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Jesse William Dirkhising

Jesse Dirkhising
Born May 24, 1986
Oxford, Ohio
Died September 26, 1999[1]
Rogers, Arkansas
Cause of death From positional asphyxia[2]
Burial place Friendship Cemetery, Springdale, Arkansas[3]
Nationality United States
Education Seventh-grade[1]
Parents Tina and Miles Yates Jr. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Oxford is a city in northwestern Butler County, Ohio, United States, in the southwestern portion of the state Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) For the surrounding metropolitan area (Northwest Arkansas see Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers metropolitan area Rogers is a suburban city in Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Springdale is a city in Washington and Benton counties in the northwestern region of Arkansas in the United States. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [4]

Jesse William Dirkhising (May 24, 1986 – September 26, 1999), also known as Jesse Yates, was an American teenage boy from Prairie Grove, Arkansas who was bound, drugged, tortured, raped, and died as a result of the position in which he was tied down. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Prairie Grove is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person [5][6]

Dirkhising's death, later ruled a murder, received only regional media coverage until a Washington Times article ran a story nearly a month after the death noting the lack of national coverage when contrasted to that of Matthew Shepard. The Washington Times is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Washington D Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1 1976 – October 12 1998 was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was murdered near Laramie [7][8] The high-profile Shepard hate crime was approaching its one-year anniversary and as such was getting another round of national attention coupled with updates on pending hate crime legislation. Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined Hate crime laws in the United States (also known as bias crimes) protect against crimes motivated by enmity or animus against a protected class [9] Prompted by the Washington Times article the Dirkhising case gained notoriety from conservative commentators comparing media coverage of the two cases and exploring the issues of what was considered a hate crime. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined A reporter is a type of Journalist who Researches and presents information in certain types of Mass media. [8]

The resulting controversy resulted in mainstream media also reporting the Dirkhising case in relation to the lack of coverage compared to Shepard's case,[9][10] with many explaining why the two were handled differently by the media and perhaps received differently by readers. Mainstream is generally the common current of Thought of the Majority. [7][11]

The media coverage of Dirkhising's case was repeatedly and consistently compared to that of Shepard although Dirkhising was a minor in a sex crime and Shepard's murder was a hate crime involving adults. [5][7] The sexualities of the victims and attackers differed, with Shepherd being an openly gay man attacked by two straight men while Dirkhising's attackers were both gay. Closeted Coming out (that is " coming out of the closet " describes the voluntary public announcement of one's Sexual orientation and/or Gender identity In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation [12][13]

Contents

Background

Dirkhising was a thirteen-year-old seventh grader from the small town of Prairie Grove. Prairie Grove is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States. [8] David Carpenter lived about thirty miles away in a "small but booming northwest Arkansas town" called Rogers. [8][14][15] Carpenter's younger gay lover was Joshua Macave Brown who shared the apartment. [8][4] Carpenter managed a beauty salon and was a friend of Dirkhising's parents, Tina and Miles Yates Jr. [4] Dirkhising had stayed with the two men at their apartment on weekends for two months prior to his death. The child's family had falsely been told he helped out at the salon. [4] Brown, who had sexual relations with Dirkhising for two months prior claimed that Dirkhising was a willing participant. [16][17]

Matthew Shepard's murder

Dirkhising died two weeks before the first anniversary of Matthew Shepard's murder. [18] Shepard, a University of Wyoming student and young gay man, had been met at a bar by Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson who posed as gay men and offered Shepard a ride in their car. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. [12] They drove Shepard to a remote part of rural Laramie, Wyoming; robbed, pistol whipped, tortured, tied him to a fence and left him to die. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Laramie is a city in and the County seat of Albany County in the U The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. Pistol-whipping is the act of physically striking a person with the barrel or stock of a Handgun. [19][20] Shepard was still alive, but in a coma when discovered eighteen hours later by a cyclist, who at first thought that Shepard was a scarecrow. A scarecrow is a device traditionally a human figure dressed in old clothes or Mannequin, that is used to discourage Birds such as Crows from disturbing [21][22][23] As he lay in intensive care, candlelight vigils were held by the people of Laramie. Intensive Care Medicine or critical care medicine is a branch of medicine concerned with the provision of Life support or organ support systems in patients [24] Police arrested McKinney and Henderson finding the bloody gun as well as the victim's shoes and wallet in their truck. A wallet, or billfold, is a small flat case used to carry personal items such as Cash, Credit cards and identification documents such as a Driver's [18] It was revealed that the two men had also attempted to get their girlfriends to provide alibis.

“ When Matthew Shepard died on 12 October 1998, at the age of 21, five days after getting into a pickup truck with two goons who beat him mercilessly, he had already become a huge national news story that continues today. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) It made the cover of Time magazine with the headline 'The War Over Gays'. [10] ”

Much of the media coverage also included calls for hate crime legislation. [10] Gay conservative writer Andrew Sullivan noted that both murders were rare and the difference in how they were treated was likely due to the political atmosphere and agendas. Andrew Michael Sullivan (born August 10 1963 is a prominent Blogger, author and Political commentator. [25]

Death and investigation

Death

On September 26, 1999, police in Rogers, Arkansas, responded to a 911 call and went to the home of David Carpenter, 38. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) For the surrounding metropolitan area (Northwest Arkansas see Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers metropolitan area Rogers is a suburban city in 911 (usually pronounced "nine-one-one" is the Emergency telephone number for the North American Numbering Plan (NANP [4] Also present was Carpenter's gay lover Joshua Brown, 22. [8][2] They found that Dirkhising, a 13-year-old boy from nearby Prairie Grove had been tied to a mattress. Prairie Grove is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States. [2][16][17] Dirkhising's ankles, knees and wrists had been bound with duct tape and belts. Duct tape (sometimes called duck tape; [5] He had been gagged with his own underwear, a bandana and duct tape. [26][2] Police determined that Dirkhising had been repeatedly raped over a period of several hours. [26] He had been drugged. [5] Dirkhising later died at the hospital, his death hastened apparently as the result of positional asphyxia. [16][17][2] Some believed the death was accidental. [27]

Investigation

The Arkansas State Police recorded in their affidavit a statement by Brown that he was Carpenter's (younger) lover and that he had been involved in molesting Dirkhising for at least two months prior to Dirkhising's death. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. [2] Brown "characterized the assault on Jesse as 'horseplay' and claimed that Jesse was a willing participant. "[16][17]

Police found "handwritten instructions and a diagram of how to position the boy as well as other notes of fantasies of molesting children",[7] including "instructions on how to sedate, tie up and position a child — indicates a strong interest in pedophilia. "[11][2] It was speculated that one of the men "diagrammed it and the other carried it out". [28]

It was revealed that over a two day period "the boy was repeatedly raped and sodomized with various objects. "[28] After the "lovers took a break to get a sandwich" Brown noticed the boy wasn't breathing and alerted Carpenter who attempted to resuscitate Dirkhising then called 911. [28][4][2] Brown also later claimed he was "under the influence of methamphetamine" when talking with his arresting officers. [1]

Media coverage

Dirkhising's case initially was reported regionally by "news organizations in Arkansas and also covered by newspapers in Oklahoma and Tennessee",[26] yet almost no national press. [5] The Associated Press ran the story on its local wires but not nationally until a month later when the story was focused on the lack of coverage rather than the crime itself. The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio [7] A LexisNexis search revealed only a few dozen articles which appeared only after the Washington Times story on the lack of coverage on October 22, 1999, a month after Dirkhising's death. LexisNexis (sometimes simply called "Lexis" or "Nexis" among users is a popular searchable Archive of content from Newspapers Magazines Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) [7]

Accusations of liberal media bias

On October 22, 1999, The Washington Times, ran a story with the headline: "Media tune out torture death of Arkansas boy. " The story contrasted the lack of coverage of the Dirkhising case with the treatment the murder of Matthew Shepard received. [7] The story quoted Tim Graham, director of media studies at Media Research Center, a media watchdog group that frequently criticizes "liberal bias", as saying, "Nobody wants to say anything negative about homosexuals. The Media Research Center (MRC is a conservative Content analysis organization based in Alexandria Virginia, founded in 1987 by L Media bias in the United States Nobody wants to be seen on the wrong side of that issue. "[4] Brent Bozell, media critic and director of the Media Research Center, accused the media of deliberately spiking the story. Leo Brent Bozell III (born July 14, 1955 in Washington DC) is the founder and president of the Media Research Center, the Conservative The Media Research Center (MRC is a conservative Content analysis organization based in Alexandria Virginia, founded in 1987 by L [29] Bozell wrote

“ Had Jesse Dirkhising been shot inside his Arkansas school he would have been an immediate national story. Had he been openly gay and his attackers heterosexual, the crime would have led all the networks. But no liberal media outlet has as its villains two gay men. [5] ”

After the Washington Times article the lack of coverage of Dirkhising's case was noted by conservative commentators and was attributed to the homosexuality of the perpetrators as well as the nature of the crimes. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [5] Conservative political commentator Pat Buchanan wrote

“ [T]his torture-rape-murder got almost no national press. A pundit is someone who offers to mass-media his/her opinion or commentary on a particular subject area (most typically political analysis, the Social sciences Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Why? Because this was a "sex crime," not a "hate crime," and because to show homosexuals in acts of sadistic barbarism does not fit the villain-victim script of our cultural elite. [5] ”

The Dirkhising case was repeatedly compared to the media coverage of the murder of Matthew Shepard although Dirkhising was a minor in a sex crime and Shepard's murder is a hate crime involving adults. Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1 1976 – October 12 1998 was a gay American student at the University of Wyoming who was murdered near Laramie [7] Also the sexualities of the victims and attackers differed somewhat with Shepherd being an openly gay man attacked by two straight men while Dirkhising's attackers were both gay. [12][13] There is also speculation that Dirkhising was openly gay with some stating it. Closeted Coming out (that is " coming out of the closet " describes the voluntary public announcement of one's Sexual orientation and/or Gender identity [30]

Jonathan Gregg wrote in Time:

“ Matthew Shepard died not because of an all-too-common sex crime, but because of prejudice. Essentially, Shepard was lynched; taken from a bar, beaten and left to die because he was the vilified "other" whom society has often cast as an acceptable target of abuse; Dirkhising was just "another" to a pair of deviants. Lynching is an Extrajudicial punishment meted out by a mob Lynching an enumerated Felony in some states in the United States, is defined by some And while child abuse is unfortunately no big news, lynching still is. [9] ”

In the month after Shepard's murder, LexisNexis recorded 3,007 stories about his death compared to only 46 in the month after the Dirkhising murder. LexisNexis (sometimes simply called "Lexis" or "Nexis" among users is a popular searchable Archive of content from Newspapers Magazines [31][5] However, once the media seized on the story, this count rapidly rose into the thousands. [32] Many of the articles justified the lack of coverage, citing that the death did not justify national attention; initial reports failed to mention that the two perpetrators were gay whereas the Shepherd reports identified Shepherd as gay and the crimes as hate-crimes from the beginning. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. [7]

On 4 November 1999, Jonathan Gregg addressed the issue in Time magazine. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and He wrote:

“ Could it be because we in the media elite were unwilling to publicize crimes committed by homosexuals because it didn't suit our agenda? The next stop in that line of reasoning was clear: That news is controlled by a bunch of gay-loving liberals only too happy to wield a double standard. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. [11] ”

In his column, Gregg noted that the discrepancy in media attention was:

“ …because it offered no lessons. Shepard's murder touches on a host of complex and timely issues: intolerance, society's attitudes toward gays and the pressure to conform, the use of violence as a means of confronting one's demons. Jesse Dirkhising's death gives us nothing except the depravity of two sick men. There is no lesson here, no moral of tolerance, no hope to be gleaned in the punishment of the perpetrators. [7] ”

Accusations of homophobia

Gay conservative commentator Andrew Sullivan wrote an article in The New Republic accusing the liberal media of political correctness[33] and using the opportunity to attack the Human Rights Campaign for its support of hate crime legislation. Conservatism in the United States includes a variety of political ideologies including Fiscal conservatism, Supply-side economics, Social conservatism Andrew Michael Sullivan (born August 10 1963 is a prominent Blogger, author and Political commentator. The New Republic ( TNR) is an American Magazine of politics and the arts Media bias in the United States Political correctness (adjectivally politically correct; both forms commonly abbreviated to PC) is a term applied to Language, ideas policies or behavior [25] The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) also complained that the Washington Times "omitted a key piece of information" for its front-page story on Dirkhising. [34] The HRC had provided a statement strongly condemning the crime and called for the perpetrators to be punished "to the fullest extent of the law". [34] Sullivan also criticised some aspects of the conservative coverage of the Dirkhising case equating gay sex with child molestation as "ugly nonsense". Child sexual abuse is a form of Child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent [32] Sullivan squarely summed up the differences in media coverage as being due to political interests. [25]

“ The answer is politics. The Shepherd case was hyped for political reasons: to build support for inclusion of homosexuals in a federal hate crime law. The Dirkhising case was ignored for political reasons: squeamishness about reporting a story that could feed anti-gay prejudice, and the lack of any pending interest-group legislation to hang a story on. [25] ”

On November 14, 1999, E. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) R. Shipp, ombudsman at The Washington Post, noted that: "readers, prodded by commentators who are hostile to LGBT people and to what they view as a ‘liberal’ press" had raised questions about the Dirkhising case. An ombudsman ( English plural conventionally ombudsmen) is an official usually (but not always appointed by the government or by parliament who is charged with The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D LGBT (also GLBT) is an initialism referring collectively to Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, and Transgender / transsexual Shipp, said however, that she "made a clear distinction" between the Dirkhising and Shepard cases: "Matthew Shepard’s death sparked public expressions of outrage that themselves became news… That Jesse Dirkhising’s death has not done so is hardly the fault of the Washington Post. "[7] Shipp also stated

“ The Shepherd story was news…because it "prompted debate on hate crimes and the degree to which there is still intolerance of gay people in this country. It was much more than a murder story for us. " More "routine" crimes may be ignored or limited to news briefs culled from the wire services. [7] ”

The story of the September 26 death was transmitted by Associated Press national news wires on October 29 and the Post ran a news brief the following day. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II [7]

Jonathan Gregg, in a November 9 Time magazine editorial, asserted that, "[the killing of Dirkhising] was the kind of depraved act that happens with even more regularity against young females and, indeed if the victim had been a 13-year-old girl, the story would probably never have gotten beyond Benton County, much less Arkansas. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and [11] The same editorial also said: "A red herring worth addressing at the outset is the failure to distinguish between homosexuality and pedophilia, which creates a false parallel at the core of the Washington Times argument. [11] But sex with children is a crime regardless of the sexes involved, and is not synonymous with homosexuality…. "The reason the Dirkhising story received so little play is because it offered no lessons. [7][11] Shepard's murder touches on a host of complex and timely issues: intolerance, society's attitudes toward gays and the pressure to conform, the use of violence as a means of confronting one's demons. "Jesse Dirkhising's death gives us nothing except the depravity of two sick men. "[35][7][11]

Trials and convictions

Davis Don Carpenter and Joshua Brown were each charged with capital murder and six counts of rape[13] and they faced the death penalty in Arkansas for the crimes. [26] Neither man had any known prior convictions. [2] The two men were tried separately as it was believed "each of them will blame the other for the murder. "[28] The Arkansas state prosecutor "maintained that the older man had mapped out the assault and watched a portion of it" so chose to send Brown (the younger lover) to trial first. [16][17] Carpenter's court-appointed attorney, criminal defense lawyer Tim Buckley, sought a change of venue from Benton County citing excessive pretrial publicity. A change of venue is the Legal term for moving a trial to a new location [6] "It's been on everyone's lips down here for a month and a half", Buckley stated. [6] The Washington Post was "almost alone among national newspapers" reporting on Brown's trial and Fox News was the only network to cover the murder trial and conviction. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D [5] The prosecutors "argued that Jesse suffocated to death during the sexual assault because of a combination of the drugs and the way he was trussed up". [16][17] In March 2001 Brown was found guilty of first-degree murder and rape. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries He was sentenced to life in prison, and this sentence was upheld on appeal by the Arkansas Supreme Court in September 2003. Life imprisonment or life incarceration is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime often for most In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision On April 2001, Carpenter pleaded guilty to similar charges and was also sentenced to life. For the Pygmy backswimmer Genus, see Plea (insect. Subsequently, Carpenter said on the Fox News Channel that Brown was solely responsible for the rape and murder of Dirkhising while Brown said that Carpenter was the director. [36]

References

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  20. ^ LaBreche, Will (16 January, 2008). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. 'Laramie Project' Offers Heavy Subject, Hope for Future. Sawyer County Record. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy.
  21. ^ "Murder charges planned in beating death of gay student", CNN, 1998-10-12. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Retrieved on 2006-11-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi  
  22. ^ Lacayo, Richard. "The New Gay Struggle", Time Magazine, 1998-10-26. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Retrieved on 2006-11-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi  
  23. ^ "Beaten gay student dies; murder charges planned", CNN, 1998-10-12. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Retrieved on 2007-01-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.  
  24. ^ University of Wyoming Matthew Shepard Resource Site. University of Wyoming. The University of Wyoming is a Land-grant university located in Laramie, Wyoming, situated on Wyoming's high Laramie Plains, at an elevation Retrieved on 2006-11-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
  25. ^ a b c d Limbaugh, David (2004). Persecution: How Liberals Are Waging War Against Christianity. HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-073207-5. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
  26. ^ a b c d Media Tune Out Torture Death of Arkansas Boy: Homosexuals Charged With Rape, Murder. Washington Times (October 22, 1999). Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  27. ^ Holland, Erik (2004). The Nature of Homosexuality: Vindication for Homosexual Activists and the Religious Right. iUniverse, ISBN 0595305083. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
  28. ^ a b c d Bates, Michael M. (2004). Right Angles And Other Obstinate Truths. iUniverse, ISBN 0595320481. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
  29. ^ Brent Bozell, Media Research Center, Human Events 4 September 2001 pages 16-17 accessed through Ebsco, 17 June 2006
  30. ^ Newman, Randy (2006). Corner Conversations: Engaging Dialogues about God and Life. Kregel Publications, ISBN 0825433231. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
  31. ^ Sullivan, Andrew (April 1, 2001, page E1). The Death of Jesse Dirkhising. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  32. ^ a b Andrew Sullivan The New Republic 04/02/2001, Vol. 224 Issue 14, p8, 1p Accessed through Ebsco, 17 June 2001
  33. ^ Limbaugh, David (2003). Persecution: How Liberals Are Waging War Against Christianity. Regnery Publishing, ISBN 0895261111. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
  34. ^ a b Smith, David M. (October 28, 1999). Times Prints `Disgusting' Front-page Attack on Gays. Washington Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor
  35. ^ Why One Murder Makes Page One and Another Is Lost in the News Briefs. Time.
  36. ^ Edge with Paula Zahn, The (FOX News), May 16, 2001 Accessed through Ebsco, 17 June 2006

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