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Related article: Indian Reductions
The Jesuit reduction of São Miguel das Missões, in Brazil
The Jesuit reduction of São Miguel das Missões, in Brazil

The Jesuit Reductions were a particular version of the general Spanish and Portuguese colonial strategy of building reductions (reducciones de indios) in order to "civilise" and catechise the native populations of South America. Reductions (known as Reducciones de Indios, or simply Reducciones in Spanish; also Congregacíones) were settlements São Miguel das Missões ( Portuguese for St Michael of the Missions) is a Unesco World Heritage site located in the small town of The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta Reductions (known as Reducciones de Indios, or simply Reducciones in Spanish; also Congregacíones) were settlements A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a [1] They were created by the Catholic order of the Jesuits in the Tupi-Guarani areas of Portuguese Brazil and Spanish America. Religious orders ('Religious Institutes' cf canons 573-746 are the major form of consecrated life in the Roman Catholic Church. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order Guaraní are a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Jesuits dedication to their own mission and refusal to acknowledge the supremacy of the civil power led to their ultimate expulsion from the Americas. The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was a result [2]

Contents

History

Church from the reduction of San Ignacio Mini
Church from the reduction of San Ignacio Mini

In Brazilian reductions, the Tupi-Guarani languages were spoken, leading to the língua geral which was a single consolidated dialect of Tupi-Guarani with Latin and Portuguese influence that was once the sole language of the Portuguese settlements outside of the centers of Crown power, and is still spoken in isolated communities in Northern Brazil. San Ignacio Miní was one of the many missions founded in 1632 by the Jesuits in the Americas during the Spanish colonial period near present-day Tupi-Guarani ( is the name of the most important subfamily of the Tupi languages of South America. Língua Geral ( Portuguese: literally 'common' or 'general language' is the name of two distinct linguae francae spoken in Brazil Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.

The indigenous people of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay, the Tupi and the Guarani, would have been victims of the colonial conquest in South America, had the Jesuits not been able to persuade the King of Spain to grant that vast region to their care. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only The Tupi people is one of the main Ethnic groups of Brazilian indigenous people, together with the related Guaraní. Guaraní are a group of culturally related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guaraní language Having first landed in South America in 1550, the Jesuits promised the Spanish monarch generous rewards, in the form of tributes, in exchange for exempting the Indians from hard labour to which all the other tribes were subjected.

From 1641 at least the Jesuit order itself acted as the colonial power. The Indians were denied good title to their land, were unable to leave valid wills or to buy or sell portable property other than through the Jesuit orgainsation. The Jesuits in each of these 'reductions' held absolute power, they acted through subordinates but in reality the Jesuit was lord of all he surveyed. . The missions were in existence for a century and a half and the Jesuits were in absolute control for eleven decades but: '. . . in that period they never brought forward a single Indian candidate for the priesthood and developed no order of religious women or nuns. '[3]The Guaraní were very skilled in handicraft works such as sculpture and woodcarving. The Indians were ruthlessly exploited for their own ends by Europeans. [4]

The Jesuit missions reached their peak in the first half of the 18th century, with between 100,000 and 300,000 Catholic Indians in about thirty missions. They were granted almost full independence from the parts of South America ruled by Spain and Portugal.

In a Reduction, the main buildings, like the church, college and churchyard were concentrated around a wide square, with houses facing the other three sides. Each village also provided a house for widows, a hospital, and several warehouses. In the centre of the square, there was a cross and a statue of the mission's patron saint.

The missions ended with the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese empire in 1759, and from the Spanish Empire in 1767. Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year After a hopeless war, the Guarani returned to the forest. All that remains today from that period are ruins of some of the Reductions, and two modified indigenous languages, Guarani and Nheengatu. Guaraní /gwaraˈni/ (local name avañe'ẽ) is an indigenous language of South America that belongs to the Tupí-Guaraní subfamily of the The Nheengatu language often spelled Nhengatu, is also known by the Portuguese names língua geral da Amazônia and língua geral amazônica

Jesuit Reductions by country

Location of the most important reductions in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, with present political divisions.
Location of the most important reductions in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, with present political divisions.

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Paraguay

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Reductions. San Ignacio Miní was one of the many missions founded in 1632 by the Jesuits in the Americas during the Spanish colonial period near present-day Reducción de Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana ( Reduction of Our Lady of Saint Ana) was one of the many missions or reductions founded in the 17th century by Reducción de Nuestra Señora de Loreto ( Reduction of Our Lady of Loreto) was one of the many missions or reductions founded in the 17th century by Reducción de Santa María la Mayor ( Reduction of Holy Maria Mayor) located in the Santa María Department of the Misiones Province, Argentina The Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba ( Spanish: Manzana Jesuítica y Estancias de Córdoba) are a former Jesuit reduction built by missionaries Córdoba, abbreviated as CBA, is a city located near the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the Sierras Chicas mountains on the San Ignacio de Velasco, San Ignacio, or SIV is the capital of the Velasco province in the Santa Cruz department of Bolivia. São Miguel das Missões ( Portuguese for St Michael of the Missions) is a Unesco World Heritage site located in the small town of La Santisima Trinidad de Paraná, or the Holy Trinity of Paraná is the name of a former Jesuit mission in Paraguay. The Bandeirantes were Portuguese colonial Scouts who took part in the Bandeiras exploration expeditions The Missiones Orientales ( Eastern missions) are a historic region in South America, in present-day Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil The Guarani War (Guerra Guaranítica of 1756, also called the War of the Seven Reductions, was between the Guarani tribes of seven Jesuit Reductions The Mission is a 1986 British film about the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in Eighteenth century South America The Jesuits or Society of Jesus, a Catholic Religious order, have had a long history of missions in East and South Asia, in fact Língua Geral ( Portuguese: literally 'common' or 'general language' is the name of two distinct linguae francae spoken in Brazil Beginning in 1493, the Kingdom of Spain maintained a number of missions throughout Nueva España ( New Spain, consisting of Mexico and portions The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between The Spanish missions in the Carolinas were part of a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian Beginning in the sixteenth century the Kingdom of Spain established a number of missions throughout ''la Florida'' in order to convert the Indians to Christianity to facilitate The Spanish missions in Georgia comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian doctrine The Spanish missions in Mexico are a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Franciscans Jesuits, Augustinians Beginning in 1493 the Kingdom of Spain maintained a number of missions throughout Nueva España ( New Spain, consisting of Mexico and portions of what today The Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert are a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Jesuits and other orders to spread The Spanish missions in South America comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics in order to spread the Christian The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise a series of Religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans Jesuits and Spanish Missions were established in the New World as part of the Spanish colonisation of its new possessions The Ajacán Mission (a xa 'kan was a failed attempt in the 16th century by Spanish Jesuit priests to Christianize the Native The Suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the Two Sicilies, Parma and the Spanish Empire by 1767 was a result The Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on 2007-05-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  2. ^ Barbara Ganson (2003). "The Guarani under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata". . Stanford University Press
  3. ^ Stephen Neill, A Hisotry of Christian Missioni, (Harmonsworth: Pelican) 1962, p. 205.
  4. ^ C. Lugon, The Communist Christian Republic of the Guranis, (Rio de Janeiro: Paz & Earth), 1977.
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