Citizendia

Jesse Louis Jackson
Jesse Jackson
In office
January 1991 – January 1997
Serving with Florence Pendleton
Preceded bynone
Succeeded byPaul Strauss
BornOctober 8, 1941 (1941-10-08) (age 66)
Greenville, South Carolina
NationalityAmerican
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseJacqueline Lavinia Brown (m. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The offices of shadow representative and shadow senator are elective offices in the District of Columbia. Paul Strauss (born April 11, 1964) is a " Shadow senator " from the District of Columbia. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Greenville is a mid-sized city located in the upstate of South Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. 1962)
ChildrenSantita Jackson, Jesse Jackson Jr., Jonathan Jackson, Yusef DuBois Jackson, Jacqueline Lavinia Jackson, Ashley (with Karin Stanford)
Alma materNorth Carolina A&T
OccupationAmerican civil rights activist
minister
ReligionBaptist

Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. Jesse Louis "Jesse Jr" Jackson Jr (born March 11 1965 is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing, which Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University ( NC A&T) is a HBCU historically black college/university and is a constituent institution of the University The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform clergy functions such as teaching of beliefs Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. (born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform clergy functions such as teaching of beliefs He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as "shadow senator" for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. In United States politics and government the phrase presidential nominee has two distinct meanings The offices of shadow representative and shadow senator are elective offices in the District of Columbia. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D He was the founder of both entities that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. is his eldest son. Jesse Louis "Jesse Jr" Jackson Jr (born March 11 1965 is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing, which

Contents

Early life

Jackson was born Jesse Louis Burns in Greenville, South Carolina, to Helen Burns . Greenville is a mid-sized city located in the upstate of South Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Helen Burns was a 16-year old single mother when he was born. His biological father, Noah Louis Robinson, a former professional boxer and a prominent figure in the black community, was married to another woman when Jesse was born. He was not involved in his son's life. In 1943, two years after Jesse's birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson who would adopt Jesse 14 years later. Jesse went on to take the surname of his stepfather.

Education

Jackson attended Sterling High School, a segregated high school in Greenville, where he was an outstanding student-athlete. Upon graduating in 1959, he rejected a contract from a professional baseball team so that he could attend the racially integrated University of Illinois on a football scholarship. This article is about the flagship campus For other uses and locations of University of Illinois, see University of Illinois (disambiguation The University of However, one year later, Jackson transferred to North Carolina A&T located in Greensboro, North Carolina. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University ( NC A&T) is a HBCU historically black college/university and is a constituent institution of the University There are differing accounts for the reasons behind this transfer. Jackson claims that the change was based on the school's racial biases which included his being unable to play as a quarterback despite being a star quarterback at his high school as well as being demoted by his speech professor as an alternate in a public speaking competition team despite the support of his teammates who elected him a place on the team for his superior abilities. [1] ESPN. com reports a different story, however. Claims of racial discrimination on the football team may be exaggerated because Illinois's starting quarterback that year was an African American. In addition, Jackson left Illinois at the end of his second semester after being placed on academic probation. [2] Following his graduation from A&T, Jackson attended the Chicago Theological Seminary with the intent of becoming a minister, but dropped out in 1966 to focus full-time on the civil rights movement. The Chicago Theological Seminary is an ecumenical Seminary of the United Church of Christ. [3] He was ordained in 1968, without a theological degree; awarded an honorary theological doctorate from Chicago in 1990; and received his earned Master of Divinity Degree in 2000. [4][5]

Jackson is a member of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc. Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ is an international fraternity and was the first African-American national fraternal organization to be founded at a historically black

Civil rights leader

Jackson sits beside Ken Livingstone at an Anti-Apartheid rally in 1985
Jackson sits beside Ken Livingstone at an Anti-Apartheid rally in 1985

In 1965, he participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches organized by Dr. Kenneth Robert Livingstone (born 17 June 1945 is a British Socialist Politician. Anti-Apartheid Movement, originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organization that was at the center of the international movement opposing South Africa's The Selma to Montgomery marches, which included Bloody Sunday, were three marches that marked the Political and emotional peak of the American civil rights Martin Luther King, Jr. and other civil rights leaders in Alabama. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader When Jackson returned from Selma, he threw himself into King’s effort to establish a beachhead of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in Chicago. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC) is an American Civil rights organization In 1966, King selected Jackson to be head of the SCLC’s Operation Breadbasket in Chicago, and promoted him to be the national director in 1967. Operation Breadbasket was an organization dedicated to improving the economic conditions of black communities across the United States of America. Following the example of Reverend Leon Sullivan of Philadelphia, a key goal of the new group was to foster “selective buying” (boycotts) as a means to pressure white businesses to hire blacks and purchase goods and services from black contractors. Leon Howard Sullivan ( October 16, 1922 - April 24, 2001) was a Baptist minister a Civil rights leader and Social One of Sullivan's precursors was Dr. T. R. M. Howard, a wealthy South Side doctor and entrepreneur and key financial contributor to Operation Breadbasket. Before he moved to Chicago from Mississippi in 1956, Howard, as the head of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, had successfully organized a boycott against service stations that refused to provide restrooms for blacks

The Rev. Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, (People United to Save Humanity) at its annual convention. July, 1973. Photograph by John H. White.
The Rev. Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, (People United to Save Humanity) at its annual convention. July, 1973. Photograph by John H. White. John H White could refer to one of several people John H White (photojournalist, African-American photographer winner of the Pulitzer Prize

Jackson claimed he was with King in Memphis, Tennessee when King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, the day after King's famous "I’ve been to the mountaintop" speech at the Mason Temple. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mason Temple is the International Sanctuary and central headquarters of the Church of God in Christ, this denomination is the largest African American Pentecostal Bu

Jackson has been known for commanding public attention since he first started working for King in 1966. His primary goal for this attention has been to give blacks a sense of pride. He has also stressed that success as a race will be achieved by command through the electoral process. [6]

Beginning in 1968, Jackson increasingly clashed with Ralph Abernathy, King's successor as head of the national SCLC. Ralph David Abernathy ( March 11 1926 – April 17 1990) was an American Civil rights activist and leader and a close associate of In December, 1971, they had a complete falling out. Abernathy suspended Jackson for “administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy. ” Jackson resigned, called together his allies, and Operation PUSH was born during the same month. The new group was organized in the home of Dr. T.R.M. Howard who also became a member of the board of directors and chair of the finance committee. Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (b March 4 1908, Murray Kentucky - d

In 1984, Jackson organized the Rainbow Coalition, which later merged, in 1996, with Operation PUSH. The newly formed Rainbow PUSH organization brought his role as an important and effective organizer to the mainstream. Al Sharpton also left the SCLC in protest to follow Jackson and formed the National Youth Movement. Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton Jr (born October 3 1954 is an American Baptist minister political and civil rights / Social justice National Youth Movement was established in 1971 by Reverend Al Sharpton at the age of 16 years old [7]

International activities

Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, January 1975.
Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, January 1975.

During the 1980s, he achieved wide fame as an African American leader and as a politician, as well as becoming a well-known spokesman for civil rights issues. His influence extended to international matters in the 1980s and 1990s.

In 1983, Jackson traveled to Syria to secure the release of a captured American pilot, Navy Lt. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Robert Goodman who was being held by the Syrian government. Robert O Goodman is a former A-6 Intruder Naval Flight Officer and graduate of the United States Naval Academy who served as a Bombardier/Navigator Goodman had been shot down over Lebanon while on a mission to bomb Syrian positions in that country. After a dramatic personal appeal that Jackson made to Syrian President Hafez al-Assad, Goodman was released. This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد) ( October 6, 1930 &ndash June 10, 2000) was president of Syria, for three Initially, the Reagan administration was skeptical about Jackson's trip to Syria. However, after Jackson secured Goodman's release, United States President Ronald Reagan welcomed both Jackson and Goodman to the White House on January 4, 1984[8]. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. This helped to boost Jackson's popularity as an American patriot and served as a springboard for his 1984 presidential run. In June 1984, Jackson negotiated the release of twenty-two Americans being held in Cuba after an invitation by Cuban president Fidel Castro. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until [9]

He caused a stir in 1995 when he wrote to the FOX network protesting an episode of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in which the "White Ranger" said "White Power" as a battle-cry. Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (often abbreviated by fans as MMPR) is an American Live-action Television series, created White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. Jackson later retracted his statement, but FOX nonetheless censored the line in future airings.

He traveled to Kenya in 1997 to meet with Kenyan President Daniel Arap Moi as United States President Bill Clinton's special envoy for democracy to promote free and fair elections. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south List of the heads of state of Kenya Dominion of Kenya (1963 – 1964 Republic of Kenya (1964 – present Latest election "Notes from Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (born September 2, 1924) was the President of Kenya from 1978 until 2002 William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States In April 1999, during the Kosovo War, Jackson traveled to Belgrade to negotiate the release of three U. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. S. POWs captured on the FYR of Macedonia border while patrolling with a UN peacekeeping unit. The Republic of Macedonia (Република He met with the then-Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević, who later agreed to release the three men. [10]

His international efforts continued into the 2000s. On February 15, 2003, Jackson spoke in front of over an estimated one million people in Hyde Park, London at the culmination of the anti-war demonstration against the imminent invasion of Iraq by the U. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Hyde Park is one of the largest Parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner The February 15, 2003 anti-war protest was a coordinated day of protests across the world against the imminent invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. S. and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In November 2004, Jackson visited senior politicians and community activists in Northern Ireland in an effort to encourage better cross-community relations and rebuild the peace process and restore the governmental institutions of the Belfast Agreement. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The Agreement, most often referred to as the Belfast Agreement (Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste Belfast Greeance or the Good Friday Agreement (Comhaontú Aoine an In August 2005, Jackson traveled to Venezuela to meet Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, following controversial remarks by televangelist Pat Robertson in which he implied that Chávez should be assassinated. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the ||-||} Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->The President of Venezuela (Presidente Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson (born March 22 1930 is a controversial Televangelist from the United States. Jackson condemned Robertson's remarks as immoral. After meeting with Chávez and addressing the Venezuelan Parliament, Jackson said that there was no evidence that Venezuela posed a threat to the U. S. Jackson also met representatives from the Afro Venezuela and indigenous communities. [11]

According to an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in Feb 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader" with 15% of the vote. He was followed by Condoleezza Rice with 11%. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States [12]

Presidential candidate

1984 election

On November 3, 1983, he announced his campaign for presidency. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) [13] In 1984, Jackson became the second African American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for President of the United States, running as a Democrat. Shirley Anita St Hill Chisholm ( November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician educator and author The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.

In the primaries, Jackson, who had been written off by pundits as a fringe candidate with little chance at winning the nomination, surprised many when he took third place behind Senator Gary Hart and former Vice President Walter Mondale, who eventually won the nomination. For the football player see Gary Hart (footballer. Gary Hart (born Gary Warren Hartpence, November 28, 1936 The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American politician and member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Jackson garnered 3,282,431 primary votes, or 18. 2 percent of the total, in 1984,[14] and won five primaries and caucuses, including Louisiana, the District of Columbia, South Carolina, Virginia, and one of two separate contests in Mississippi. [15]

As he had gained 21% of the popular vote but only 8% of delegates, he afterwards complained that he had been handicapped by party rules. While Mondale (in the words of his aides) was determined to establish a precedent with his vice presidential candidate by picking a woman or visible minority, Jackson criticized the screening process as a "p. r. parade of personalities". He also mocked Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr ( May 27, 1911 &ndash January 13, 1978) was the thirty-eighth Vice President of the United States, serving Paul–Minneapolis" area. [16]

1988 election

Four years later, in 1988, Jackson once again offered himself as a candidate for the Democratic Party presidential nomination. -->The United States presidential election of 1988 featured an open primary for both major parties This time, his successes in the past made him a more credible candidate, and he was both better financed and better organized. Although most people did not seem to believe he had a serious chance at winning, Jackson once again exceeded expectations as he more than doubled his previous results, prompting R.W. Apple of the New York Times to call 1988 "the Year of Jackson". Raymond Walter Apple Jr ( November 20 1934 &ndash October 4 2006) known to all as "Johnny" but bylined as R [17]

He captured 6. 9 million votes and won 11 contests; seven primaries (Alabama, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico and Virginia) and four caucuses (Delaware, Michigan, South Carolina and Vermont). [18]. Jackson also scored March victories in Alaska's caucuses and Texas's local conventions, despite losing the Texas primary. [3] [4] Some news accounts credit him with 13 wins. [5] Briefly, after he won 55% of the vote in the Michigan Democratic caucus, he was considered the frontrunner for the nomination, as he surpassed all the other candidates in total number of pledged delegates. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. A delegate is a member of a group representing an organization (e

In early 1988, Jackson organized a rally at the former American Motors assembly plant in Kenosha, Wisconsin, approximately two weeks after new owner Chrysler announced it would close the plant by the end of the year. American Motors Corporation (AMC was an American automobile company formed on January 14 1954 by the merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation Kenosha (kəˈnoʊʃə is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County, United States. Chrysler LLC is an American Automobile manufacturer that has been producing Automobiles since 1925 In his speech, Jackson spoke out against Chrysler's decision, stating "We have to put the focus on Kenosha, Wisconsin, as the place, here and now, where we draw the line to end economic violence!" and compared the workers' fight to that of the civil rights movement in Selma, Alabama. Selma is a city in and the County seat of Dallas County, Alabama, United States, located on the banks of the Alabama River. As a result, the UAW Local 72 union voted to endorse his candidacy, even against the rules of the UAW. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The United Automobile Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America International [19] However, Jackson's campaign suffered a significant setback less than two weeks later when he was defeated handily in the Wisconsin primary by Michael Dukakis. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Michael Stanley Dukakis (born November 3, 1933) is an American Democratic politician former Governor of Massachusetts, and was the Democratic Jackson's showing among white voters in Wisconsin was significantly higher than in his 1984 run, but was also noticeably lower than pre-primary polling had indicated it would be. The discrepancy has been cited as an example of the so-called "Bradley effect". The term Bradley effect, less commonly called the Wilder effect, refers to a proposed explanation for a frequently observed discrepancy between voter Opinion polls

Jackson's campaign had also been interrupted by allegations regarding his half-brother Noah Robinson, Jr. 's criminal activity. [20] Jackson had to answer frequent questions about his brother, who was often referred to as "the Billy Carter of the Jackson campaign". William Alton "Billy" Carter III ( March 29, 1937 &ndash September 25, 1988) was the younger brother of United States President [21]

On the heels of Jackson's narrow loss to Dukakis the day before in Colorado, Dukakis' comfortable win in Wisconsin terminated Jackson's momentum. The victory established Dukakis as the clear Democratic frontrunner, and he went on to claim the party's nomination, but lost the general election in November. [22]

Campaign platform

In both races, Jackson ran on what many considered to be a very liberal platform. Modern liberalism in the United States, also referred to as American liberalism, is a political ideology that seeks to use the power of the state to effect change upon society Declaring that he wanted to create a "Rainbow Coalition" of various minority groups, including African Americans, Hispanics, Arab-Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, family farmers, the poor and working class, and homosexuals, as well as white progressives who fit into none of those categories, Jackson ran on a platform that included:

With the exception of a resolution to implement sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid policies, none of these positions made it into the party's platform in either 1984 or 1988.

Abortion

Although Jackson was one of the most liberal members of the Democratic Party, his views on abortion were originally more in line with anti-abortion views. The abortion debate refers to discussion and controversy surrounding the moral and legal status of Abortion. Jackson once endorsed the Hyde Amendment, which bars the funding of abortions for low-income women through the federal Medicaid program. The Hyde Amendment is a provision barring the use of federal funds to pay for Abortions for low-income women first passed by the United States Congress in 1976 Medicaid is the United States health program for eligible individuals and families with low incomes and resources He wrote an article published in a 1977 National Right to Life Committee News report:

"There are those who argue that the right to privacy is of [a] higher order than the right to life. The National Right to Life Committee is the largest Right to life / Pro-life organization in the United States with affiliates in all 50 states and over . . that was the premise of slavery. You could not protest the existence or treatment of slaves on the plantation because that was private and therefore outside your right to be concerned. What happens to the mind of a person, and the moral fabric of a nation, that accepts the aborting of the life of a baby without a pang of conscience? What kind of a person and what kind of a society will we have twenty years hence if life can be taken so casually? It is that question, the question of our attitude, our value system, and our mind-set with regard to the nature and worth of life itself that is the central question confronting mankind. Failure to answer that question affirmatively may leave us with a hell right here on earth. "

However, since then, Jackson has adopted an openly pro-choice view, believing the right of a woman to terminate a pregnancy is fundamental and should not be infringed in any way by the government. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-choice advocates emphasize their beliefs that having a child is a personal choice that affects a woman's body and [23]

He ran for office as "Shadow Senator" for the District of Columbia in 1991,[24] and served as such through 1997 when he did not run for re-election. The offices of shadow representative and shadow senator are elective offices in the District of Columbia. This non-voting position in the Senate was created primarily as a post to lobby for statehood for the District of Columbia. [25] In the mid-1990s, he was approached about being the United States Ambassador to South Africa but declined the opportunity in favor of helping Jesse Jackson, Jr. run for the United States House of Representatives. This article contains several lists of Ambassadors from the United States. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Jesse Louis "Jesse Jr" Jackson Jr (born March 11 1965 is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing, which The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. [26]

2004 presidential election

Jackson gathered information and support to investigate the 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, particularly the voting results in Ohio and its recount. After the November 2, 2004 Election in the United States, concerns were raised about various aspects of the voting process including whether voting had He called for a congressional debate on the matter, asking for a fair count and national voting standards, saying that the elections in the United States are each run with different standards by different states with partisan tricks, racial bias, and widespread incompetence and are an open scandal. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Jackson said that he held some hope that the election could be overturned, although he admitted that that was very doubtful. Jackson compared the voting irregularities of Ohio to that of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, saying that if Ohio were Ukraine, the U. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The presidential election held in November and December 2004 in Ukraine was mostly a political battle between Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. S. presidential election would not have been certified by the international community. Jackson called Ohio Secretary of State Kenneth Blackwell inappropriately partisan and said that Blackwell may have been pressured by President George W. Bush and Vice-President Dick Cheney to deliver Ohio to the Republican Party. The Secretary of State is responsible for overseeing elections in the State of Ohio. John Kenneth Blackwell (born February 28, 1948) is a former secretary of state of the U George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States.

Based on information obtained in hearings held by Rep. John Conyers (D-MI) and discovered during a flawed recount of the Ohio presidential vote called for by Green Party candidate David Cobb and Libertarian Party candidate Michael Badnarik, Jackson suggested that the Ohio voting machines were "rigged" and that some African-Americans were forced to stand in line for six hours in the rain before voting. John Conyers Jr (born May 16, 1929) is a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Michigan's 14th congressional district One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party David Keith Cobb (born December 24 1962 in San Leon Texas) is an American activist and was the 2004 presidential candidate of the Green Party of The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 Michael J Badnarik (born August 1, 1954) is an American software engineer, political figure and Radio talk show host When asked for evidence, Jackson did not give facts, but replied, "Based on distrusting the system, lack of paper trails, the anomaly of the exit polls. "

On January 6, 2005, the U. S. House Judiciary Committee Democratic staff released a 100 page report on the Ohio election. This challenge to the Ohio election was rejected by a vote of 74-1 by the United States Senate and 267-31 in the House. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Many high-ranking Democrats chose to distance themselves from this debate, including John Kerry, despite Jesse Jackson personally asking Kerry for help. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator The call for election reform legislation and voting rights protection nonetheless continued.

Current activities

Jesse Jackson at the Los Angeles mayoral inauguration of Antonio Villaraigosa in 2005.
Jesse Jackson at the Los Angeles mayoral inauguration of Antonio Villaraigosa in 2005.

While Jackson was initially critical of the "Third Way" or more moderate policies of Bill Clinton, he became a key ally in gaining African American support for Clinton and eventually became a close advisor and friend of the Clinton family. The Third Way is a term that has been used to describe a variety of political philosophies of governance that embracing a mix of market and interventionist philosophies Clinton awarded Jackson the Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest honor bestowed on civilians. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed His son, Jesse Jackson, Jr., also emerged as a political figure, becoming a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. Jesse Louis "Jesse Jr" Jackson Jr (born March 11 1965 is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives representing, which The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Jackson is also known as a passionate orator, in the tradition of Southern U. S. and African American Protestant preaching. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. In 2003, Jackson surprised many observers by declining to endorse the campaigns of either Al Sharpton or former Senator Carol Moseley Braun, the two African American candidates, in the race for the Democratic Party's 2004 presidential nomination. Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton Jr (born October 3 1954 is an American Baptist minister political and civil rights / Social justice Carol Elizabeth Moseley Braun (born August 16, 1947) is an American Politician and Lawyer who represented Illinois in the Instead, Jackson remained largely silent about his preference in the race until late in the primary season, when he allowed Democratic Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio, another presidential candidate, to speak at a Rainbow/PUSH forum on March 31, 2004. Dennis John Kucinich (kuˈsɪnɪtʃ (born October 8[[ 946]] is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and was a candidate for Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Although he did not explicitly voice an endorsement of Rep. Kucinich, Jackson described Kucinich as "assuming the burden of saying 'you make the most sense, but you can't win. '"[27] He also writes for The Progressive Populist. The Progressive Populist is a magazine in tabloid newspaper format published twice monthly

Jackson enjoys a laugh with Barry Bonds and Jacque Jones prior to home runs 752 and 753 hit on July 19, 2007
Jackson enjoys a laugh with Barry Bonds and Jacque Jones prior to home runs 752 and 753 hit on July 19, 2007

In 2005, he was enlisted as part of the United Kingdom's "Operation Black Vote", a campaign to encourage more of Britain's ethnic minorities to vote in political elections ahead of the May 2005 General Election. Barry Lamar Bonds (born July 24 1964 is a Major League Baseball Outfielder who is currently a Free agent. Jacque Dewayne Jones (born April 25, 1975 in San Diego, California) is an American Major League Baseball Outfielder Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Also in early 2005, Jackson visited the parents of Terri Schiavo and their supporters; he supported their unsuccessful bid to keep the disabled Florida woman alive. Theresa Marie Schindler "Terri" Schiavo ( December 3 1963 – March 31 2005 was an American woman who suffered brain damage and became dependent on a Feeding tube Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the In March 2006, an African American woman accused three white members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team of raping her. Duke University is a private Research University located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. The 2006 Duke University lacrosse case was a Scandal that started in March 2006 when Crystal Gail Mangum an African American Stripper and escort Jackson stated that his Rainbow/PUSH Coalition would pay for the rest her college tuition regardless of the outcome of the case. The case against the three men was later thrown out and the players were declared innocent by the North Carolina Attorney General. [28]

Jackson took a key role in the scandal caused by comedic actor Michael Richards' racially charged comments in November 2006. Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American Comedian and Actor best known for his portrayal of the eccentric Richards called Jackson a few days after the incident to apologize; Jackson accepted Richards' apology [29]and met with him publicly as a means of resolving the situation. Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American Comedian and Actor best known for his portrayal of the eccentric Jackson also joined black leaders in a call for the elimination of the "N-word" throughout the entertainment industry. Nigger is a Noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a derogatory context to refer to Black people, and also as an informal [30]

On June 23rd, 2007 Jackson was arrested in connection with a crowd protesting at a gun store in Riverdale, a poor suburb of Chicago, Illinois. Jackson was protesting the fact that the gun store allegedly had been selling firearms to local gang members and was contributing to the decay of the community. According to police reports, Jackson refused to stop blocking the front entrance of the store and let customers pass. He was charged with one count of criminal trespass to property. [31]

Controversies

Remarks about Jews

Jackson has been criticized for some of the remarks he has made about Jews and Jewish issues. Most infamously, Jackson referred to Jews as "Hymies" and to New York City as "Hymietown" in January 1984 during a conversation with Washington Post reporter Milton Coleman. Jackson at first denied the remarks, then accused Jews of conspiring to defeat him. The Nation of Islam's leader Louis Farrakhan, threatened Coleman in a radio broadcast and issuing a public warning to Jews, made in Jackson's presence: "If you harm this brother [Jackson], it will be the last one you harm. Louis Farrakhan (born Louis Eugene Walcott, May 11, 1933) is the Supreme Minister of the Nation of Islam as the National Representative " Finally, Jackson apologized during a speech before national Jewish leaders in a Manchester, New Hampshire synagogue. Manchester is the largest city in the US state of New Hampshire and the largest city of northern New England, an area composed of Vermont, New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Yet Jackson refused to denounce Farrakhan, and continuing suspicions have led to an enduring split between Jackson and many Jews. [32] Among Jackson's other remarks were that Richard Nixon was less attentive to poverty in the U. S. because "four out of five [of Nixon's top advisors] are German Jews and their priorities are on Europe and Asia"; that he was "sick and tired of hearing about the Holocaust"; and that there are "very few Jewish reporters that have the capacity to be objective about Arab affairs". Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Jackson has since apologized and was invited to speak in support of Al Gore and Joe Lieberman at the 2000 Democratic National Convention. [33]

Extra-marital affair

Married since 1962 to Jacqueline Lavinia Brown, Jackson was in 2001 shown to have had an affair with a staffer, Karin Stanford, that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Ashley. Karin L Stanford is a writer and professor of Pan-African Studies and Politics at California State University Northridge. According to CNN, in August of 1999, The Rainbow Push Coalition had paid Stanford $15,000 in moving expenses and $21,000 in payment for contracting work. [34] This incident prompted Jackson to withdraw from activism for a short period of time. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change [35] Separate from the 1999 Rainbow Coalition payments, Jackson pays $3,000 a month in child support. [35]

Family

Electoral history

New York State Right to Life Party Presidential convention, 1980[36]:

1984 Democratic presidential primaries[37]

1984 Democratic National Convention[38]:

1988 Democratic presidential primaries[39]:

1988 Democratic National Convention[40]:

Shadow Senator from District of Columbia, 1990[41]

Two candidates who won the highest number of vote takes two shadow seats. United States Senate The District of Columbia has no representation in the Senate (see D

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Jesse Jackson - MSN Encarta
  2. ^ ESPN.com: GEN - Edwards: The man who would be King in the Sports Arena
  3. ^ Gale - Free Resources - Black History - Biographies - Jesse Jackson
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ Congressman Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.: My Background
  6. ^ Thomas, Evan (1984-05-07). Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Pride and Prejudice. Time. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Time, Inc.. Time Inc is a major subsidiary of the media conglomerate Time Warner, the company formed by the 1990 Retrieved on 2008-05-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor.
  7. ^ Interview with Al Sharpton, David Shankbone, Wikinews, December 3, 2007. Wikinews is a free-content News source Wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation.
  8. ^ Jesse Jackson's Mission to Damascus
  9. ^ New York Times
  10. ^ PBS Frontline chronology
  11. ^ Jesse Jackson Says Venezuela No Threat, Praises Venezuelan Government Concerns | venezuelanalysis.com
  12. ^ CBSNews.com
  13. ^ Jackson and White, p. 33.
  14. ^ Purnick, Joyce, and Michael Oreskes. "Jesse Jackson Aims for the Mainstream". The New York Times, November 29, 1987
  15. ^ "1984 Texas Jackson-for-President Campaign Collection: An Inventory of Records at the Houston Metropolitan Research Center, Houston Public Library"
  16. ^ Thomas, Evan. "Trying to Win the Peace", Time, July 2, 1984
  17. ^ R. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and W. Apple, Jr. . "Jackson is seen as winning a solid place in history", The New York Times, 1988-04-29. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.  
  18. ^ "Keep Hope Alive". Jesse Jackson, pages 234-235.
  19. ^ Dudley (1994)
  20. ^ Robinson had a long running feud with a criminal named Leroy "Hambone" Barber who had been convicted of armed robbery against Robinson. While Barber was imprisoned Robinson had written letters to him stating that he would enact a violent revenge upon him upon his release from prison. (These letters would come back to haunt Robinson at a future date). Noah Robinson had made good on his violent promise by contacting imprisoned gang leader and longtime friend Jeff Fort and wiring him $10,000 to assemble a hit team to hunt down Leroy Barber and have him murdered. Through a HUMINT asset in Jeff Fort's El Rukn gang, the Illinois State Police was able to conclude that Robinson had ordered the murder, and he was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence refers to intelligence gathering by means of interpersonal contact as opposed to the more technical The Illinois State Police (ISP is the State police force of Illinois. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most
  21. ^ "Shakedown" by Kenneth Timmerman
  22. ^ Dionne, E. J. Jr. (1988, April 6). "Dukakis Defeats Jackson Handily in Wisconsin Vote", The New York Times
  23. ^ Reprint of a Washington Post article from 1988
  24. ^ Robin Toner. "Jackson to Run For Lobby Post In Washington", The New York Times, 1990-07-06. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.  
  25. ^ Richard L. Berke. "Behind-the-scenes role for a 'shadow senator'", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, 1991-03-27. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.  
  26. ^ Berke, Richard L. (1998-03-06). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of TESTING OF A PRESIDENT: THE COUNSELOR; Once a Nemesis, Jackson Has Become the President's Spiritual Adviser. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  27. ^ [2]
  28. ^ Beard, Aaron. "Prosecutors Drop Charges in Duke Case", Associated Press, 2007-04-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.  
  29. ^ Sharpton: Comedian's apology not enough - CNN.com
  30. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/TV/11/27/michaelrichards.ap/index.html
  31. ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,,-6731701,00.html
  32. ^ Larry J. Sabato's Feeding Frenzy. "Jesse Jackson's 'Hymietown' Remark – 1984", Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D  
  33. ^ "Don't ask, don't tell", Salon, 2000-08-17. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli  
  34. ^ CNN.com - Operation PUSH documents financial ties with Jackson lover - February 1, 2001
  35. ^ a b Salon.com Politics | Jackson retreats
  36. ^ Our Campaigns - NY US President - RTL Convention Race - Aug 23, 1980
  37. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 20, 1984
  38. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 16, 1984
  39. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1988
  40. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 18, 1988
  41. ^ Our Campaigns - DC Shadow Senator Race - Nov 06, 1990

External links

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