 11:17). Later that week, Jesus celebrated the Passover meal with his disciples — an event subsequently known as the Last Supper — in which he prophesied that he would be betrayed by one of his disciples, and would then be executed. Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his In this ritual he took bread and wine in hand, saying: "this is my body which is given for you" and "this cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood," and instructed them to "do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:7–20). The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those Following the supper, Jesus and his disciples went to pray in the Garden of Gethsemane. Gethsemane ( Greek ΓεσΘημανι Gesthēmani ' Hebrew: גת שמנים, from Aramaic גת שמנא Gat Šmānê, lit
While in the Garden, Jesus was arrested by temple guards on the orders of the Sanhedrin and the high priest, Caiaphas (Luke 22:47–52, Matthew 26:47–56). The Arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the Canonical Gospels, in which Jesus is arrested The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly Yosef Bar Kayafa ( Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא joˑsef bar qayːɔfɔʔ (which translates as Joseph son of Caiaphas) also known simply as The arrest took place clandestinely at night to avoid a riot, as Jesus was popular with the people at large (Mark 14:2). Judas Iscariot, one of his apostles, betrayed Jesus by identifying him to the guards with a kiss. Judas Iscariot, יהודה איש־קריות Yəhûḏāh ʾΚ-qəriyyôṯ was according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original apostles According to the Synoptic Gospels, Judas pointed out Jesus to those he led to arrest him by means of a Kiss. Simon Peter, another one of Jesus' apostles, used a sword to attack one of Jesus' captors, cutting off his ear, which, according to Luke, Jesus immediately healed miraculously. [32] Jesus rebuked the apostle, stating "all they that take the sword shall perish by the sword" (Matthew 26:52). After his arrest, Jesus' apostles went into hiding.
During the Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus, the high priests and elders asked Jesus, "Are you the Son of God?" When he replied, "You are right in saying I am," they condemned Jesus for blasphemy (Luke 22:70–71). The Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus is an event reported by all the Canonical Gospels of the Bible. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. Blasphemy is the disrespectful use of the name of one or more gods. The high priests then turned him over to the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate, based on an accusation of sedition for forbidding the payment of taxes Luke 23:1-2 and claiming to be King of the Jews. This page lists rulers of Judea and other related Jewish Kingdoms from the Maccabean Rebellion to the final Roman annexations This is about the law term For other uses see Sedition (disambiguation Sedition is a term of Law which refers to covert conduct [33] When Jesus came before Pilate, Pilate asked him, "Are you the king of the Jews?" to which he replied, "It is as you say. " According to the Gospels, Pilate personally felt that Jesus was not guilty of any crime against the Romans, and since there was a custom at Passover for the Roman governor to free a prisoner (a custom not recorded outside the Gospels), Pilate offered the crowd a choice between Jesus of Nazareth and an insurrectionist named Barabbas. In the Christian narrative of the Passion of Jesus, Barabbas, according to some texts Jesus bar-Abbas, ( Aramaic The crowd chose to have Barabbas freed and Jesus crucified. Pilate washed his hands to indicate that he was innocent of the injustice of the decision (Matthew 27:11–26).
According to all four Gospels, Jesus died before late afternoon at Calvary, which was also called Golgotha. "Golgotha" redirects here For other uses see Golgotha (disambiguation. The wealthy Judean Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrin according to Mark and Luke, received Pilate's permission to take possession of Jesus' body, placing it in a tomb. Joseph of Arimathea was according to the Gospels, the man who donated his own prepared tomb for the burial of Jesus after Jesus' Crucifixion The Sanhedrin (סנהדרין συνέδριον ''synedrion'', "sitting together" hence " assembly " or "council" was an assembly [34] According to John, Joseph was aided by Nicodemus, who joined him to help bury Jesus, and who appears in other parts of John's gospel (John 19:38–42). Nicodemus (Greek Νικόδημος was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, who according to the Gospel of John, showed favour to Jesus The three Synoptic Gospels tell of the darkening of the sky from twelve until three that afternoon; Matthew also mentions an earthquake (Matthew 27:51). The phrase " Crucifixion eclipse " refers to a three-hour period of daytime darkness that was reported by the Synoptic gospels of the Christian Bible to have An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer
Resurrection and Ascension
According to the Gospels, Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion. Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from [35] The Gospel of Matthew states that an angel appeared near the tomb of Jesus and announced his resurrection to Mary Magdelene and "another Mary" who had arrived to anoint the body (Matthew 28:1–10). Saint Mary Magdalen or Mary Magdalene is described both in the canonical New Testament and in the New Testament apocrypha, as a devoted To anoint is to pour or smear with perfumed oil milk water melted butter or other substances a process employed ritually by many religions and races According to Luke there were two angels (Luke 24:4), and according to Mark there was a youth dressed in white (Mark 16:5). The "longer ending" to Mark states that on the morning of his resurrection, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9). Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. John states that when Mary looked into the tomb, two angels asked her why she was crying; and as she turned round she initially failed to recognize Jesus until he spoke her name (John 20:11–18).
The Acts of the Apostles state that Jesus appeared to various people in various places over the next forty days. The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. Hours after his resurrection, he appeared to two travelers on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13–35). Emmaus ( Greek: Ἐμμαούς Emmaus חמת Hammat, meaning "warm spring" عِمواس Imwas) was an ancient town located approximately To his assembled disciples he showed himself on the evening after his resurrection (John 20:19). Although his own ministry had been specifically to Jews, Jesus is said to have sent his apostles to the Gentiles with the Great Commission and ascended to heaven while a cloud concealed him from their sight. The Great Commission, in Christian tradition is the instruction of the resurrected Jesus Christ to his disciples, that they spread his teachings The general and most common understanding of the Christian Doctrine of Ascension holds that Jesus bodily ascended to Heaven in the presence According to Acts, Paul of Tarsus had a vision of Jesus during his Road to Damascus experience. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul is a feast celebrated during the Liturgical year on January 25, recounting the Conversion of Saul of Tarsus, who Jesus promised to come again to fulfill the remainder of Messianic prophecy. In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions [36]
Historical views
Scholars have used the historical method to develop probable reconstructions of Jesus' life. The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical This article is about the history of academic Jesus research For the book "The Quest of the Historical Jesus A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede" The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which Historians use Primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history Over the past two hundred years, the image of Jesus among historical scholars has come to be very different than the common image of Jesus that was based on the gospels. [37] Some scholars draw a distinction between Jesus as reconstructed through historical methods and Jesus as understood through a theological point of view, while other scholars hold that a theological Jesus represents a historical figure. Religious perspectives on Jesus is the specific significance some Religions place on Jesus. [38] The main sources of information regarding Jesus' life and teachings are the gospels, especially the synoptic gospels: Mark, Matthew, and Luke. Content Authorship The gospel itself is anonymous but as early as Papias in the early 2nd century a text was attributed to Mark, a cousin The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the Biblical scholars and historians overwhelmingly accept the historical existence of Jesus. [39][40][41][42][43]
The English title of Albert Schweitzer's 1906 book, "The Quest of the Historical Jesus," is a label for the post-Enlightenment effort to describe Jesus using critical historical methods. [44] Since the end of the 18th century, scholars have examined the gospels and tried to formulate historical biographies of Jesus. Contemporary efforts benefit from a better understanding of 1st-century Judaism, renewed Roman Catholic biblical scholarship, broad acceptance of critical historical methods, sociological insights, and literary analysis of Jesus' sayings. [44]
Constructing a historical view
Historians analyze the gospels to try to discern the historical man on whom these stories are based. The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical Scholars examine the cultural and historical background of Jesus in order to better understand Jesus his ministry and the origins of Christianity They compare what the gospels say to historical events relevant to the times and places where the gospels were written. They try to answer historical questions about Jesus, such as why he was crucified.
Most scholars agree the Gospel of Mark was written about the time of the destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans under Titus in the year 70, and that the other gospels were written between 70–100. Herod's Temple in Jerusalem was a massive expansion of the Temple Mount and construction of a completely new and much larger Jewish Temple by King Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus ( December 30 39 &ndash September 13 81) was a Roman Emperor who [45] The historical outlook on Jesus relies on critical analysis of the Bible, especially the gospels. This article is about the academic treatment of the bible as a historical document Many scholars have sought to reconstruct Jesus' life in terms of contemporaneous political, cultural, and religious currents in Israel, including differences between Galilee and Judea, and between different sects such the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes and Zealots,[46][47] and in terms of conflicts among Jews in the context of Roman occupation. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" The Sadducees were members of a Jewish sect founded in the second century BC, possibly as a political party The Essenes were strictly speaking a Jewish religious group that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD
Peter Kirby's Historical Jesus Theories gives an overview of the conflicting answers that recent writers have given to these questions. The variety and contradictory character of these answers indicate that what follows here is not to be taken as representing a consensus among scholars.
Descriptions
Historians generally describe Jesus as a healer who preached the restoration of God's kingdom. [48] Most historians agree he was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified by the Romans.
John the Baptist led a large apocalyptic movement. He demanded repentance and baptism. Jesus was baptized and later began his ministry. After John was executed, some of his followers apparently took Jesus as their new leader. [49] Historians are nearly unanimous in accepting Jesus' baptism as a historical event. [50]
According to Robert Funk, Jesus taught in pithy parables and with striking images. [51] He likened the Kingdom of Heaven to small and lowly things, such as yeast or a mustard seed,[51] that have great effects. Historians often see Jesus' theological pronouncements in the gospels as coming from the Christian tradition but not from Jesus' himself.
Jesus placed a special emphasis on God as one's heavenly father. [51]
Names and titles
A series of articles on |
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Jesus Christ and Christianity |
Cultural and historical background |
Perspectives on Jesus |
Jesus in culture |
Jesus probably lived in Galilee for most of his life and he probably spoke Aramaic and Hebrew. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Introduction The chronology of Jesus is linked to a number of Jewish festivals The virgin birth of Jesus is a religious Tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while According to the canonical Gospels Jesus worked many Miracles in the course of his ministry, which may be categorized into cures Exorcisms The parables of Jesus, found in the Synoptic gospels, embody much of Jesus ' teaching. The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic Christology (from Christ and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. There are many relics attributed to Jesus that people believe or believed to be authentic Relics of the Gospel accounts The active obedience of Jesus Christ (sometimes called his preceptive obedience comprises the totality of his actions which Christians believe Scholars examine the cultural and historical background of Jesus in order to better understand Jesus his ministry and the origins of Christianity Most scholars believe that historical '''Jesus''' primarily spoke Aramaic, with some Hebrew and Greek, although there The race of Jesus has been a subject of debate since at least the 19th century The genealogy of Jesus through Joseph is given by two passages from the Gospels, Matthew and Luke. The four canonical Gospels of the New Testament are the main sources of information for the doctrinal Christian narrative of Jesus ' life Religious perspectives on Jesus is the specific significance some Religions place on Jesus. Christian views of Jesus consist of the teachings and beliefs held by Christian groups about Jesus including his divinity humanity and earthly life While Judaism has no special or particular view of Jesus, and very few texts in Judaism directly refer to or take note of Jesus, Judaism takes a strong Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs Scientology founder L Ron Hubbard described Scientology as "the Western Anglicized continuance of many earlier forms of wisdom" and cites the teachings The historicity of Jesus concerns the historical authenticity of Jesus of Nazareth. The study of Jesus from a mythographical perspective is the examination of the narrative of Jesus, the Christ ("the Anointed " of the This article is about the history of academic Jesus research For the book "The Quest of the Historical Jesus A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede" The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical "Jesus myth" links here For a comparison between Jesus Christ and pagan mythology see Jesus Christ and comparative mythology. Yuz Asaf is the name of several different religious figures of several distinct religious groups a sage entombed at Roza Bal in Srinagar Kashmir India Jesus has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly two millennia The depiction of Jesus in art took several centuries to reach a conventional standardized form for his physical appearance which has subsequently remained largely stable since that The canonical New Testament does not explicitly indicate that Jesus had any sexual relationships or desire and Christians have traditionally believed that he remained A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Aramaic is a Semitic language with [52] The name "Jesus" is an English transliteration of the Latin (Iēsus) which in turn comes from the Greek name Iesous (Ιησους). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in The name has also been translated into English as "Joshua". Joshua, Jehoshuah, or Yehoshua ( 'יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Tiberian: jə [53] Further examination of the Septuagint finds that the Greek, in turn, is a transliteration of the Hebrew/Aramaic Yeshua (ישוע) (Yeshua — he will save) a contraction of Hebrew name Yehoshua (יהושוע Yeho — Yahweh [is] shua` — deliverance/rescue, usually Romanized as Joshua). The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Aramaic is a Semitic language with For the article on the person teaching and acts of Jesus Christ see the Jesus article For information about Yahweh see God in Abrahamic religions, which provides useful links Scholars believe that one of these was likely the name that Jesus was known by during his lifetime by his peers. [54]
Christ (which is a title and not a part of his name) is an Anglicization of the Greek term for Messiah (χριστός, from the verb χρίω "to anoint"), and literally means "anointed one. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions " Historians have debated what this title might have meant at the time Jesus lived; some historians have suggested that other titles applied to Jesus in the New Testament had meanings in the first century quite different from those meanings ascribed today. [55]
The titles "Divine", "Son of God", "God", "God from God", "Lord", "Redeemer", "Liberator", and "Saviour of the World" were each applied to the Roman emperors. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. John Dominic Crossan considers that the application of them to Jesus by the early Christians would have been regarded as denying them to the emperor(s). John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar "They were taking the identity of the Roman emperor and giving it to a Jewish peasant. Either that was a peculiar joke and a very low lampoon, or it was what the Romans called majestas and we call high treason. "[56]
The title Son of God has often been taken as a claim to divinity. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. Likewise, Jesus claimed the title "I AM" in John 8:58 which designates God in the Hebrew Bible, especially in Exodus 3:14. [57] Some New Testament scholars, however, argue that Jesus himself made no claims to being God. [58][59][60][61][62][63][64] Most Christians identified Jesus as divine from a very early period, although holding a variety of views as to what exactly this implied. [65]
Religious groups
Scholars refer to the religious background of the early 1st century to better reconstruct Jesus' life. Some scholars identify him with one or another group.
Pharisees were a powerful force in 1st-century Judaism. After the fall of the Temple, the Pharisee outlook was established in Rabbinic Judaism. Some scholars speculate that Jesus was himself a Pharisee. The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" [66] In Jesus' day, the two main schools of thought among the Pharisees were the House of Hillel, which had been founded by the eminent Tanna, Hillel the Elder, and the House of Shammai. The House of Hillel (בית הלל Beit Hillel) also known as the Academy of Hillel, founded by the famed Hillel the Elder, is a school of Jewish word /š n/ and /t n/ --> Hillel (הלל (born Babylon traditionally c110BCE-10CE in Jerusalem) was a famous Jewish religious leader one of the most important figures in Jewish The House of Shammai (or Beit Shammai, beit is Hebrew for house was the school of thought of Judaism founded by Shammai, a Jewish scholar of Jesus' assertion of hypocrisy may have been directed against the stricter members of the House of Shammai, although he also agreed with their teachings on divorce (Mark 10:1–12). [67] Jesus also commented on the House of Hillel's teachings (Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 31a) concerning the greatest commandment (Mark 12:28–34) and the Golden Rule (Matthew 7:12). The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Shema Yisrael (or Sh'ma Yisroel or just Shema) ( Hebrew: שמע ישראל "Hear Israel" are the first two words of a section of The ethic of reciprocity is a fundamental moral Value which " refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and
The Sadducee sect was particularly powerful in Jerusalem. They accepted the written Law only, rejecting the traditional interpretations accepted by the Pharisees, such as belief in retribution in an afterlife, resurrection of the body, angels, and spirits. They appear to have opposed Jesus' ministry, perhaps because they feared trouble from the Roman power, and in any case because they opposed his doctrines. After the fall of Jerusalem, they disappeared from history. [68]
Essenes were apocalyptic ascetics, one of the three (or four) major Jewish schools of the time, though they were not mentioned in the New Testament. [69] Some scholars theorize that Jesus was an Essene, or close to them. The Essenes were strictly speaking a Jewish religious group that flourished from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD Among these scholars is Pope Benedict XVI, who supposes in his book on Jesus that "it appears that not only John the Baptist, but possibly Jesus and his family as well, were close to the Qumran community. "[70]
Still other scholars hypothesize that Jesus led a new apocalyptic sect, possibly related to John the Baptist,[71] who became early Christian after the Great Commission spread his teachings to the Gentiles. Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c The Great Commission, in Christian tradition is the instruction of the resurrected Jesus Christ to his disciples, that they spread his teachings The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. [72] This is distinct from an earlier commission Jesus gave to the twelve Apostles, limited to "the lost sheep of the house of Israel" and specifically excluding the Gentiles or Samaritans (Matthew 10). The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e
The Gospels record that Jesus was a Nazarene, a term commonly taken to refer to his place of birth, but sometimes as a religious affiliation. [47]
The Zealots were a revolutionary party opposed to Roman rule, one of those parties that, according to Josephus inspired the fanatical stand in Jerusalem that led to its destruction in the year 70. Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus [73] Luke identifies Simon, a disciple, as a "zealot," which might mean a member of the Zealot party (which would therefore have been already in existence in the lifetime of Jesus) or a zealous person. [73] The notion that Jesus himself was a Zealot does not do justice to the earliest Synoptic material describing him. [74]
Gospels as historical texts
The New Testament, especially the synoptic gospels, were written soon after Jesus' life, making them relevant to historical analysis. Historical criticism or higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis that investigates the origins of a text as applied in Biblical studies it naturally [75] Modern scholars use various methods for sorting out the historical Jesus who inspired the gospels from the Jesus of faith that the gospel authors wrote about.
After the original oral stories were written down in Greek, they were transcribed, and later translated into other languages. This is not unique to the Bible — other documents of antiquity have been scrutinized for gaps between the date of an event and the date it was written. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Having been written, the New Testament sources encountered insignificant changes, according to scholars such as the late Sir Frederic Kenyon (1863 - 1952). Sir Frederic George Kenyon GBE KCB TD FBA FSA ( 15 January 1863 &ndash 23 August 1952) was [76]
Contemporary textual critic Bart D. Ehrman cites numerous places where the gospels, and other New Testament books, were apparently altered by Christian scribes. Bart D Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar and textual critic of Early Christianity. [77] The scribes, largely amateurs, worked to make the gospels more similar and to remove verses that could be taken to support unorthodox beliefs common in early Christianity. [77] For example, Luke portrays Jesus as implacable in the face of his crucifixion, contrary to Mark, which portrays him in agony. Ehrman considers that verses in Luke in which Jesus sweats blood to be a later interpolation, made to include agony in Luke's account. [77]
One method used to estimate the factual accuracy of stories in the gospels is known as the "criterion of embarrassment," which holds that stories about events with embarrassing aspects (such as the denial of Jesus by Peter, or the fleeing of Jesus' followers after his arrest) would likely not have been included if those accounts were fictional. The Criterion of embarrassment is a tool used by some Biblical scholars to help determine whether certain actions or sayings by Jesus in the New Testament [78] Biblical scholars hold that the works describing Jesus were initially communicated by oral tradition, and were not committed to writing until several decades after Jesus' crucifixion. Oral history can be defined as the recording preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker The earliest extant texts which refer to Jesus are Paul's letters, which are usually dated from the mid-1st century. Extant literature refers to texts that have survived from the past to the present time Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Paul wrote that he only saw Jesus in visions, but that they were divine revelations and hence authoritative (Galatians 1:11–12). Revelation is the act of revealing or disclosing (see etymology or in the theological perception making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication The earliest extant texts describing Jesus in any detail were the four Gospels. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament
Mythical view
- Further information: Jesus Christ and comparative mythology
A few scholars have questioned the existence of Jesus as an actual historical figure. "Jesus myth" links here For a comparison between Jesus Christ and pagan mythology see Jesus Christ and comparative mythology. The study of Jesus from a mythographical perspective is the examination of the narrative of Jesus, the Christ ("the Anointed " of the Among the proponents of non-historicity have been Bruno Bauer in the 19th century. Bruno Bauer ( September 6, 1809 – April 13, 1882) was a German theologian, Philosopher and Historian Non-historicity was somewhat influential in biblical studies during the early 20th century. (The views of scholars who entirely rejected Jesus' historicity then were summarized in the chapter on Jesus in Will Durant's Caesar and Christ (in 1944); they were based on a suggested lack of eyewitness, a lack of direct archaeological evidence, the failure of certain ancient works to mention Jesus, and similarities early Christianity shares with then-contemporary religion and mythology. William James Durant ( November 5, 1885 &ndash November 7, 1981) was a prolific American popularizer in the fields of History [79])
Michael Grant stated (in 1977) that the view is derived from a lack of application of historical methods:
…if we apply to the New Testament, as we should, the same sort of criteria as we should apply to other ancient writings containing historical material, we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned. Michael Grant CBE ( 21 November 1914 &ndash 4 October 2004) was an English classicist and Numismatist. . . . To sum up, modern critical methods fail to support the Christ myth theory. It has 'again and again been answered and annihilated by first rank scholars. ' In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary. [80]
More recently, arguments for non-historicity have been discussed by authors such as George Albert Wells and Robert M. Price. George Albert Wells (born May 22 1926) usually known as G A Wells, is an Emeritus Professor of German at Birkbeck University of London. For other people named Robert Price see Robert Price (disambiguation Robert McNair Price Additionally, The Jesus Puzzle and The Jesus Mysteries are examples of popular works promoting the non-history hypothesis. The Jesus Mysteries Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God? is a 1999 book by Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy that claims to reconstruct the true Nevertheless, non-historicity is still regarded as effectively refuted by almost all Biblical scholars and historians. [81][82][83]
Religious perspectives
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Christian views
Though Christian views of Jesus vary, it is possible to describe a general majority Christian view by examining the similarities between specific Western Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and many Protestant doctrines found in their catechetical or confessional texts. Christian views of Jesus consist of the teachings and beliefs held by Christian groups about Jesus including his divinity humanity and earthly life Christology (from Christ and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament Confessionalism, in a religious (and particularly Christian) sense is a belief in the importance of full and unambiguous assent to the whole of a religious teaching [84] This view, given below as the Principal view, does not encompass all groups which describe themselves as Christian, with other views immediately following.
Majority view
Christians profess that Jesus is the Messiah (Greek: Christos; English: Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament,[85] who, through his life, death, and resurrection, restored humanity's communion with God in the blood of the New Covenant. The term New Covenant (; Greek:, diathēkē kainē is used in the Bible (both in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek New Testament) to refer His death on a cross is understood as the redemptive sacrifice: the source of humanity's salvation and the atonement for sin[86] which had entered human history through the sin of Adam. Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation The Fall of Man, or simply the Fall, in Christian doctrine refers to the transition of the first humans from a state of innocent obedience to God, Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man. [87]
They profess Jesus to be the only Son of God, the Lord,[88] and the eternal Word (which is a translation of the Greek Logos),[89] who became man in the incarnation,[90] so that those who believe in him might have eternal life. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. grc-Latn Logos (ˈloʊːgɒs ( Greek, logos) is an important term in Philosophy, Analytical psychology, Rhetoric and Religion Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Incarnation is the belief in Christianity that Jesus Christ is the God of Israel in the flesh [91] They further hold that he was born of the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit in an event described as the miraculous virgin birth or Incarnation. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary The virgin birth of Jesus is a religious Tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while [92] In his life Jesus proclaimed the "good news" (Middle English: gospel; Greek: euangelion) that the coming Kingdom of Heaven was at hand,[93] and established the Christian Church, which is the seed of the kingdom, into which Jesus calls the poor in spirit. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Church (disambiguation Christian Church and the word church are used to denote both a Christian association of people and a Place of worship [94] Jesus' actions at the Last Supper, where he instituted the Eucharist, are understood as central to communion with God and remembrance of Jesus' sacrifice. In the Christian Gospels the Last Supper (also called the Lord's Supper or Mystical Supper) was the last meal Jesus shared with his The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those [95]
The satisfaction view of atonement for sin, first articulated by Anselm of Canterbury, is that humanity owes God a debt of honor. The satisfaction view of the Atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology related to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ Substitutionary atonement is a Doctrine in Christian theology which states that Jesus of Nazareth died &ndash intentionally and willingly &ndash Saint Anselm of Canterbury (1033 &ndash April 21, 1109) was an Italian medieval Philosopher, theologian, and church official This debt creates essentially an imbalance in the moral universe; it could not be satisfied by God's simply ignoring it. In this view, the only possible way of repaying the debt was for a being of infinite greatness, acting as a man on behalf of men, to repay the debt of honor owed to God. Therefore, when Jesus died, he paid a debt to God, his father. Thomas Aquinas consider atonement and articulated that rather than seeing the debt as one of honor, he sees the debt as a moral injustice to be righted. Aquinas concludes that punishment is a morally good response to sin, "Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for our sins," and substitution for another's sin is entirely possible. [96]
Christians also profess that Jesus suffered death by crucifixion,[97] and rose bodily from the dead in the definitive miracle that foreshadows the resurrection of humanity at the end of time,[98] when Christ will come again to judge the living and the dead,[99] resulting in either entrance into heaven or damnation. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from This article concerns itself with the belief in the final Resurrection at the End of time, commonly found in the Abrahamic religions. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived [100] The resurrection is perhaps the most controversial aspect of the life of Jesus. Christianity hinges on this point of Christology, both as a response to a particular history and as a confessional response. [101] Christians believe that Jesus' resurrection brings reconciliation with God (II Corinthians 5:18), the destruction of death (I Corinthians 15:26), and forgiveness of sins for followers of Jesus. The atonement is a doctrine found within both Christianity and Judaism.
In the beginning of the second century, the Roman official and writer, Pliny the Younger (63 - ca. Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca 113), stated that Christians were "singing responsively a hymn to Christ as to god" (carmenque Christo quasi deo dicere secum invicem). [102] Between 325 and 681, Christians theologically articulated and refined their view of the nature of Jesus by a series of seven ecumenical councils (see Christology). This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. Christology (from Christ and Greek grc -λογία -logia) is a field of study within Christian theology which is concerned with These councils described Jesus as one of the three divine hypostases or persons of the Holy Trinity: the Son is defined as constituting, together with God the Father and the Holy Spirit, the single substance of the One God (see Communicatio idiomatum). SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных Ousia () is the Ancient Greek noun formed on the feminine present participle of ( to be) it is analogous to the English participle In Christian theology communicatio idiomatum ("sharing of attributes" is a term from the theology of the Incarnation, attempting to explain the relationship [103] Furthermore, Jesus is defined to be one person with a fully human and a fully divine nature, a doctrine known as the Hypostatic union. Physis (grc φύσις is a Greek theological, philosophical, and scientific term usually translated into English as " Nature " Hypostatic union (from the Greek, "hypostasis" translated reality or person) is a technical term in Christian Theology employed [104]
The Gospels of Matthew and Luke suggest the virgin birth of Jesus. The virgin birth of Jesus is a religious Tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while Barth speaks of the virgin birth as the divine sign "which accompanies and indicates the mystery of the incarnation of the Son. "[105] Donald MacLeod[106] gives several Christological implications of a virgin birth: it highlights salvation as a supernatural act of God rather than an act of human initiative, avoids adoptionism (which is virtually required if a normal birth), and reinforces the sinlessness of Christ, especially as it relates to Christ being outside the sin of Adam (original sin). The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events Adoptionism, also called dynamic Monarchianism, was a minority Christian belief that Jesus was born merely human and that he became divine later in his life Original sin is according to a doctrine in Catholic theology, humanity's state of Sin resulting from the Fall of Man.
Jesus Christ, the Mediator of humankind, fulfills the three offices of Prophet, Priest, and King. The Threefold Office is a piece of Christian doctrine based upon the teachings of the Old Testament Eusebius of the early church worked out this threefold classification, which John Calvin developed[107] and John Wesley discussed. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical [108]
Alternative views
- See also: Nontrinitarianism
Current religious groups that do not accept the doctrine of the Trinity include the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), Jehovah's Witnesses and the Christadelphians. Nontrinitarianism includes all Christian belief systems that reject as non-scriptural wholly or partly the doctrine of the Trinity; the Doctrine The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination Christadelphians (from the Greek for Brothers of Christ / Christ's Brethren: Christou Adelphoi; cf
Latter-day Saints theology maintains that Heavenly Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate and distinct beings, though all eternal and equally divine, who together constitute the Godhead. In the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known The term "Godhead" The term Godhead is a term denoting deity or divinity Though described as "one God"[109] each play different roles: the Holy Ghost is a spirit without a physical body, the Father and Son possess distinct and perfected bodies of flesh and bone. The Book of Mormon records that the resurrected Jesus visited and taught some of the inhabitants of the early Americas after he appeared to his apostles in Jerusalem. The Book of Mormon is a Sacred text of the churches in the Latter Day Saint movement. [110] Mormons also believe that an apostasy occurred after the deaths of Christ's apostles. The Great Apostasy is a term used by some religious groups to allege a general fallen state of traditional Christianity, or especially of Catholicism They believe that Christ and Heavenly Father appeared to Joseph Smith in 1820 as part of a series of heavenly visits to restore the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ. They believe Jesus (not the Father) is the same as Jehovah or Yahweh of the Old Testament, acting under the direction of the Father. Yahweh|God in Abrahamic religions Jehovah is an English reading of, the most frequent form of the Tetragrammaton, the name of God in the Hebrew Bible, in For information about Yahweh see God in Abrahamic religions, which provides useful links In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. See Jesus in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Religious perspectives on Jesus is the specific significance some Religions place on Jesus. Based on a claimed divine revelation of Smith, they state that Jesus was born on April 06. [111]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe Jesus to be God's (or Jehovah's) son, rather than being God himself. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination Jehovah's Witnesses believe he was the same divine created being as Michael the Archangel,[112][113] and that God made him a perfect human by transferring his life to the womb of Mary. Michael (מִיכָאֵל Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Μιχαήλ Mikhaíl; Michael or Míchaël; ميخائيل Mikhā'īl) is an [114] During the time Jesus was on earth he was simply a man, not a god-man. [115] They also believe that he is "the word" of John 1:1. This is understood to mean that he is God's spokesman, likely the one speaking in God's name to Adam, and to the Israelites in the wilderness. [116] In line with this, they point out that the Bible presents him as the only way humans can approach God. They include words like 'in Jesus name' in every prayer. [117] They view the term "Son of God" as an indication of Jesus' importance to the creator and his status as God's "only-begotten (unique) Son,"[118] the "firstborn of all creation,"[119] the one "of whom, and through whom, and to whom, are all things. "[120] They believe that Jesus died on a single-piece torture stake, not a cross. [121] They believe that he is currently ruling in heaven as king of God's heavenly Kingdom, and will soon extend his rule to earth for a reign of peace. [122] They also believe he is now immortal[123] and can never die again. [124]
The Unity Church considers Jesus the master teacher and "way show-er," citing Jesus' frequent calls to emulate him rather than worship him, and the ability of others to be like him, such as in John 10:34 and John 14:12. Unity also known as Unity School of Christianity and informally as Unity Church, is a school of thought founded upon holistic Christian principles Jesus is not worshiped as God, but regarded as someone who had achieved a complete connection with God the Father.
Christadelphians believe that Jesus is literally God's son, hence the Biblical title son of God,[125] not God the Son. Christadelphians (from the Greek for Brothers of Christ / Christ's Brethren: Christou Adelphoi; cf They believe that Jesus was in God's plan right from the beginning of creation,[126] but that he came into existence at his birth. [127] Quoting Biblical passages such as Hebrews 2:10-14 and 17-18, they maintain that Jesus was fully human, and that Jesus' total humanity was vital in saving people from their sins. This, Christadelphians believe, would not have been possible had Jesus actually been God. [128] They believe that Jesus is now in heaven, at God's right hand, waiting to return to the Earth to establish God's kingdom here forever. [129]
Others believe that the one God, who revealed himself in the Old Testament as Jehovah, came to earth, taking on the human form of Jesus Christ. They believe Jesus is Jehovah, is the Holy Spirit, and is the one Person who is God. Examples of such churches today are Oneness Pentecostals and the New Church. Overview Although both Oneness and Trinitarian denominations acknowledge the God of the Bible as the only God in existence and that Jesus was Swedenborgianism The New Church is the name for a religious movement described in the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772
Other early views
Various early Christian groups and theologians held differing views of Jesus. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c The Ebionites, an early Jewish Christian community, believed that Jesus was the last of the prophets and the Messiah. The Ebionites ( Greek: grc Ἐβιωναῖοι Ebionaioi from Hebrew; he '''אביונים''' he-Latn ''Ebyonim'' "the Poor Ones" were an Jewish Christians (sometimes called also "Hebrew Christians" or "Christian Jews") is a term which can have two meanings a historical one and a In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions They believed that Jesus was the natural-born son of Mary and Joseph, and thus they rejected the Virgin Birth. The Ebionites were adoptionists, believing that Jesus was not divine, but became the son of God at his baptism. Adoptionism, also called dynamic Monarchianism, was a minority Christian belief that Jesus was born merely human and that he became divine later in his life Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. They rejected the Epistles of Paul, believing that Jesus kept the Mosaic Law perfectly and wanted his followers to do the same. The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul (Παῦλος as the first term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to However, they felt that Jesus' crucifixion was the ultimate sacrifice, and thus animal sacrifices were no longer necessary. Animal Sacrifice is the Ritual killing of an Animal as part of a Religion. Therefore, some Ebionites were vegetarian and considered both Jesus and John the Baptist to have been vegetarians. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. [130]
In Gnosticism, Jesus is said to have brought the secret knowledge (gnosis) of the spiritual world necessary for salvation. Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems Gnosis (from one of the Greek words for Knowledge, γνώσις is the spiritual knowledge of a Saint or mystically enlightened human being [131] Their secret teachings were paths to gnosis, and not gnosis itself. While some Gnostics were docetics, other Gnostics believed that Jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of Christ during his baptism. In Christianity, Docetism (from the Greek, "to seem" is the belief that Jesus ' physical body was an illusion as was his Crucifixion [132] Many Gnostics believed that Christ was an Aeon sent by a higher deity than the evil demiurge who created the material world. The word aeon, also spelled eon or æon, means "age" "forever" or "for Eternity " In many Gnostic systems (and heresiologies) God is known as the Monad, the One, The Absolute Aion teleos (The Demiurge (the Latinized form of Greek demiourgos, δημιουργός, literally "public or skilled worker" from demos Some Gnostics believed that Christ had a syzygy named Sophia. In broadest terms Syzygy (ˈsɪzɪʤi is a kind of unity especially through coordination or alignment most commonly used in the Astronomical and/or Astrological Sophia (Σoφíα Greek for " Wisdom " is a central term in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, The Gnostics tended to interpret the books that were included in the New Testament as allegory, and some Gnostics interpreted Jesus himself as an allegory. This article discusses the relationship between Gnosticism and the New Testament. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation The Gnostics also used a number of other texts that did not become part of the New Testament canon. Gnosticism used a number of Religious texts that are preserved in part or whole in ancient Manuscripts or are lost but mentioned critically in Patristic
Marcionites were 2nd century Gentile followers of the Christian theologian Marcion of Sinope. Marcionism is the dualist Belief system that originates in the teachings of Marcion of Sinope at Rome around the year 144. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. Marcion (Μαρκίων (ca 110 - 160) was a Christian Theologian who was excommunicated by the Early Christian church They believed that Jesus rejected the Jewish Scriptures, or at least the parts that were incompatible with his teachings. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is [133] Seeing a stark contrast between the vengeful God of the Old Testament and the loving God of Jesus, Marcionites, like some Gnostics, came to the conclusion that the Jewish God was the evil creator of the world and Jesus was the savior from the material world. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. They also believed Jesus was not human, but instead a completely divine spiritual being whose material body, and thus his crucifixion and death, were divine illusions. In Christianity, Docetism (from the Greek, "to seem" is the belief that Jesus ' physical body was an illusion as was his Crucifixion [134] Marcionism was declared a heresy by proto-orthodox Christianity. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief
Sabellius in the 3rd century taught that the Trinity represented not three persons but a single person in three "modes. Sabellius (fl ca 215 was a Third century Priest and Theologian who most likely taught in Rome but may have been an African from Libya " Jerome reported that the Montanists of his day shared this view.
Islamic views
Majority view
Islam holds Jesus (Arabic: عيسى `Īsā) to have been a messenger of God who had been sent to guide the Children of Israel (banī isrā'īl) with a new scripture, the Injīl (gospel). For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Injil ( Arabic إنجيل (or Injeel) is one of the five Islamic Holy Books the Qur'an records as revealed by God, the others [135] According to the Qur'an, believed by Muslims to be God's final revelation, Jesus was born to Mary (Arabic: Maryam) as the result of virginal conception, a miraculous event which occurred by the decree of God (Arabic: Allah). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The virgin birth of Jesus is a religious Tenet of Christianity and Islam which holds that Mary miraculously conceived Jesus while God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' To aid him in his quest, Jesus was given the ability to perform miracles. A miracle is an event believed to be caused by interposition of Divine intervention by a Supernatural being in the Universe by which the ordinary operation These included speaking from the cradle, curing the blind and the lepers, as well as raising the dead; all by the permission of God. Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium Furthermore, Jesus was helped by a band of disciples (the ḥawāriyūn). Islam states that Jesus was not killed nor crucified by the Jews, but that he had been raised alive up to heaven. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from Jannah (جنّة is the Islamic conception of Paradise. The Arabic form Jannah is a shortened version meaning simply "Garden" Islamic traditions narrate that he will return to earth near the day of judgement to restore justice and defeat al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl (lit. In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived Masih ad-Dajjal ( Arabic: الدّجّال literally "The Impostor" is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. "the false messiah", also known as the Antichrist) and the enemies of Islam. For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office As a just ruler, Jesus will then die. [136]
Like all prophets in Islam, Jesus is considered to have been a Muslim, as he preached for people to adopt the straight path in submission to God's will. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Islam denies that Jesus was God or the son of God, stating that he was an ordinary man who, like other prophets, had been divinely chosen to spread God's message. Son of God is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible, various other Jewish texts and the New Testament. Islamic texts forbid the association of partners with God (shirk), emphasizing the notion of God's divine oneness (tawhīd). As such, Jesus is referred to in the Qur'an frequently as the "son of Mary" ("Ibn Maryam"). [136][137] Numerous titles are given to Jesus in the Qur'an, such as mubārak (blessed) and `abd-Allāh (servant of God). Another title is al-Masīḥ ("the messiah; the anointed one" i. This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions e. by means of blessings), although it does not correspond with the meaning accrued in Christian belief. Jesus is seen in Islam as a precursor to Muhammad, and is believed by Muslims to have foretold the latter's coming. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics [136]
Ahmadiyya views
The Ahmadiyya Movement, was founded in 19th century India. Ahmadiyya Muslims believe that Jesus of Nazareth did not die on the cross neither did he physically ascend to heaven but instead that he survived the crucifixion Ahmadiyya ( احمدیہ Ahmadiyya) is a movement that arose out of mainstream Islam towards the end of the 19th century Ahmadis interpret the Bible to show that Jesus was taken down from the cross while unconscious, not dead. [138] They believe that he revived, appeared to his disciples in the flesh, and fled eastward to Kashmir, where he died of old age under the name Yuz Asaf ("Leader of the Healed"). This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Yuz Asaf is the name of several different religious figures of several distinct religious groups a sage entombed at Roza Bal in Srinagar Kashmir India They believe his tomb is located in Srinagar, Kashmir. Srinagar ( Dogri: श्रीनगर Urdu: سرینگر Kashmiri: سِرېنَگَر श्रीनगर is the capital of the disputed state This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir This view has also been taken up by some western authors and historians. [139]
Ahmadis believe that the prophecy concerning Jesus' second coming indicated a spiritual return, and that it was fulfilled in the person of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, identified as the Imam Mahdi (Promised Messiah). Mirza Ghulām Ahmad of Qadian ( ميرزا غلام احمد) ( February 13, 1835 – May 26, 1908 CE Shawal 14 1250 – In Islamic eschatology the Mahdi ( ar مهدي, also Mehdi; "Guided One" is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will stay on earth This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions
Judaism's view
Judaism holds the idea of Jesus being God, or part of a Trinity, or a mediator to God, to be heresy. While Judaism has no special or particular view of Jesus, and very few texts in Judaism directly refer to or take note of Jesus, Judaism takes a strong Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut [140] Judaism also holds that Jesus is not the Messiah, arguing that he had not fulfilled the Messianic prophecies in the Tanakh nor embodied the personal qualifications of the Messiah. Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is [141] According to Jewish tradition, there were no more prophets after Malachi, who lived centuries before Jesus and delivered his prophesies about 420 BC/BCE. Malachi or Mal'achi ( was a Prophet in the Bible, the Christian Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh. Judaism states that Jesus did not fulfill the requirements set by the Torah to prove that he was a prophet. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Even if Jesus had produced such a sign that Judaism recognized, Judaism states that no prophet or dreamer can contradict the laws already stated in the Torah, which Judaism states Jesus did. [142][143]
The Mishneh Torah (an authoritative work of Jewish law) states in Hilkhot Melakhim 11:10–12 that Jesus is a "stumbling block" who makes "the majority of the world err to serve a divinity besides God". The Mishneh Torah ( Hebrew: משנה תורה subtitled Sefer Yad ha-Chazaka (יד החזקה is a code of Jewish Religious law Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law [144] According to Conservative Judaism, Jews who believe Jesus is the Messiah have "crossed the line out of the Jewish community". Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out [145] Reform Judaism, the modern progressive movement, states "For us in the Jewish community anyone who claims that Jesus is their savior is no longer a Jew and is an apostate. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions "[146]
Bahá'í views
The Bahá'í Faith, founded in 19th-century Persia, considers Jesus, along with Muhammad, the Buddha, Krishna, and Zoroaster, and other messengers of the great religions of the world to be Manifestations of God (or prophets), with both human and divine stations. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Krishna (कृष्ण in Devanagari kṛṣṇa in IAST, ˈkr̩ʂɳə in classical Sanskrit is a deity worshiped across many traditions of Hinduism Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت The Manifestation of God is a concept in the Bahá'í Faith that refers to what are commonly called Prophets The Manifestations of God are a series of personages In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary [147] In their divine station Bahá'ís view them in essential unity with each other and with God, and in their human station they view them as distinct individuals. [147] Thus, in the Bahá'í view, Jesus incarnates God's attributes, perfectly reflecting and expressing them. [147] However, the Bahá'í view rejects the belief that the essence of God was perfectly or completely contained in Jesus or any other human body, since Bahá'í scripture emphasizes the transcendence of the essence of God. Bahá'í literature, like much Religious text, covers a variety of topics and forms including scripture and inspiration interpretation history and biography [147] Jesus is believed to be the "Son of God" though not literally a biological son. The title "Son of God" in the Bahá'í view is seen as entirely spiritual and shows the close relationship between him and God. [148] Bahá'ís accept Jesus as the Messiah foretold in the Jewish Scriptures.
Hindu views
In Hinduism the text from the Bhavishya Purana Jesus (Sanskrit: ईसा, translitererated as Easa) and ईसा मसीह Easa Maseeha). A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Bhavishya Purana (Sanskrit Bhaviṣyat Purāṇa) is one of the eighteen major Hindu Puranas It is written in Sanskrit and attributed to Rishi Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Is considered being the son of God born to a virgin and is an Brahmin with two births. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. [149] The Hindu beliefs about Jesus vary. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) considers Jesus to be the beloved son of Krishna who came down to Earth to preach God Consciousness. Contemporary Sant Mat movements regard Jesus as a Satguru. See also Sant Mat Contemporary Sant Mat Movements are Esoteric philosophy movements active in the United States Satguru or Sadguru means true Guru. (सदगुरू The term satguru distinguishes itself from other forms of gurus such as musical instructors Ramakrishna believed that Jesus was an Incarnation of God. Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ( Bangla: রামকৃষ্ণ পরমহংস Ramkṛiṣṇo Pôromôhongśo) ( February 18, 1836 - Avatar or Avatara (अवतार IAST Avatāra) is often inaccurately translated into English as incarnation [150] Swami Vivekananda has praised Jesus and cited him as a source of strength and the epitome of perfection. Swami Vivekananda (স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ Shami Bibekānondo; स्वामी विवेकानन्द Svāmi Vivekānanda) ( [151] Paramahansa Yogananda taught that Jesus was the reincarnation of Elisha and a student of John the Baptist, the reincarnation of Elijah. Paramahansa Yogananda ( Bengali: পরমহংস যোগানন্দ Pôromohôngsho Joganondo, Sanskrit: परमहंस योगानंद Elisha ( Greek el Ελισσαίος Elisaios) is a Biblical prophet Saint John the Baptist ( heb. Jochanan ben Sacharja, arab. يحيى Yaḥyā or يوحنا Yūḥanna, aram. Elijah or Elias ( was a Prophet in Israel in the 9th century BC [152] Mahatma Gandhi considered Jesus one of his main teachers and inspirations for nonviolent resistance. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through Symbolic Protests Civil disobedience,
Buddhist views
- Further information: Buddhism and Christianity
Buddhists' views of Jesus differ. Buddhism and Christianity are both ancient World religions that spread from their region of origin to be established as major influences on spirituality throughout Some Buddhists, including Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama[153] regard Jesus as a bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of human beings. A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta
Other views
Mandaeanism, a very small Mideastern, Gnostic sect that reveres John the Baptist as God's greatest prophet, regards Jesus as a false prophet of the false Jewish god of the Old Testament, Adonai,[154] and likewise rejects Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad. Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( Mandaic: Mandaiuta, مندائية Mandā'iyya) is a Monotheistic Religion with a strongly In Judaism, the name of God is more than a distinguishing title Abraham ( Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Manichaeism accepted Jesus as a prophet, along with Gautama Buddha and Zoroaster. Manichaeism (in Modern Persian fa-Arab آیین مانی Āyin e Māni; Chinese zh 摩尼教 was one of the major Gnostic Religions originating Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت [155]
The New Age movement entertains a wide variety of views on Jesus. New Age ( New Age Movement and New Age Spirituality) is a Social Collective Phenomenon and a Spiritual Nature The creators of A Course In Miracles claim to trance-channel his spirit. A Course in Miracles (also referred to as ACIM or the Course) written by Dr Mediumship is a practice in religious beliefs such as Spiritualism, Spiritism, Espiritismo, Candomblé, Louisiana Voodoo, and However, the New Age movement generally teaches that Christhood is something that all may attain. Initiation is a concept in Theosophy that there are nine levels of spiritual development Theosophists, from whom many New Age teachings originated (a Theosophist named Alice A. Bailey invented the term New Age), refer to Jesus of Nazareth as the Master Jesus and believe he had previous incarnations. This article is about the philosophy introduced by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky Alice Ann Bailey ( June 16, 1880 &ndash December 15, 1949) known as Alice A The Master Jesus is Jesus as understood by the metaphysical system of Theosophy as opposed to the Jesus Christ of the Christian religion
Many writers emphasize Jesus' moral teachings. Garry Wills argues that Jesus' ethics are distinct from those usually taught by Christianity. Garry Wills (born May 22, 1934 in Atlanta Georgia) is an Author and Historian, and a frequent contributor to the New York [156] The Jesus Seminar portrays Jesus as an itinerant preacher who taught peace and love, rights for women and respect for children, and who spoke out against the hypocrisy of religious leaders and the rich. The Jesus Seminar is a group of about 150 individuals including scholars with advanced degrees in Biblical studies, Religious studies or related fields as well as [157] Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a deist, created the Jefferson Bible entitled "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth" that included only Jesus' ethical teachings because he did not believe in Jesus' divinity or any of the other supernatural aspects of the Bible. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation The Jefferson Bible, or The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth as it is formally titled was Thomas Jefferson's effort to extract the doctrine Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin
Legacy
- Further information: Images of Jesus, Cultural depictions of Jesus, and Anno Domini
According to most Christian interpretations of the Bible, the theme of Jesus' teachings was that of repentance, unconditional love,[158] forgiveness of sin, grace, and the coming of the Kingdom of God. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Repentance is a change of thought and action to correct a wrong and gain Forgiveness from the one wronged Agapē (ˈægəpiː ( Gk αγάπη) is one of several Greek words translated into English as love. Forgiveness doesn't mean that you deny the other person's responsibility for hurting you and it doesn't minimize or justify the wrong Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation In Christianity, divine Grace refers to the sovereign favour of God for humankind — especially in regard to Salvation — irrespective of actions [159] Starting as a small Jewish sect,[160] it developed into a religion clearly distinct from Judaism several decades after Jesus death. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire under a version known as Nicene Christianity and became the state religion under Theodosius I. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial This is a general introduction to ecumenical councils For the Roman Catholic councils, see Catholic Ecumenical Councils. A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Flavius Theodosius (January 11 347 – January 17 395 also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great ( Greek: Θεοδόσιος Α΄ Over the centuries, it spread to most of Europe, and around the world.
Jesus has been drawn, painted, sculpted and portrayed on stage and in films in many different ways, both serious and humorous. The depiction of Jesus in art took several centuries to reach a conventional standardized form for his physical appearance which has subsequently remained largely stable since that Jesus has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly two millennia Jesus has inspired artistic and cultural works for nearly two millennia The figure of Jesus features prominently in art and literature. A number of popular novels, such as The Da Vinci Code, have also portrayed various ideas about Jesus, and a number of films, such as The Passion of the Christ, have portrayed his life, death, and resurrection. The Da Vinci Code is a controversial mystery / detective Novel by US author Dan Brown, published in 2003 by Doubleday The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 film co-written co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson. Many of the sayings attributed to Jesus have become part of the culture of Western civilization. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings There are many items purported to be relics of Jesus, of which the most famous are the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo. There are many relics attributed to Jesus that people believe or believed to be authentic Relics of the Gospel accounts The Shroud of Turin (or Turin Shroud) is a Linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have been physically traumatized in a manner consistent The Sudarium of Oviedo, or Shroud of Oviedo, is a bloodstained cloth measuring c
Other legacies include a view of God as more lovingly parental, merciful, and more forgiving, and the growth of a belief in a blissful afterlife and in the resurrection of the dead. AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between This article concerns itself with the belief in the final Resurrection at the End of time, commonly found in the Abrahamic religions. His teaching promoted the value of those who had commonly been regarded as inferior: women, the poor, ethnic outsiders, children, prostitutes, the sick, prisoners, etc. For over a thousand years, countless hospitals, orphanages, and schools have been founded explicitly in Jesus' name. Jesus and his message have been interpreted, explained and understood by many people. Jesus has been explained notably by Paul of Tarsus, the Church Fathers, including Augustine of Hippo, Martin Luther, and more recently by C. S. Lewis and Pope John Paul II. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963 Pope Thomas Jefferson considered Jesus' teaching to be "the most sublime and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence "[161]
For some Jews, the legacy of Jesus has been a history of Christian antisemitism,[162] although in the wake of the Holocaust many Christian groups have gone to considerable lengths to reconcile with Jews and to promote interfaith dialog and mutual respect. Although Christian antisemitism is considered to have started around the 12th century its roots are attributed by some scholars to anti-Jewish attitudes and polemic beginning The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as For others, Christianity has often been linked to European colonialism. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism [163] Conversely, some have argued that through Bartolomé de las Casas' defense of the indigenous inhabitants of Spain's New World empire, one of the legacies of Jesus has been the notion of universal human rights. Bartolomé de las Casas, OP ( August 24 1484 &ndash July 17 1566) was a 16th century Spanish Dominican Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled
See also
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Notes
- ^ Eusebius, Life of Constantine
- ^ Some of the historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth and death of Jesus within this range include D. A. Carson, Douglas J. Moo and Leon Morris. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. INRI is an Acronym of the Latin phrase IESVS·NAZARENVS·REX·IVDÆORVM (Jesus Nazarenus rex Judæorum which translates to English Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran See also Yahweh Tetragrammaton (from the Greek, meaning ' of four letters' (tetra "four" + gramma (gen Christian apologetics is a field of Christian theology that aims to present a rational basis for the Christian faith, defend the faith against objections The genealogy of Jesus through Joseph is given by two passages from the Gospels, Matthew and Luke. A gospel harmony is an attempt to merge or harmonize the Canonical gospels into a single gospel account a famous ancient example being the Diatesseron. The historical Jesus is Jesus of Nazareth as reconstructed by historians using Historical methods These historical methods use critical The historicity of Jesus concerns the historical authenticity of Jesus of Nazareth. The study of Jesus from a mythographical perspective is the examination of the narrative of Jesus, the Christ ("the Anointed " of the A large variety of names and titles are used in the New Testament to describe Jesus. The four canonical Gospels of the New Testament are the main sources of information for the doctrinal Christian narrative of Jesus ' life The four canonical Gospels of the New Testament are the main sources of information for the doctrinal Christian narrative of Jesus ' life Scholars examine the cultural and historical background of Jesus in order to better understand Jesus his ministry and the origins of Christianity The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels (;;) which takes place after his arrest and trial and includes his scourging Within the body of Christian beliefs the resurrection of Jesus is a core event on which much of Christian doctrine and theology depend According to the canonical Gospels Jesus worked many Miracles in the course of his ministry, which may be categorized into cures Exorcisms The race of Jesus has been a subject of debate since at least the 19th century In the Gospel of St Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus' sayings epitomizing his moral teaching. Etymology The Anglicized name of Jesus is derived from the Latin Iēsus, which in turn comes from the Greek (Iēsoûs Pauline Christianity is a term used to refer to a branch of Early Christianity associated with the beliefs and doctrines espoused by Paul the Apostle through Religious perspectives on Jesus is the specific significance some Religions place on Jesus. This article lists historical figures believed to have founded or inspired religions, religious philosophies; or people who first codified This is a list of people who have been said to be a Messiah either by themselves or by their followers This a list of those notable human beings who were considered deities by themselves or others The list of people who claimed to be Jesus consists of notable people who have made statements claiming to be Jesus of Nazareth. This is a list of written works with information or interpretations of the life and teachings of Jesus. The category life-death-rebirth deity also known as a "dying-and-rising" or "Resurrection" Deity is a convenient means of classifying the many divinities Donald Alan (D A Carson is a prominent scholar of the evangelical movement Douglas J Moo is a New Testament scholar who after teaching for more than twenty years at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Illinois, has served Leon Lamb Morris ( March 15, 1914 &mdash July 24, 2006) was a New Testament scholar An Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56
- ^ Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner's, 1977, p. Michael Grant CBE ( 21 November 1914 &ndash 4 October 2004) was an English classicist and Numismatist. 71; John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, Doubleday, 1991–, vol. John Paul Meier is a Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. He attended St 1:214; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin Books, 1993, pp. Ed Parish Sanders (born 18 April 1937) is a New Testament Scholar, and is one of the principal proponents of the New Perspective on Paul 10–11, and Ben Witherington III, "Primary Sources," Christian History 17 (1998) No. Ben Witherington III is an evangelical Biblical scholar and lecturer on New Testament Studies 3:12–20.
- ^ per The Catholic Encyclopedia [1]
- ^ Raymond E. Brown, The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave (New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library 1994), p. Raymond Edward Brown ( May 22, 1928 - August 8, 1998) was an American Roman Catholic Priest and Biblical 964; D. A. Carson, et al. , p. 50–56; Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Westminster Press, 1987, p. Shaye J D Cohen (b October 21, 1948) is the Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations 78, 93, 105, 108; John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperCollins, 1991, p. John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar xi – xiii; Michael Grant, p. 34–35, 78, 166, 200; Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, Alfred B. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. Knopf, 1999, p. 6–7, 105–110, 232–234, 266; John P. Meier, vol. 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726; E. P. Sanders, pp. 12–13; Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew (Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1973), p. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly 37. ; Paul L. Maier, In the Fullness of Time, Kregel, 1991, pp. Dr Paul L Maier, PhD, is the Russell H Seibert Professor of Ancient History at Western Michigan University. 1, 99, 121, 171; N. T. Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions, HarperCollins, 1998, pp. Nicholas Thomas "Tom" Wright (born 1 December 1948) is the Bishop of Durham in the Church of England and a leading New Testament 32, 83, 100–102, 222; Ben Witherington III, pp. 12–20.
- ^ Though many historians may have certain reservations about the use of the Gospels for writing history, "even the most hesitant, however, will concede that we are probably on safe historical footing" concerning certain basic facts about the life of Jesus; Jo Ann H. Moran Cruz and Richard Gerberding, Medieval Worlds: An Introduction to European History Houghton Mifflin Company 2004, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Strobel, Lee. The Case for Christ: A Journalist's Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus. Zondervan, 1998. ISBN 0310209307; Wright, N. T. The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering Who Jesus Was and Is. InterVarsity Press, 1999. ISBN 0830822003; Dunn, James D. G. The Evidence for Jesus. " Westminster John Knox Press, 1985. ISBN 0664246982
- ^ Examples of authors who argue the Jesus myth hypothesis: Thomas L. Thompson The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David (Jonathan Cape, Publisher, 2006); Michael Martin, The Case Against Christianity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 36–72; John Mackinnon Robertson
- ^ Friedmann, Robert (1953). "Jesus myth" links here For a comparison between Jesus Christ and pagan mythology see Jesus Christ and comparative mythology. Thomas L Thompson (born Jan 7, 1939 in Detroit Michigan) is a biblical theologian who lives in Denmark and is now a Danish citizen Michael L Martin (born 3 February 1932) is an analytic philosopher and professor emeritus at Boston University. John Mackinnon Robertson ( 14 November 1856 - 5 January 1933) was a prolific journalist advocate of rationalism and Secularism "Antitrinitarianism". Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved on 2008-06-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable
- ^ James Leslie Houlden, "Jesus: The Complete Guide", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 082648011X
- ^ Prof. Dr. Şaban Ali Düzgün, "Uncovering Islam: Questions and Answers about Islamic Beliefs and Teachings", Ankara: The Presidency of Religious Affairs Publishing, 2004
- ^ Edwin D. Freed, Stories of Jesus' Birth, (Continuum International, 2004), page 119.
- ^ Geza Vermes, The Nativity: History and Legend, London, Penguin, 2006, page 22.
- ^ James D. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.
- ^ Luke states that John's ministry began in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Iturea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas.
- ^ Joel B. Green, The Gospel of Luke, (Eerdmans, 1997), page 168.
- ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Stephen L Harris is Professor and Chair Department of Humanities and Religious Studies at California State University Sacramento. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
- ^ a b Ehrman, Bart D.. Bart D Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar and textual critic of Early Christianity. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. Misquoting Jesus The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why is a book by Bart D HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4
- ^ Durant, Will. William James Durant ( November 5, 1885 &ndash November 7, 1981) was a prolific American popularizer in the fields of History Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1972
- ^ "What the Old Testament Prophesied About the Messiah". Retrieved on 2007-10-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Joseph A. Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke I-IX. Anchor Bible. Garden City: Doubleday, 1981, pp. 499–500; I. Howard Marshall, The Gospel of Luke (The New International Greek Testament Commentary). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978, p. 158;
- ^ Matthew 13:55–56, Mark 6:3, and Galatians 1:19
- ^ For Egypt: Matthew 2:13–23; For Tyre and sometimes Sidon:Matthew 15:21–28 and Mark 7:24–3
- ^ Mark 10:45, Luke 4:43, John 20:31.
- ^ Meier 1991 vol. 1:405
- ^ "The Thompson Chain-Reference Study Bible NIV," published December 1999, B. B. Kirkbride Bible Co. , Inc. ; William Adler & Paul Tuffin, "The Chronography of George Synkellos: A Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation," Oxford University Press (2002), p. 466
- ^ In John, Jesus' ministry takes place in and around Jerusalem.
- ^ Sermon on the Mount: Matthew 5–7; Prodigal Son: Luke 15:11–32; Parable of the Sower: Matthew 13:1–9; Agape: Matthew 22:34–40.
- ^ Matthew 17:1–6, Mark 9:1–8, Luke 9:28–36
- ^ The crowd was quoting Psalms 118:26; found in John 12:13–16.
- ^ John puts the cleansing of the temple at the start of Jesus' ministry.
- ^ The apostle is identified as Simon Peter in John 18:10; the healing of the ear is found in Luke 22:51.
- ^ Matthew 27:11; Mark 15:12.
- ^ Mark 15:42–46; Luke 23:50–56.
- ^ Matthew 28:5-10; Mark 16:9; Luke 24:12–16; John 20:10–17; Acts 2:24; 1Cor 6:14
- ^ Ministering to Israel: Matthew 15:24; ascension: Mark 16:19; Luke 24:51Acts 1:6–11.; Paul's conversion on the road to Damascus: Acts 9:1–19., 22:1–22; 26:9–24; Second coming: Matthew 24:36–44
- ^ Borg, Marcus J. in Borg, Marcus J. Marcus J Borg (born 1942 is a fellow of the Jesus Seminar and a religious author and N. T. Wright. The Meaning of Jesus: Two visions. New York: HarperCollins. 2007.
- ^ See, for an example of the latter, Pope Benedict XVI, Jesus of Nazareth. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 978-0-385-52341-7
- ^ "The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. . . . Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted. " - Van Voorst, Robert E. Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2000), p. 16.
- ^ "The denial of Jesus' historicity has never convinced any large number of people, in or our of technical circless, nor did it in the first part of the century. " Walter P. Weaver, The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century, 1900-1950, (Continuum International, 1999), page 71.
- ^ "about once every generation someone reruns the thesis that Jesus never existed and that the Jesus tradition is a wholesale invention", J. G. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003), page 142.
- ^ "There is almost universal agreement that Jesus lived". Bernard L. Ramm, An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic, (Regent College Publishing, 1993), page 19.
- ^ "some judgements are so probable as to be certain; for example, Jesus really existed," Marcus Borg, 'A Vision of the Christian Life', in Marcus J. Borg and N T Wright, The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions, (HarperCollins, 1999), page 236.
- ^ a b Cross, F. L. , ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 - article "Historical Jesus, Quest of the"
- ^ Meier (1991), pp. 43–4
- ^ For a comparison of the Jesus movement to the Zealots, see S. G. F. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots: a study of the political factor in primitive Christianity, Manchester University Press (1967) ISBN 0–684–31010–4
- ^ a b For a general comparison of Jesus' teachings to other schools of first century Judaism, see John P. Meier, Companions and Competitors (A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume 3) Anchor Bible, 2001. Samuel George Frederick Brandon (1907-1971 was a British scholar of Comparative religion. John Paul Meier is a Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. He attended St ISBN 0–385–46993–4.
- ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Westminster Press, 1987, p. Shaye J D Cohen (b October 21, 1948) is the Littauer Professor of Hebrew Literature and Philosophy in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations 78, 93, 105, 108; John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperCollins, 1991, p. John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar xi – xiii; Michael Grant, p. 34–35, 78, 166, 200; Paula Fredriksen, Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews, Alfred B. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. Knopf, 1999, p. 6–7, 105–110, 232–234, 266; John P. Meier, vol. 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726; E. P. Sanders, pp. 12–13; Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew (Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1973), p. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly 37. ;
- ^ Sanders, E. P. Jesus and Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1987; Vermes, Geza. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1981; Fredriksen, Paula. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
- ^ Sanders, E. P. Jesus and Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1987; Vermes, Geza. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1981; Fredriksen, Paula. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
- ^ a b c Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Robert W Funk ( July 18, 1926 - September 3 2005) an American biblical scholar was co-founder of the controversial Jesus Seminar and Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The five gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993.
- ^ Brian Knowles: Which Language Did Jesus Speak – Aramaic or Hebrew?.
- ^ "Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 14, 2007. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944. p. 558; John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew. New York: Doubleday, 1991 vol. 1:205–7;
- ^ Vermes, "Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels"
- ^ Crossan, John Dominic, God and Empire, 2007, p. 28
- ^ "Jesus was claiming for himself the title "I AM" by which God designates himself. . . he was claiming to be God. " - Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology, page 546, Zondervan.
- ^ "A further point of broad agreement among New Testament scholars is . . . that the historical Jesus did not make the claim to deity that later Christian thought was to make for him: he did not understand himself to be God, or God the Son, incarnate. " - John Hick, The Metaphor of God Incarnate: Christology in a Pluralistic Age, Westminster John Knox Press, page 27. Professor John Harwood Hick (born Yorkshire, England, 1922 is a philosopher of religion and theologian.
- ^ Michael Ramsey, Jesus and the Living Past (Oxford University Press, 1980), page 39: 'Jesus did not claim deity for himself'
- ^ C. F. D. Moule, The Origin of Christology : 'Any case for a "high" Christology that depended on the authenticity of the alleged claims of Jesus about himself, especially in the Fourth Gospel, would indeed be precarious'
- ^ James Dunn (theologian), Christology in the Making, (SCM Press 1980), page 254: 'We cannot claim that Jesus believed himself to be the incarnate Son of God' and 'There is no question in my mind that the doctrine of incarnation comes to clear expression within the NT…John 1. Arthur Michael Ramsey Baron Ramsey of Canterbury PC ( November 14 1904 &ndash 23 April 1988) was the one hundredth Archbishop Charles Francis Digby Moule CBE FBA ( 3 December 1908 - 30 September 2007) known to his friends as Charlie but James Dunn, Jim Dunn or Jimmy Dunn may refer to James Dunn: James Dunn (actor, an actor who performed in Bad Girl 14 ranks as a classic formulation of the Christian belief in Jesus as incarnate God. ' Page xiii. .
- ^ Brian Hebblethwaite, The Incarnation (Cambridge University Press, 1987), page 74: 'it is no longer possible to defend the divinity of Jesus by reference to the claims of Jesus' .
- ^ John A. T. Robinson, Honest to God, Westminster Press (1963), Page 47: 'It is, indeed, an open question whether Jesus ever claimed to be the Son of God, let alone God. '
- ^ Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, page 5, describes the view that Jesus made 'both his messiahship and his divinity clear to his disciples during his ministry' as 'naive and ahistorical'.
- ^ Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, (Eerdmans, 2005), page 650.
- ^ Based on a comparison of the Gospels with the Talmud and other Jewish literature. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history Maccoby, Hyam Jesus the Pharisee, Scm Press, 2003. Hyam Maccoby (1924-2004 was a British Jewish scholar and dramatist specializing in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious tradition ISBN 0–334–02914–7; Falk, Harvey Jesus the Pharisee: A New Look at the Jewishness of Jesus, Wipf & Stock Publishers (2003). ISBN 1–59244–313–3.
- ^ Neusner, Jacob A Rabbi Talks With Jesus, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2000. Jacob Neusner (born July 28, 1932, Hartford, Connecticut) is an academic scholar of Judaism who lives in Rhinebeck, ISBN 0–7735–2046–5. Rabbi Neusner contends that Jesus' teachings were closer to the House of Shammai than the House of Hillel.
- ^ "Sadducees. " Cross, F. L. , ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ Based on a comparison of the Gospels with the Dead Sea Scrolls, especially the Teacher of Righteousness and Pierced Messiah. The Dead Sea Scrolls consist of roughly 1000 documents including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered between 1947 and 1979 in eleven Caves The Teacher of Righteousness is a figure found in some of the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran, most prominently in the Damascus Document (CD Eisenman, Robert James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Penguin (Non-Classics), 1998. Robert H Eisenman is an American archaeologist and Biblical scholar. ISBN 0–14–025773-X; Stegemann, Hartmut The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist, and Jesus. Grand Rapids MI, 1998. See also Broshi, Magen, "What Jesus Learned from the Essenes," Biblical Archaeology Review, 30:1, pg. Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR is a publication that seeks to connect the academic study of archaeology to a broad general audience seeking to understand the world of the 32–37, 64. Magen notes similarities between Jesus' teachings on the virtue of poverty and divorce, and Essene teachings as related in Josephus' The Jewish Wars and in the Damascus Document of the Dead Sea Scrolls, respectively. The Damascus Document is the name given to one of the works found in multiple fragments and copies in the caves at Qumran, and as such is counted amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls See also Akers, Keith The Lost Religion of Jesus. Keith Akers is an American advocate of Nonviolence, Simple living and Christian vegetarianism. Lantern, 2000. ISBN 1-930051-26-3.
- ^ Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI, Jesus of Nazareth, p. 14
- ^ See Schwietzer, Albert The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, pp. Albert Schweitzer, MD, OM, (January 14 1875 &ndash September 4 1965 was an Alsatian theologian, Musician, Philosopher 370–371, 402. Scribner (1968), ISBN 0–02–089240–3; Ehrman, Bart Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Oxford University Press USA, 1999. Bart D Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar and textual critic of Early Christianity. ISBN 0–19–512474-X. Crossan, however, makes a distinction between John's apocalyptic ministry and Jesus' ethical ministry. See Crossan, John Dominic, The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus, pp. John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar 305–344. Harper Collins, 1998. ISBN 0–06–061659–8.
- ^ This includes the belief that Jesus was the Messiah. Brown, Michael L. Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus: Messianic Prophecy Objections Baker Books, 2003. ISBN 0–8010–6423–6. Brown shows how the Christian concept of Messiah relates to ideas current in late Second Temple period Judaism. See also Klausner, Joseph, The Messianic Idea in Israel: From its Beginning to the Completion of the Mishnah, Macmillan 1955; Patai, Raphael, Messiah Texts, Wayne State University Press, 1989. Joseph Gedaliah Klausner (1874-1958 also known as Yosef Klauzner (יוסף קלוזנר was a Jewish Raphael Patai ( November 22, 1910 - July 20, 1996) born Ervin György Patai, was a Hungarian-Jewish Ethnographer ISBN 0–8143–1850–9; Crossan, John Dominic, The Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus, pg. John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar 461. Harper Collins, 1998. ISBN 0–06–061659–8. Patai and Klausner state that one interpretation of the prophecies reveal either two Messiahs, Messiah ben Yosef (the dying Messiah) and Messiah ben David (the Davidic King), or one Messiah who comes twice. Crossan cites the Essene teachings about the twin Messiahs. Compare to the Christian doctrine of the Second Coming. In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic
- ^ a b "Zealots. " Cross, F. L. , ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ "Jesus Christ. " Cross, F. L. , ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ "The New Testament was complete, of substantially complete, about AD 100, the majority of the writings being in existence twenty to forty years before this . . . the situation is encouraging from the historian's point of view, for the first three Gospels were written at a time when many were alive who could remember the things that Jesus said and did. . . At any rate, the time elapsing between the evangelic events and the writing of most of the New Testament books was, from the standpoint of historical research, satisfactorily short. " Bruce, F. F. : The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?, pp. 12-14, InterVarsity Press, USA, 1997.
- ^ "The interval then between the dates of the original composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the Sciptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established. " As quoted in Bruce, F. F. : The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?, p. 20, InterVarsity Press, USA, 1997.
- ^ a b c Ehrman, Bart (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. Misquoting Jesus The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why is a book by Bart D HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0.
- ^ Meier, John P. , A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Doubleday: 1991. John Paul Meier is a Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. He attended St vol 1: p. 168–171.
- ^ Durant 1944:553-7
- ^ M. Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review, pp. 199-200
- ^ Bruce, FF (1982). New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable? InterVarsity Press, ISBN 087784691X
- ^ Herzog II, WR (2005). Prophet and Teacher. WJK, ISBN 0664225284
- ^ Komoszewski, JE; Sawyer, MJ & Wallace, DB (2006). Reinventing Jesus. Kregel Publications, 195f. ISBN 978-0825429828.
- ^ This section draws on a number of sources to determine the doctrines of these groups, especially the early Creeds, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, certain theological works, and various Confessions drafted during the Reformation including the Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, works contained in the Book of Concord, and others.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §436–40; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2; Irenaeus Adversus Haereses in Patrologia Graeca ed. On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis ( commonly called Against Heresies (Latin Adversus haereses,) is a five-volume work The Patrologia Graeca (or Patrologiae Cursus Completus Series Graeca is an edited collection of writings by the Christian Church Fathers and various secular J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–1866) 7/1, 93; Luke 2:11; Matthew 16:16
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §606–618; Council of Trent (1547) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §1529;John 14:2–3
- ^ Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 9; Augsburg Confession, article 2; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 8; Rom 5:12–21; 1 Cor 15:21–22. Jacques Paul Migne (25 October 1800 - 24 October 1875 was a French Priest who published inexpensive and widely-distributed editions of theological works encyclopedias
- ^ Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §441–451; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Luther's Small Catechism, commentary on Apostles' Creed; Matthew 16:16–17; 1 Corinthians 2:8
- ^ Augsburg Confession, article 3; John 1:1
- ^ Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §461–463;Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; John 1:14, 16; Hebrews 10:5–7
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §456–460; Gregory of Nyssa, Orat. The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children catech. 15 in Patrologia Graeca ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1857–1866) 45, 48B; St. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses 3. 19. 1 in ibid. 7/1, 939; St. Athanasius, De inc. , 54. 3 in ibid. 25, 192B. St. Thomas Aquinas, Opusc. in ibid. 57: 1–4; Galatians 4:4–5
- ^ Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §484–489, 494–507; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §541–546
- ^ Apostles' Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §551–553; Augsburg Confession, article 8; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; Leo the Great, Sermo 4. The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children 3 in Patrologia Latina ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1841–1855); Matthew 16:18
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church"§1322–1419; Martin Luther, Augsburg Confession, article 10; Luther's Small Catechism: the Sacrament of the Altar
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, First Part of the Second Part, Question 87, Article 7, Reply to Objection 3, available here
- ^ Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed;Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §638–655; Byzantine Liturgy, Troparion of Easter; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 4 and 17; Augsburg Confession, article 3; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children The Summa Theologica (or the Summa Theologiae or simply the Summa, written 1265 &ndash 1274) is the most famous The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children
- ^ Apostles' Creed; Nicene Creed; Catechism of the Catholic Church §668–675, 678–679; Luther's Small Catechism commentary on Apostles' Creed; Mt 25:32–46
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §1021-1022
- ^ Fuller 1965, p. 15
- ^ Pliny the Younger: C. Plinius Traino Imperatori Liber Decimus Epistula XCVI
- ^ Nicene Creed; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 1; Augsburg Confession, article 1; Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 3; Council of Nicaea I (325) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §126; Council of Constantinople II (553) in ibid. The Nicene Creed (ˈnaɪsiːn is an ecumenical Christian statement of faith accepted in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two Luther's Small Catechism was written by Martin Luther and published in 1529 for the training of children Reginald Horace Fuller ( March 24, 1915, Horsham, England - April 4, 2007, Richmond Virginia) was an Anglo-American §424 and 424; Council of Ephesus in ibid. §255; John 1:1; 8:58; 10:30
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church §464–469; Thirty Nine Articles of the Church of England, article 2 and 3 Second Helvetic Confession, chapter 9; Council of Ephesus (431) in Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum (1965) §250; Council of Ephesus in ibid. §251; Council of Chalcedon (451) in ibid. §301 and 302; Hebrews 4:15.
- ^ Barth 1956, p. 207
- ^ MacLeod 1998, p. 37-41
- ^ John Calvin, Calvins Calvinism BOOK II Chapter 15 Centers for Reformed Theology and Apologetics [resource online] (1996-2002, accessed 03 June 2006); available here
- ^ H. Orton Wiley, Christian Theology Chapter 22 [resource online] (Nampa, Idaho: 1993-2005, accessed 03 June 2006); available here
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants 20.
- ^ 3 Nephi 11:8
- ^ Doctrine and Covenants 20.
- ^ "Revelation—Its Grand Climax at Hand!" –1988 | chap. 27 pp. 180-181 par. 15 "God's Kingdom Is Born!" | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "But who is Michael? The name "Michael" means "Who Is Like God?" So Michael must be interested in vindicating Jehovah's sovereignty by proving that no one is to be compared to Him. In Jude verse 9, he is called "Michael the archangel. " Interestingly, the title "archangel" is used elsewhere in the Bible with reference to only one person: Jesus Christ. Paul says of him: "The Lord himself will descend from heaven with a commanding call, with an archangel's voice"
- ^ "Insight On The Scriptures 2" –1988 | p. 393 "Michael" | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "Scriptural evidence indicates that the name Michael applied to God's Son before he left heaven to become Jesus Christ and also after his return. Michael is the only one said to be "the archangel," meaning "chief angel," or "principal angel. " The term occurs in the Bible only in the singular. This seems to imply that there is but one whom God has designated chief, or head, of the angelic host. At 1 Thessalonians 4:16 the voice of the resurrected Lord Jesus Christ is described as being that of an archangel, suggesting that he is, in fact, himself the archangel"
- ^ "Jesus The Ruler Whose Origin Is From Early Times," The Watchtower (15 June 1998) p. 22. | "Some centuries later came Jesus' greatest assignment up to that time. Jehovah transferred the life force of his beloved Son from heaven into the womb of Mary. Nine months later she gave birth to a baby boy, Jesus. (Luke 2:1-7, 21)"
- ^ "Reasoning From The Scriptures" –1985 © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | p. 257 par. 1 Mary (Jesus' Mother) "Heb. 2:14, 17, JB: "Since all the children share the same blood and flesh, he Jesus too shared equally in it . . . It was essential that he should in this way become completely like his brothers. " (But would he have been "completely like his brothers" if he had been a God-man?)"
- ^ "Insight On The Scriptures" –1988 | p. 53 "Jesus Christ" | . © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "Doubtless on many occasions during his prehuman existence as the Word, Jesus acted as Jehovah's Spokesman to persons on earth. While certain texts refer to Jehovah as though directly speaking to humans, other texts make clear that he did so through an angelic representative. (Compare Ex 3:2-4 with Ac 7:30, 35; also Ge 16:7-11, 13; 22:1, 11, 12, 15-18. ) Reasonably, in the majority of such cases God spoke through the Word. He likely did so in Eden, for on two of the three occasions where mention is made of God's speaking there, the record specifically shows someone was with Him, undoubtedly his Son. (Ge 1:26-30; 2:16, 17; 3:8-19, 22) The angel who guided Israel through the wilderness and whose voice the Israelites were strictly to obey because 'Jehovah's name was within him,' may therefore have been God's Son, the Word. —Ex 23:20-23; compare Jos 5:13-15. "
- ^ Watchtower 9/1/06 1 p. 28 par. 5 "Let Your Petitions Be Made Known to God" © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | "5 Jehovah does not lay down a lot of rigid rules on how to pray. Nevertheless, we need to learn the proper approach to God, which is explained in the Bible. For instance, Jesus taught his followers: "If you ask the Father for anything he will give it to you in my name. " (John 16:23) Hence, we are required to pray in Jesus' name, recognizing Jesus as the sole channel through which God's blessings are extended to all mankind. "
- ^ John 3:16
- ^ Col 1:15
- ^ Rom 11:36
- ^ "What Do They Believe?", Watchtower Bible and Tract Society c. f. , Retrieved April 14, 2007
- ^ "Who is Jesus Christ?", The Watchtower, September 15, 2005, Retrieved December 3, 2007. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Insight On The Scriptures" –1988 © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | it-1 p. 1197 Incorruption "Raised to Immortality and Incorruption. Christ Jesus entered into immortality upon his resurrection from the dead, thereafter possessing "an indestructible life. " (1Ti 6:15, 16; Heb 7:15-17)"
- ^ The Watchtower © Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania | 10/1/06 p. 5 You Can Live Forever |"the apostle Paul explains: "Christ, now that he has been raised up from the dead, dies no more; death is master over him no more. " (Romans 6:9)" |
- ^ Flint, James; Deb Flint. One God or a Trinity?. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers, p. 3. ISBN 81-87409-61-4.
- ^ Flint, James; Deb Flint. One God or a Trinity?. Hyderabad: Printland Publishers, p. 10. ISBN 81-87409-61-4.
- ^ Pearce, Fred. Jesus: God the Son or Son of God? Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?. Birmingham, UK: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK), p. 7.
- ^ Pearce, Fred. Jesus: God the Son or Son of God? Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?. Birmingham, UK: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK), p. 8.
- ^ Morgan, Tecwyn. Christ is Coming! Bible Teaching About His Return. Birmingham, UK: The Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK), p. 1.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 102.
- ^ McManners, John, ed. , The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 26–31.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 124–125.
- ^ Wace, Henry, "Commentary on Marcion", Retrieved April 16, 2007. The Very Reverend Henry Wace ( December 10, 1836 - January 9, 1924) was Principal of King's College London and Dean Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. Lost Christianities, Oxford, 2003, p. 103, p. 104–105, p. 108
- ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, p. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam is a Dictionary of Islam, with John Esposito as editor-in-chief 158
- ^ a b c "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam
- ^ Fasching, deChant (2001) p. 241
- ^ Jesus in India[2]
- ^ Ahmad, M. M. "The Lost Tribes of Israel: The Travels of Jesus", Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Retrieved April 14, 2007. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community ( Arabic: الجماعة الأحمدية; transliterated: al-Jamā'a al-Ahmadīya) is the larger community of Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This view has also been taken up by some western authors, Günter Grönbold, Jesus In Indien, München: Kösel 1985, ISBN 3466202701. Norbert Klatt, Lebte Jesus in Indien?, Göttingen: Wallstein 1988.
- ^ Emunoth ve-Deoth, II:5
- ^ Simmons, Shraga, "Why Jews Do not Believe in Jesus", Retrieved April 15, 2007; "Why Jews Do not Believe in Jesus", Ohr Samayach — Ask the Rabbi, Retrieved April 15, 2007; "Why do not Jews believe that Jesus was the messiah?", AskMoses.com, Retrieved April 15, 2007
- ^ Devarim 13:1–5. Emunoth ve-Deoth (he אמונות ודעות Hebrew: "Beliefs and Opinions" written by Rabbi Saadia Gaon - originally Kitab al-Amanat wal-l'tikadat Shraga Simmons, born July 1, 1961 in Buffalo New York, is an influential Rabbi involved in Kiruv ( Jewish outreach Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Ohr Somayach (also Or Samayach or Ohr Somayach International) was founded in 1970. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. AskMosescom is a "hot line" website for people who have a moral dilemma they wish to solve through Judaism. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Buchwald, Ephraim, "Parashat Re'eh 5764–2004: Identifying a True Prophet", National Jewish Outreach Program, Retrieved April 15, 2007; Tracey Rich, "Prophets and Prophecy", Judaism 101, Retrieved April 15, 2007; Rabbi Pinchas Frankel, "Covenant of History: A Fools Prophecy", Orthodox Union of Jewish Congregations of America, Retrieved April 15, 2007; Laurence Edwards, "Torat Hayim — Living Torah: No Rest(s) for the Wicked", Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Retrieved April 15, 2007
- ^ "Even Jesus the Nazarene who imagined that he would be Messiah and was killed by the court, was already prophesied by Daniel. Ephraim Buchwald is an influential Orthodox Rabbi based in New York City. The National Jewish Outreach Program, known as NJOP, is a Jewish adult education and outreach organization that was founded in 1987, by Rabbi Ephraim Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (UOJCA more popularly known as the Orthodox Union, or OU, is one of the oldest Orthodox Jewish Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Union for Reform Judaism ( URJ) formerly known as the Union of American Hebrew Congregations ( UAHC) is an organization which supports Reform Jewish Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible Daniel (; Persian: دانيال, Dâniyal or Danial, also Dani, داني; Arabic: دانيال So that it was said, "And the members of the outlaws of your nation would be carried to make a (prophetic) vision stand. And they stumbled". (Daniel 11. 14) Because, is there a greater stumbling-block than this one? So that all of the prophets spoke that the Messiah redeems Israel, and saves them, and gathers their banished ones, and strengthens their commandments. In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary And this one caused (nations) to destroy Israel by sword, and to scatter their remnant, and to humiliate them, and to exchange the Torah, and to make the majority of the world err to serve a divinity besides God. However, the thoughts of the Creator of the world — there is no force in a human to attain them because our ways are not God's ways, and our thoughts not God's thoughts. And all these things of Jesus the Nazarene, and of (Muhammad) the Ishmaelite who stood after him — there is no (purpose) but to straighten out the way for the King Messiah, and to restore all the world to serve God together. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Ishmael ( Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Standard Yišmaʿel Tiberian Yišmāʿêl Arabic: إسماعيل So that it is said, "Because then I will turn toward the nations (giving them) a clear lip, to call all of them in the name of God and to serve God (shoulder to shoulder as) one shoulder". (Zephaniah 3. 9) Look how all the world already becomes full of the things of the Messiah, and the things of the Torah, and the things of the commandments! And these things spread among the far islands and among the many nations uncircumcised of heart. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to "Hilchot Malachim (laws concerning kings) (Hebrew)", MechonMamre.org, Retrieved April 15, 2007
- ^ Waxman, Jonathan (2006). A Torah database (מאגר תורני or מאגר יהדות is an electronic collection of classic Jewish texts in electronic form the kinds of texts which especially in Israel are often Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Messianic Jews Are Not Jews. United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism (USCJ is the primary organization of synagogues practicing Conservative Judaism in North America Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign “Judaism has held that the Mashiach will come and usher in a new era; not that he will proclaim his arrival, die and wait centuries to finish his task. To continue to assert that Jesus was the Mashiach goes against the belief that the Mashiach will transform the world when he does come, not merely hint at a future transformation at some undefined time to come. . . Judaism rejects the claim that a new covenant was created with Jesus and asserts instead that the chain of Tradition reaching back to Moshe continues to make valid claims on our lives, and serve as more than mere window dressing. ”
- ^ Contemporary American Reform Responsa, #68, "Question 18.3.4: Reform's Position On...What is unacceptable practice?", faqs. org. Retrieved April 15, 2007. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d Stockman, Robert (1992). "Jesus Christ in the Baha'i Writings". Bahá'í Studies Review (1).
- ^ Letter by Shoghi Effendi on November 29, 1937, published in Compilations (1983). Shoghí Effendí Rabbání ( March 1, 1897 - November 4, 1957) better known as Shoghi Effendi, was the appointed head of the Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in Hornby, Helen (Ed. ): Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File. Bahá'í Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India, p. 491. ISBN 8185091463.
- ^ Jesus in Kashmir, The Lost Tomb. Publisher - Booksurge ISBN 1419611755 pg. 91
- ^ The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, Introduction by Swami Nikhilananda, p. Swami Nikhilananda (1895-1973 was an initiated disciple of Sri Sarada Devi. 34.
- ^ Christ the Messenger. Retrieved on April 15, 2007.
- ^ Paramahansa Yogananda, Autobiography of a Yogi, 2nd ed. , Crystal Clarity Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1–56589–212–7.
- ^ Beverley, James A. , Hollywood's Idol, Christianity Today, "Jesus Christ also lived previous lives," he said. "So, you see, he reached a high state, either as a Bodhisattva, or an enlightened person, through Buddhist practice or something like that," Retrieved April 20, 2007
- ^ Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments: The Haran Gawaitha. Retrieved on April 20, 2007.
- ^ Bevan, A. A. (1930). "Manichaeism". Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume VIII Ed. James Hastings. London
- ^ Wills, Garry, What Jesus Meant (2006) ISBN 0–670–03496–7
- ^ Crossan, John Dominic, The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, HarperSanFrancisco (1993), ISBN 0–06–061629–6; Robert Funk, The Five Gospels: What Did Jesus Really Say? The Search for the AUTHENTIC Words of Jesus, Harper San Francisco (1997), ISBN 0–06–063040-X; Robert Funk, The Acts of Jesus: What Did Jesus Really Do?, The Jesus Seminar, Harper San Francisco (1998), ISBN 0–06–062978–9; The Jesus Seminar, The Gospel of Jesus: According to the Jesus Seminar, Robert Walter Funk (Editor), Polebridge Press (1999), ISBN 0–944344–74–7
- ^ John 13:34–35
- ^ Sniegocki, John. John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar Robert W Funk ( July 18, 1926 - September 3 2005) an American biblical scholar was co-founder of the controversial Jesus Seminar and Robert W Funk ( July 18, 1926 - September 3 2005) an American biblical scholar was co-founder of the controversial Jesus Seminar and The Jesus Seminar is a group of about 150 individuals including scholars with advanced degrees in Biblical studies, Religious studies or related fields as well as "Review of Joseph GRASSI, Peace on Earth: Roots and Practices from Luke's Gospel," Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2004 (repentance, forgiveness); Bock, Darrell L. "Major Themes of Jesus' life," (coming of the Kingdom of God); Brussat, Frederic and Mary Ann. "Review of If Grace Is So Amazing, Why Do not We Like It?," (grace); Hughes, F. A. "Grace and Truth," STEM publishing 1972 (grace)
- ^ Duhaime, Jean; Blasi, Anthony J. ; Turcotte, Paul-André (2002). Handbook of early Christianity: social science approaches. Walnut Creek, Calif: AltaMira Press, p. 434. ISBN 0-7591-0015-2.
- ^ The Jefferson Bible. Retrieved on April 20, 2007.
- ^ "Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate" by William Nicholls, 1993. Published by Jason Aronson Inc. , 1995; "Mature Christianity: The Recognition and Repudiation of the Anti-Jewish Polemic in the New Testament" Norman A. Beck, Susquehanna Univ. Press, 1985; "The Satanizing of the Jews: Origin and development of mystical anti-Semitism" Joel Carmichael, Fromm, 1993; "The Origins of Anti-Semitism: Attitudes Toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity" John G. Gager, Oxford Univ. John Goodrich Gager Jr retired from his position as William H Press, 1983; "What Did They Think of the Jews?" Edited by Allan Gould, Jason Aronson Inc. , 1991; "The New Testament's Anti-Jewish Slander and Conventions of Ancient Polemic," Luke Johnson, Journal of Biblical Literature, Volume 3, 1989; "Three Popes and the Jews" Pinchas E. Lapide, Hawthorne Books, 1967; "National Socialism and the Roman Catholic Church" Nathaniel Micklem, Oxford Univ. Press, 1939; Theological Anti-Semitism in the New Testament," Rosemary Radford Ruether, Christian Century, Feb. 1968, Vol. 85; "John Chrysostom and the Jews" Robert L. Wilken, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, 1983
- ^ Of Revelation and Revolution, Volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa by Jean Comaroff, John L. Comaroff 1991 University of Chicago Press; A Violent Evangelism: The Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas by Luis Rivera Pagan 1992 Westminster Press; The Americas in the Spanish World Order: The Justification for Conquest in the 17th century by James Muldoon 1994 University of Pennsylvania Press; An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914 by J. P. Daughton 2006 Oxford University Press; Contracting Colonialism: Translations and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule by Vicente L. Rafael 1988 Cornell University Press; Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-Cultural Communication Since 1500; With Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism (Studies in the History of Christian Missions) edited by Robert Eric Frykenberg and Alaine Low 2003 Wm. B. Eerdmans
References
- Allison, Dale. Dale C Allison is a Christian theologian who currently serves as Errett M Jesus of Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999. ISBN 0–8006–3144–7
- Brown, Raymond E.. Raymond Edward Brown ( May 22, 1928 - August 8, 1998) was an American Roman Catholic Priest and Biblical An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0–385–24767–2
- Cohen, Shaye J. D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1988. ISBN 0–664–25017–3
- Cohen, Shaye J. D. The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. ISBN 0–520–22693–3
- Crossan, John Dominic. John Dominic Crossan (b Nenagh Co Tipperary, Ireland, 1934 is an Irish-American religious scholar known for co-founding the controversial Jesus Seminar
- The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993. ISBN 0–06–061629–6
- Who Killed Jesus?," 1995. ISBN 0–06–061480–3
- Guy Davenport and Benjamin Urrutia. Guy Mattison Davenport ( November 23 1927 – January 4 2005) was an American Writer, Translator, Illustrator Benjamin Urrutia (born January 24 1950 in Guayaquil, Ecuador) is an Author and Scholar. The Logia of Yeshua; The Sayings of Jesus. Washington, DC: 1996. ISBN 1–887178–70–8
- De La Potterie, Ignace. "The Hour of Jesus. " New York: Alba House, 1989.
- Durant, Will. Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944. ISBN 0–671–11500–6
- Ehrman, Bart. Bart D Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar and textual critic of Early Christianity. The Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0–19–514183–0
- Ehrman, Bart. Bart D Ehrman is an American New Testament scholar and textual critic of Early Christianity. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0–19–515462–2
- Fredriksen, Paula. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity. New York: Vintage, 2000. ISBN 0–679–76746–0
- Fredriksen, Paula. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0–300–04864–5
- Finegan, Jack. Handbook of Biblical Chronology, revised ed. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1–56563–143–9.
- Fuller, Reginald H. , The Foundations of New Testament Christology. Reginald Horace Fuller ( March 24, 1915, Horsham, England - April 4, 2007, Richmond Virginia) was an Anglo-American New York: Scribners, 1965. ISBN 022717075X
- Meier, John P. , A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, New York: Anchor Doubleday,
- v. John Paul Meier is a Biblical scholar and Catholic priest. He attended St The Anchor Bible Project consisting of the Anchor Bible Commentary Series, Anchor Bible Dictionary and Anchor Bible Reference Library is a scholarly 1, The Roots of the Problem and the Person, 1991. ISBN 0–385–26425–9
- v. 2, Mentor, Message, and Miracles, 1994. ISBN 0–385–46992–6
- v. 3, Companions and Competitors, 2001. ISBN 0–385–46993–4
- O'Collins, Gerald. Interpreting Jesus. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1983.
- Pelikan, Jaroslav. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan ( 17 December 1923 – 13 May 2006) was one of the world's leading scholars in the History of Christianity and Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0–300–07987–7
- Robinson, John A. T. Redating the New Testament. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2001 (original 1977). ISBN 1–57910–527–0.
- Sanders, E.P. The Historical Figure of Jesus. Ed Parish Sanders (born 18 April 1937) is a New Testament Scholar, and is one of the principal proponents of the New Perspective on Paul New York: Penguin, 1996. ISBN 0–14–014499–4
- Sanders, E. P. Jesus and Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1987. ISBN 0–8006–2061–5
- Vermes, Geza. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1981. ISBN 0–8006–1443–7
- Fredriksen, Paula. Paula Fredriksen is a historian and a scholar of Religious studies. From Jesus to Christ. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
- Vermes, Geza. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly The Religion of Jesus the Jew. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1993. ISBN 0–8006–2797–0
- Vermes, Geza. Géza Vermes ThD D Litt (ˈɡeːz̻ɒ ˈvɛr̪mɛʃ born 22 June 1924) is a Hungarian scholar and writer on religious history particularly Jesus in his Jewish Context. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0–8006–3623–6
- Wilson, A.N. Jesus. Andrew Norman Wilson (born 27 October, 1950) is an English writer known for his critical biographies novels and works of popular and cultural history London: Pimlico, 2003. ISBN 0–7126–0697–1
- Wright, N.T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Nicholas Thomas "Tom" Wright (born 1 December 1948) is the Bishop of Durham in the Church of England and a leading New Testament Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1997. ISBN 0–8006–2682–6
- Wright, N.T. The Resurrection of the Son of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God. Nicholas Thomas "Tom" Wright (born 1 December 1948) is the Bishop of Durham in the Church of England and a leading New Testament Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2003. ISBN 0–8006–2679–6
External links
- Religious views
- Complete Sayings of Jesus Christ In Parallel Latin & English — The Complete Christ Sayings
- Jesus Christ Catholic Encyclopedia article
- Christian Foundations: Jesus articles from a Protestant perspective
- The Christ of India A Hindu perspective on Jesus
- An Islamic perspective on Jesus
- Ahmadiyya views on Jesus
- Jesus Christ, the Son of God articles from a Mormon perspective
- BiblicalStudies.org.uk Offers an extensive bibliography plus numerous full-text articles.
- Christ, the Messenger— Swami Vivekananda
- Historical and skeptical views
- Overview of the Life of Jesus A summary of New Testament accounts.
- From Jesus to Christ — A Frontline documentary on Jesus and early Christianity. Frontline is a public affairs television program of varying length produced at WGBH in Boston Massachusetts, and distributed through the
- The Jewish Roman World of Jesus
- The Jesus Puzzle — Earl Doherty's website. Earl Doherty (born 1941 currently living in Canada, is the author of The Jesus Puzzle, a work published in 1999 by Canadian Humanist Publications
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jesus |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Jesus Christ (honorific); Jesus of Nazareth (traditional); יֵשׁ֣וּעַ (Hebrew); Yeshua (transliteration); Isa (Islam) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Religious figure, founded Christianity |
| DATE OF BIRTH | c. 4 BC/BCE |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Bethlehem, Iudaea Province (traditionally) |
| DATE OF DEATH | c. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard 30 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Jerusalem, Iudaea Province |
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Kingdom of Judea redirects here For the 10th-6th century BCE kingdom see Kingdom of Judah Iudaea ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard
Dictionary
Jesus
-proper noun
- Jesus of Nazareth, a Jewish man whom Christians name Jesus Christ in belief that he is the Messiah.
- A male given name, especially in Spanish culture.
-noun
- A Christian savior.
- An artistic representation of a Christian savior
-interjection
- An expletive, whose use is considered blasphemous in some Christian sects.
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