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For other uses, see Jerome (disambiguation).
"Saint Jerome" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Jerome (disambiguation). Saint Jerome is a Christian church father best known for translating the Bible into Latin
Saint Jerome
St. Jerome, by Lucas van Leyden
Confessor, Doctor of the Church
Born ca. Lucas van Leyden ( Leiden, 1494 &ndash August 8 1533 in Leiden also named either Lucas Hugensz or Lucas Jacobsz, was a 347, Strido, on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia
Died 420, Bethlehem, Judea
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Lutheran Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Coptic Orthodox Church
Beatified 1747 by Benedict XIV
Canonized 1767 by Clement XIII
Major shrine Basilica of Saint Mary Major, Rome
Feast West: September 30; East: June 15
Attributes lion, cardinal attire, cross, skull, trumpet, owl, books and writing material
Patronage archeologists; archivists; Bible scholars; librarians; libraries; schoolchildren; students; translators
Saints Portal

Jerome (ca. Events By Topic Religion Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy and ground rules for bishops Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Events By Place Europe Pharamond leads the Franks across the Rhine. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world History of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Apostolic foundation Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed via Greek μακάριος makarios) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church Pope Benedict XIV ( March 31, 1675 &ndash May 3, 1758) born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from August 17 Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints Pope Clement XIII ( Venice, March 7, 1693 &ndash February 2, 1769 in Rome) born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico A shrine, from the Latin scrinium (‘box’ also used as a desk like the French bureau) was originally a container usually made of precious materials used The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members 347 – September 30, 420) whose real name in Latin was Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (Greek: Ευσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ιερώνυμος, also known as Hieronymus Stridonensis) was a Christian apologist best known for translating the Vulgate, a widely popular Latin edition of the Bible. Events By Topic Religion Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy and ground rules for bishops Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Events By Place Europe Pharamond leads the Franks across the Rhine. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Christian apologetics is a field of Christian theology that aims to present a rational basis for the Christian faith, defend the faith against objections The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin He is recognized by the Roman Catholic Church as a canonised Saint and Doctor of the Church, and his version of the Bible is still an important text in Catholicism. A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Doctor of the Church ( Latin doctor, teacher from Latin docere, to teach is a title given by a variety of Christian Churches to individuals He is also recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, where he is known as St. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Jerome of Stridonium or Blessed Jerome. [1] He is presumed by some to have been an Illyrian, but this may just be conjecture. Illyria ( Albanian Iliria ( Ancient Greek; Latin Illyria; see also Illyricum) was in Classical antiquity a region in the

In the artistic tradition of the Roman Catholic Church, it has been usual to represent him, the patron of theological learning, anachronistically,[2] as a cardinal, by the side of the Bishop Augustine, the Archbishop Ambrose, and the Pope Gregory I. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church. Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century Even when he is depicted as a half-clad anchorite, with cross, skull and Bible for the only furniture of his cell, the red hat or some other indication of his rank is as a rule introduced somewhere in the picture. Anchorite (male/ anchoress (female (adj anchoritic from the Greek anachōreō signifying "to withdraw" "to depart into the rural countryside" He is also often depicted with a lion, due to a medieval story in which he removed a thorn from a lion's paw,[3] and, less often, an owl, the symbol of wisdom and scholarship. [4] Writing materials and the trumpet of final judgment are also part of his iconography. Writing material refers to the materials that provide the surfaces on which humans use Writing instruments to inscribe writings In Christian eschatology, the Last Judgment or Day of the Lord is the judgment by God of every human who ever lived Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images [4]

Contents

Life

Saint Jerome in his Study, by Domenico Ghirlandaio
Saint Jerome in his Study, by Domenico Ghirlandaio

Jerome was born at Strido, on the border between Pannonia and Dalmatia, in modern-day Croatia, as mentioned in his De Viris Illustribus Chapter 135 (English translation below). Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Dalmatia was an ancient Roman province Its name is probably derived from the name of an Illyrian tribe called the Dalmatae which lived in the area of the eastern Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between

Jerome was an Illyrian (this is unverified conjecture), born to Christian parents, but was not baptized until about 360 or 366, when he had gone to Rome with his friend Bonosus (who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic) to pursue rhetorical and philosophical studies. This article is about the year 360 For other uses see 360 (number. Events By Place Roman Empire January 2 — The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers invading the Roman Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Bonusus was a Bishop of Sardica or Naissus, in the latter part of the fourth century founder of the heresy known after him as Bonosians. Rhetoric has had many definitions no simple definition can do it justice Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language He studied under Aelius Donatus, a skillful compiler of language techniques which Donatus called "grammar. Aelius Donatus (fl late 4th century AD was a Roman Grammarian and teacher of Rhetoric. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. " Jerome learned Koine Greek, but yet had no thought of studying the Greek Fathers, or any Christian writings. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church

Payne offers a different account of his conversion. As a student in Rome, he engaged in the gay activities of students there which he indulged in quite casually yet suffered terrible bouts of repentance afterwards. [5] To appease his conscience, he would visit on Sundays the sepulchers of the martyrs and the apostles in the catacombs. This experience would remind him of the terrors of hell. "Often I would find myself entering those crypts, deep dug in the earth, with their walls on either side lined with the bodies of the dead, where everything was so dark that almost it seemed as though the Psalmist’s words were fulfilled, Let them go down quick into Hell. Here and there the light, not entering in through windows, but filtering down from above through shafts, relived the horror of the darkness. But again, as soon as you found yourself cautiously moving forward, the black night closed around and there came to my mind the line of Vergil, Horror unique animos, simul ipsa silentia terrent. " (Jerome, Commentarius in Ezzechielem, c. 40, v. 5) "The horror and the silences terrified their souls", a quote from Vergil, which Jerome used to describe the horror of hell. [5] Jerome initially used classical authors to describe Christian concepts such as hell that indicated both his classical education and his deep shame of their associated practices, such as gay sex. Although initially skeptical of Christianity, he was eventually converted.

After several years in Rome, he travelled with Bonosus to Gaul and settled in Treves (now Trier) "on the semi-barbarous banks of the Rhine" where he seems to have first taken up theological studies, and where he copied, for his friend Rufinus, Hilary of Poitiers' commentary on the Psalms and the treatise De synodis. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Tyrannius Rufinus or Rufinus of Aquileia ( Rufinus Aquileiensis) (between 340 and 345 &ndash 410 was a Monk, historian, and theologian Hilarius or Saint Hilary (ca 300 – 368 was Bishop of Poitiers ('Pictavium' and considered an eminent doctor of the Western Christian Next came a stay of at least several months, or possibly years, with Rufinus at Aquileia where he made many Christian friends. Aquileia (also called Aquilegia, Friulian Acuilee/Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in what is

Some of these accompanied him when he set out about 373 on a journey through Thrace and Asia Minor into northern Syria. Events By Place Roman Empire Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes Proconsul of Africa. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black History of Bahrein, AND COMPARE THE TRUE IMPORTANCE OF THE TWO STATES At Antioch, where he stayed the longest, two of his companions died and he himself was seriously ill more than once. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also During one of these illnesses (about the winter of 373-374), he had a vision that led him to lay aside his secular studies and devote himself to the things of God. Events By Place Roman Empire Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes Proconsul of Africa. Events By Place The Americas May 4 — Spearthrower Owl becomes emperor of Teotihuacan. He seems to have abstained for a considerable time from the study of the classics and to have plunged deeply into that of the Bible, under the impulse of Apollinaris of Laodicea, then teaching in Antioch and not yet suspected of heresy. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Heresy, as a blanket term describes a practice or belief that is labeled as unorthodox

St. Jerome reading in the countryside, by Giovanni Bellini
St. Jerome reading in the countryside, by Giovanni Bellini

Seized with a desire for a life of ascetic penance, he went for a time to the desert of Chalcis, to the southwest of Antioch, known as the Syrian Thebaid, from the number of hermits inhabiting it. Giovanni Bellini (c 1430 – 1516 was an Italian Renaissance painter probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. During this period, he seems to have found time for study and writing. He made his first attempt to learn Hebrew under the guidance of a converted Jew; and he seems to have been in correspondence with Jewish Christians in Antioch, and perhaps as early as this to have interested himself in the Gospel of the Hebrews, said by them to be the source of the canonical Matthew. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Gospel of the Hebrews (see "About titles" below is a lost gospel preserved only in a few The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel

Returning to Antioch in 378 or 379, he was ordained by Bishop Paulinus, apparently unwillingly and on condition that he continue his ascetic life. Events By Place Roman Empire Mid- February - The Lentienses cross the frozen Rhine invading the Roman Empire. Events By Place Roman Empire January 19 — Theodosius I is elevated as Roman Emperor at Sirmium. The Patriarch of Antioch is one of the original Patriarchs of Early Christianity, who presided over the Bishops of Syria Palestine Armenia and Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Soon afterward, he went to Constantinople to pursue a study of Scripture under Gregory Nazianzen. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Gregory of Nazianzus (329 – January 25 389) (also known as Gregory the Theologian or Gregory Nazianzen) was a 4th-century Archbishop He seems to have spent two years there; the next three (382-385) he was in Rome again, attached to Pope Damasus I and the leading Roman Christians. Events By Place Roman Empire October 3 — Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the Events By Place Asia Jinsa of Baekje becomes king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje. Pope Invited originally for the synod of 382, held to end the schism of Antioch, he made himself indispensable to the pope, and took a prominent place in his councils. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Events By Place Roman Empire October 3 — Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split"

St. Jerome, by Peter Paul Rubens, 1625–1630
St. Jerome, by Peter Paul Rubens, 1625–1630

Among his other duties, he undertook a revision of the Latin Bible, to be based on the Greek New Testament. Vetus Latina is a collective name given to the Biblical texts in Latin that were translated before St Jerome 's Vulgate He also updated the Psalter then at use in Rome based on the Septuagint. Though he did not realize it yet at this point, translating much of what became the Latin Vulgate Bible would take many years, and be his most important achievement (see Writings- Translations section below). The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by

In Rome he was surrounded by a circle of well-born and well-educated women, including some from the noblest patrician families, such as the widows Marcella and Paula, with their daughters Blaesilla and Eustochium. The term " patrician " originally referred to a group of elite families in Ancient Rome, including both their natural and Marcella (325 - 410 is a Saint in the Roman Catholic Church and others Saint Paula (347–404 was an ancient Roman Saint. A member of one of the richest " senatorial " families which frivolously claimed descent from The resulting inclination of these women to the monastic life, and his unsparing criticism of the secular clergy, brought a growing hostility against him amongst the clergy and their supporters. Soon after the death of his patron Damasus (December 10, 384), Jerome was forced to leave his position at Rome after an inquiry by the Roman clergy into allegations that he had improper relations with the widow Paula. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Events By Place Roman Empire The Forum of Theodosius I is built in Constantinople.

In August 385, he returned to Antioch, accompanied by his brother Paulinianus and several friends, and followed a little later by Paula and Eustochium, who had resolved to end their days in the Holy Land. Events By Place Asia Jinsa of Baekje becomes king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje. The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש In the winter of 385, Jerome acted as their spiritual adviser. The pilgrims, joined by Bishop Paulinus of Antioch, visited Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and the holy places of Galilee, and then went to Egypt, the home of the great heroes of the ascetic life. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

At the Catechetical School of Alexandria, Jerome listened to the blind catechist Didymus the Blind expounding the prophet Hosea and telling his reminiscences of Anthony the Great, who had died thirty years before; he spent some time in Nitria, admiring the disciplined community life of the numerous inhabitants of that "city of the Lord," but detecting even there "concealed serpents," i. The Catechetical School of Alexandria (founded ca 190 was a place for the training of Christian Theologians and priests in Alexandria. Didymus the Blind (ca 313 – ca398 was an ecclesiastical writer of Alexandria whose famous catechetical school he led for about half a century Hosea ( Greek = Ōsēe) was the son of Beeri and a prophet in Israel in the 8th century BCE He is one of the Twelve Prophets Saint Anthony the Great (c 251–356 also known as Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, e. , the influence of Origen. Origen ( Greek: Ōrigénēs, or Origen Adamantius, ca 185–ca Late in the summer of 388 he was back in Palestine, and spent the remainder of his life in a hermit's cell near Bethlehem, surrounded by a few friends, both men and women (including Paula and Eustochium), to whom he acted as priestly guide and teacher. Events By Place Roman Empire The rebellion of Magnus Maximus is put down at the Battle of the Save, and Valentinian II Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.

Painting by Niccolò Antonio Colantonio, showing St. Jerome's removal of a thorn from a lion's paw.
Painting by Niccolò Antonio Colantonio, showing St. Niccolò Antonio Colantonio (born c 1420 was an Italian painter, known mainly for having been trainer to Antonello da Messina. Jerome's removal of a thorn from a lion's paw.

Amply provided by Paula with the means of livelihood and of increasing his collection of books, he led a life of incessant activity in literary production. To these last thirty-four years of his career belong the most important of his works -- his version of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew text, the best of his scriptural commentaries, his catalogue of Christian authors, and the dialogue against the Pelagians, the literary perfection of which even an opponent recognized. Pelagianism is a theological theory named after Pelagius (ad 354 – ad To this period also belong most of his polemics, which distinguished him among the orthodox Fathers, including the treatises against the Origenism of Bishop John II of Jerusalem and his early friend Rufinus. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters As a result of his writings against Pelagianism, a body of excited partisans broke into the monastic buildings, set them on fire, attacked the inmates and killed a deacon, forcing Jerome to seek safety in a neighboring fortress (416). Deacon is a role in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind but which varies among theological and denominational traditions For the Canadian area code see Area code 416/647. For the Assault rifle see Heckler & Koch HK416.

Jerome died near Bethlehem on September 30, 420. Bethlehem ( بيت لحم,, lit "House of Meat" Βηθλεέμ Bethleém בית לחם Beit Lehem, lit "House of Bread" is a Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Events By Place Europe Pharamond leads the Franks across the Rhine. The date of his death is given by the Chronicon of Prosper of Aquitaine. Saint Prosper of Aquitaine (c 390 – c 455 a Christian writer and disciple of Saint Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome 's Universal His remains, originally buried at Bethlehem, are said to have been later transferred to the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, though other places in the West claim some relics -- the cathedral at Nepi boasting possession of his head, which, according to another tradition, is in the Escorial. The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (its Italian name known in English also as St Mary Major, is an ancient Catholic Basilica of Rome Nepi (anciently Nepet or Nepete) is a town and comune in Italy in the Province of Viterbo, region of Latium. El Escorial is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery royal palace museum and school

Translations

St Jerome, by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1607, at St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta
St Jerome, by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1607, at St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta, Malta

Jerome was a scholar at a time when that statement implied a fluency in Greek. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, usually just known as Caravaggio, (28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610 was an Italian Artist active in Rome He knew some Hebrew when he started his translation project, but moved to Jerusalem to perfect his grasp of the language and to strengthen his grip on Jewish scripture commentary. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the A wealthy Roman aristocrat, Paula, founded a monastery for him in Bethlehem - rather like a research institute - and he completed his translation there. He began in 382 by correcting the existing Latin language version of the New Testament, commonly referred to as the Itala or "Vulgate" (the "Italian" or "Old Latin" version). Events By Place Roman Empire October 3 — Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the By 390 he turned to the Hebrew Bible, having previously translated portions from the Septuagint Greek version. Events By Place Roman Empire In response to the murder of his general Butheric Theodosius I orders a massacre of the inhabitants of The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the He completed this work by 405. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Stilicho orders the Sibylline Books burned Before Jerome's translation, all Old Testament translations were based on the Septuagint. The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Jerome's decision to use the Hebrew Old Testament instead of the Septuagint went against the advice of most other Christians, including Augustine, who considered the Septuagint inspired. The Masoretic Text ( MT) is the Hebrew text of the Jewish Bible ( Tanakh) .

For the next fifteen years, until he died, he produced a number of commentaries on Scripture, often explaining his translation choices. His knowledge of Hebrew, primarily required for this branch of his work, gives also to his exegetical treatises (especially to those written after 386) a value greater than that of most patristic commentaries. Exegesis (from the Greek 'to lead out' involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a Holy Events By Place Roman Empire Theodosius I concludes peace with Persia, dividing Armenia between them Patristics or Patrology is the study of early Christian writers known as the Church Fathers. The commentaries align closely with Jewish tradition, and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of Philo and the Alexandrian school. An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Philo (20 BC - 50 AD) known also as Philo of Alexandria (gr Φίλων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς Philo Judaeus, Philo Judaeus of Alexandria Unlike his contemporaries, he emphasizes the difference between the Hebrew Bible "apocrypha" (most of which are now in the deuterocanon) and the Hebraica veritas of the canonical books. The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity " Deuterocanonical books " is a term used since the sixteenth century in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity to describe certain books and passages The Protocanonical books are those books of the Old Testament which were coextensive with the Hebrew Bible and which have always been considered canonical Evidence of this can be found in his introductions to the Solomonic writings, to the Book of Tobit, and to the Book of Judith. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" The Book of Tobit (or Book of Tobias in older Catholic Bibles is a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox Biblical canon Most notable, however, is the statement from his Prologus Galeatus (introduction to the Books of the Kings):

This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a "helmeted" introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin, so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings. The Books of Samuel ( Hebrew: Sefer Sh'muel ספר שמואל are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaism 's Hebrew Bible) and also of [1]

Jerome's commentaries fall into three groups:

Historical writings

Letters

Jerome's letters or epistles, both by the great variety of their subjects and by their qualities of style, form the most interesting portion of his literary remains. An epistle (pronounced) ( Greek επιστολη epistolē "letter" is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of persons usually a letter Whether he is discussing problems of scholarship, or reasoning on cases of conscience, comforting the afflicted, or saying pleasant things to his friends, scourging the vices and corruptions of the time, exhorting to the ascetic life and renunciation of the world, or breaking a lance with his theological opponents, he gives a vivid picture not only of his own mind, but of the age and its peculiar characteristics.

The letters most frequently reprinted or referred to are of a hortatory nature, such as Ep. 14, Ad Heliodorum de laude vitae solitariae; Ep. 22, Ad Eustochium de custodia virginitatis; Ep. 52, Ad Nepotianum de vita clericorum et monachorum, a sort of epitome of pastoral theology from the ascetic standpoint; Ep. Pastoral theology is the branch of Theology concerned with the practical application of theology in the pastoral context 53, Ad Paulinum de studio scripturarum; Ep. 57, to the same, De institutione monachi; Ep. 70, Ad Magnum de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis; and Ep. 107, Ad Laetam de institutione filiae.

Theological writings

Practically all of Jerome's productions in the field of dogma have a more or less vehemently polemical character, and are directed against assailants of the orthodox doctrines. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters Even the translation of the treatise of Didymus the Blind on the Holy Spirit into Latin (begun in Rome 384, completed at Bethlehem) shows an apologetic tendency against the Arians and Pneumatomachoi. Didymus the Blind (ca 313 – ca398 was an ecclesiastical writer of Alexandria whose famous catechetical school he led for about half a century In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance Events By Place Roman Empire The Forum of Theodosius I is built in Constantinople. Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius (c AD 250-336 who was ruled a heretic by the Christian church at the Council of Nicea. The same is true of his version of Origen's De principiis (ca. 399), intended to supersede the inaccurate translation by Rufinus. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Flavius Mallius Theodorus becomes Roman Consul. The more strictly polemical writings cover every period of his life. During the sojourns at Antioch and Constantinople he was mainly occupied with the Arian controversy, and especially with the schisms centering around Meletius of Antioch and Lucifer Calaritanus. Saint Meletius of Antioch (Μελέτιος (died 381 was the Christian Bishop, or Patriarch of Antioch, from 360 until his death This is an article about a Catholic saint For belief systems which are concerned with the biblical Lucifer see Luciferianism. Two letters to Pope Damasus (15 and 16) complain of the conduct of both parties at Antioch, the Meletians and Paulinians, who had tried to draw him into their controversy over the application of the terms ousia and hypostasis to the Trinity. SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных At the same time or a little later (379) he composed his Liber Contra Luciferianos, in which he cleverly uses the dialogue form to combat the tenets of that faction, particularly their rejection of baptism by heretics. Events By Place Roman Empire January 19 — Theodosius I is elevated as Roman Emperor at Sirmium. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted

In Rome (ca. 383) he wrote a passionate counterblast against the teaching of Helvidius, in defense of the doctrine of The perpetual virginity of Mary, the Mary, and of the superiority of the single over the married state. Events By Place The British Isles Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland Roman See also Helvidius Priscus Helvidius was the author of a work written before 383 against the belief in the perpetual virginity of Mary. The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary is an apologetic work of St An opponent of a somewhat similar nature was Jovinianus, with whom he came into conflict in 392 (Adversus Jovinianum, Against Jovinianus) and the defense of this work addressed to his friend Pammachius, numbered 48 in the letters). Jovinian or Jovinianus (died c 405) was an opponent of Christian Asceticism in the 4th century and was condemned as a heretic Events By Place Roman Empire August 22 — Arbogast elevates Eugenius as Emperor after the mysterious death of Against Jovinianus is a two-volume Treatise by the Church Father Saint Jerome. Once more he defended the ordinary Catholic practices of piety and his own ascetic ethics in 406 against the Spanish presbyter Vigilantius, who opposed the cultus of martyrs and relics, the vow of poverty, and clerical celibacy. In spiritual terminology piety is a Virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Events By Place Western Roman Empire Roman legions in Britain mutiny against Honorius and select Presbyter in the New Testament refers to a leader in local Christian congregations then a synonym of episkopos (which has now come to mean Bishop Vigilantius, (fl c 400) the presbyter, celebrated as the author of a work no longer extant against a number of Catholic practices which called forth This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice Meanwhile the controversy with John II of Jerusalem and Rufinus concerning the orthodoxy of Origen occurred. To this period belong some of his most passionate and most comprehensive polemical works: the Contra Joannem Hierosolymitanum (398 or 399); the two closely-connected Apologiae contra Rufinum (402); and the "last word" written a few months later, the Liber tertius seu ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufini. Events By Place Western Roman Empire An imperial Edict obliges Roman landowners to yield 1/3 of their fields to the barbarians who have Events By Place Western Roman Empire Flavius Mallius Theodorus becomes Roman Consul. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Stilicho recalls troops from the frontiers of the Roman Empire to The last of his polemical works is the skilfully-composed Dialogus contra Pelagianos (415). For the area code see Area code 415 Events By Place Europe The Visigoths

Jerome's reception by later Christianity

Jerome is the second most voluminous writer (after St. Augustine) in ancient Latin Christianity. In the Roman Catholic Church, he is recognized as the patron saint of translators, librarians and encyclopedists. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation A librarian is an information Professional trained in Library and information science, which is the organization and management of information services or materials An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge

He acquired a knowledge of Hebrew by studying with a Jew who converted to Christianity, and took the unusual position (for that time) that the Hebrew, and not the Septuagint, was the inspired text of the Old Testament. He used this knowledge to translate what became known as the Vulgate, and his translation was slowly but eventually accepted in the Catholic church. [6] Obviously, the later resurgence of Hebrew studies within Christianity owes much to him.

Jerome sometimes seemed arrogant, and occasionally despised or belittled his literary rivals, especially Ambrose. Saint Ambrose (c 338 &ndash 4 April 397) was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the fourth century It is not so much by absolute knowledge that he shines, as by a certain poetical elegance, an incisive wit, a singular skill in adapting recognized or proverbial phrases to his purpose, and a successful aiming at rhetorical effect.

He showed more zeal and interest in the ascetic ideal than in abstract speculation. It was this strict asceticism that made Martin Luther judge him so severely. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer In fact, Protestant readers are not generally inclined to accept his writings as authoritative. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The tendency to recognize a superior comes out in his correspondence with Augustine (cf. Jerome's letters numbered 56, 67, 102-105, 110-112, 115-116; and 28, 39, 40, 67-68, 71-75, 81-82 in Augustine's).

Despite the criticisms already mentioned, Jerome has retained a rank among the western Fathers. This would be his due, if for nothing else, on account of the great influence exercised by his Latin version of the Bible upon the subsequent ecclesiastical and theological development. Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective

Prophetic exegesis

Jerome's Commentary on Daniel, 407 AD, was expressly written to offset the criticisms of Porphyry (231-301)[7] who taught that the book of Daniel related entirely to the time of Antiochus Epiphanes and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century BCE. Porphyry of Tyre ( Greek:, c AD 233&ndashc 309 was a Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher The Book of Daniel (דניאל, originally written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a Book in both the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh) and the Christian Another Antiochus IV Epiphanes was king in Commagene under Caligula and Claudius. Jerome's exposition of Daniel was incorporated into the Glossa Ordinaria of Walafrid Strabo, the standard marginal notes of medieval Latin Bibles. [8] Against Porphyry, Jerome identified Rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters 2 and 7, but his view of chapters eight and eleven was more complex. Chapter eight describes the activity of Antiochus Epiphanes who is understood as a "type" of a future antichrist; chapter 11:24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by Antiochus.

Both of these views fail in light of Jesus' quote of the last prophecy of Daniel in the first part of Matthew 24 when answering the question of when the then third temple would be destroyed. Daniel identified the "abomination of desolation" as that which would permanently "end the daily sacrifice" of the Jews, which did not occur when Epiphanes destroyed the second temple as it was rebuilt by the Macabees and expanded by Herod, but did occur in 70 A. D. when the third temple was destroyed by the Romans, so it is not a future event either. This was one of seven items that Jesus said would occur in His answer to the disciple's first question in Matthew 24, all of which did occur by 70 A. D.

The works of Hippolytus and Irenaeus greatly influenced Jerome's interpretation of prophecy. For places named after the saint see Saint-Hippolyte Saint Hippolytus of Rome (c Saint Irenaeus (Greek Ειρηναίος (2nd century AD - c 202 was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, Roman Empire (now Lyons France [9] He noted the distinction between the original Septuagint and Theodotion's later substitution[10]

Jerome's writings about the book of Daniel have been analysed by L. E. Froom. The Book of Daniel (דניאל, originally written in Hebrew and Aramaic, is a Book in both the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh) and the Christian Le Roy Edwin Froom (1890–1974 was a Seventh-day Adventist minister and historian [11]. Froom demonstrated that Jerome identifies the four prophetic kingdoms symbolized in Daniel 2 as Babylon, Medes and Persians, Macedon and Rome. The term Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean refers to Babylonia under the rule of the 11th ("Chaldean" dynasty from the revolt of Nabopolassar The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most [12] Jerome understood the partitioning of the Roman Empire into fragments by the barbarians, as fulfillment of the feet of iron and clay. [13][14] According to Froom, Jerome identifies the stone cut out without hands as "the Lord and Saviour"[15] Jerome identifies the four beasts of Daniel 7 as the same kingdoms of Daniel 2. [16]

Froom also commented on Jerome's understanding of the antichrist. For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office He shows that Jerome refuted Porphyry's application of the Little Horn to Antiochus, and expected that Rome would be divided into ten kingdoms before the Little Horn can appear. [17] Jerome held that the Antichrist would appear in the near future,[18] and taught that he would come from within the church, not the Jewish temple. [19] The antichrist would rule for three and a half years,[20] and his rule would end with the second coming[21]

According to Froom's analysis, Jerome believed that Cyrus of Persia is the higher of the two horns of the Medo-Persian ram of Daniel 8:3. In Christianity, the Second Coming is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven to earth an event that will fulfill aspects of Messianic The hairy goat is Grecia smiting Persia. [22] Alexander is the great horn. Which is then succeeded by Alexander's half brother Philip and three of the generals. [23]

Jerome applied chapter 8 first and foremost to Antiochus Epiphanes but also observed that "our [people] think that all these things are prophesied of Antichrist who will be in the last time. "[24] With others, Jerome surmises that he will arise from the Jews and come from Babylon, and mentions the belief of "many of ours" that he will be Nero. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called [25]

Froom showed that, in Jerome's understanding, "Babylon" refers to Rome in the book of Revelation. The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου [26]

Jerome's commentaries on Isaiah 14 in connection to his mistranslation of Luke 10 started the false idea that Satan was "Lucifer" and a fallen angel. The passage in Isaiah is referring only to the then king of Babylon, there is no basis for applying it to anyone else. His error in Luke is still in all translations today; he quotes Jesus as saying "I BEHELD" Satan cast down when the Greek is clearly present tense, i. e. - "I SEE" Satan cast down. This fits with the two passages in John's gospel that state Satan was to be judged soon and with Revelation 12 (which is parallel in time to Acts 2) where Satan was cast out of heaven AFTER Christ's ascention and defeated by Christ's blood (which was shed on the cross). Also, both Peter and Jude declare that all angels who fell are held in chains of darkness in hell until judgment day, and Satan is in the earth (again Rev. 12). Jerome also popularized the false idea that "antichrist" is a being when the only author that used the word (John) defined it himself as a teaching. John wrote his gospel and epistles in order to refute the first apostasy, that of the Gnostics. They believed that material is evil and spiritual is good and that the two could never meet or have direct contact. Thus they denied that God actually created the universe, but rather He sent "eminations" out that did it for Him. The Gnostics were divided into two schools of thought about Jesus. One group declared that he was material, only a man, to which John directed his gospel affirming repeatedly the Deity of Jesus (examples: "the Word was God" and seven times quoting Jesus saying "I AM" with the same Greek as the Septaguant uses for God's reply to Moses. . . ) and the other group saying that He really wasn't human, He just looke human and didn't even leave footprints in sand, to which John directed his epistles, defining such teaching as "antichrist".

Year-day principle

In his exposition of Ezekiel 4:6 Jerome attempts to outline the 390 years of the captivity of the Israelites, represented by Ezekiel's lying on his left side, beginning with Pekah and ending with the fortieth year of Artaxerxes Mnemon, whom he supposes to be the Ahasuerus of Esther. The day-year principle, year-day principle or year-for-a-day principle is a method of interpretation of Bible prophecy in which a day in He makes the forty days during which Ezekiel had to lie on his right side refer to forty years, beginning with the first year of Jechoniah and ending with the first year of Cyrus, king of the Persians. [27] On this point Elliott remarks that Jerome incidentally supports the old Protestant view of furnishing a Scriptural precedent for the year-day theory. [28]

Jerome apparently acquiesces in the application of the year-day principle to the seventy weeks as made by others whom he quotes at great length; but he himself refuses to set forth an interpretation of the seventy weeks, for "it is dangerous to judge concerning the opinions of the masters of the church. "[29] He thereupon gives the interpretations of Africanus, Eusebius, Hippolytus, Apollinaris of Laodicea, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Tertullian, and "the Hebrews," so that the reader may choose for himself.

Quotes

I praise wedlock, I praise marriage, but it is because they give me virgins. (Jerome's Letter XXII to Eustochium, section 20 on-line)
Be ever engaged, so that whenever the devil calls he may find you occupied.
Ignorance of the Scriptures is ignorance of Christ. (Jerome's Prologue to the “Commentary on Isaiah”: PL 24,17)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Though "Blessed" in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint, as in the West. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church The Bible has been translated into many languages from the Biblical languages of Hebrew and Greek. Saint Genesius of Arles (in French Saint Genès) was a notary Martyred under Maximianus in 303 or 308
  2. ^ Saint Jerome and some library lions
  3. ^ The lion episode, in Vita Divi Hieronymi (Migne Pat. Jacques Paul Migne (25 October 1800 - 24 October 1875 was a French Priest who published inexpensive and widely-distributed editions of theological works encyclopedias Lat. XXII, c. 209ff. ) was translated by Helen Waddell Beasts and Saints (NY: Henry Holt) 1934) (on-line retelling).
  4. ^ a b The Collection: St. Jerome, gallery of the religious art collection of New Mexico State University, with explanations. New Mexico State University, or NMSU is a Land-grant university that has its main campus in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Accessed August 10, 2007.
  5. ^ a b Robert Payne, The Fathers of the Western Church, (New York: Viking Press).
  6. ^ Stefan Rebenich, Jerome (New York: Routlage, 2002), pp. 52-59
  7. ^ Eremantle, note on Jerome's commentary on Daniel, in NPAF, 2d series, Vol. 6, p. 500.
  8. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450
  9. ^ Farrar, Lives, vol. 2, p. 229.
  10. ^ Jerome, Preface to Daniel, in APNF, 2d series, vol. 6, p. 492.
  11. ^ Froom, L.E., 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers"
  12. ^ Jerome, Commentaria in Danelem, chap. 2, verses 38-40, in Migne, PL, vol. 25. cols. 503, 504.
  13. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450; Jerome, Letter 123 (to Ageruchia), in NPNF, 2d series, vol. 6, pp. 236, 237.
  14. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450; Jerome: Preface to book 1 of his commentary on Ezekiel, in NPNF, 2d series, vol. 6, pp. 499, 500. See Farrar, Lives, vol. 2, pp. 286-288.
  15. ^ Jerome, Commentaria in Danieluem, chap. 2, verse 40, in Migne, PL, vol. 25 col 504
  16. ^ Jerome Commentaria in Danielem, chap. 7, verses 7, in Misne, PL, vol. 25. cols. 530
  17. ^ Jerome, Commentario in Danielem, chap. 7, verses 7, 8, in Migne, PL, vol. 25, cols. 530, 531; Commentaria in Jeremiam, book 5 chap. 25 in Migne, PL, vol. 24, col. 1020.
  18. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450; Jerome Letter 123 (to Ageruchia) in NPNF 2nd series, vol. 6, p. 236, and note 7; Letter 133 (to Ctesiphon), in NPNF, 2d series, vol. 6, p. 275
  19. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450; Jerome, Epistle I21 (to Algasia) in Migne, PL, vol. 22, col. 1037.
  20. ^ Jerome, Commentario in Danielem, chap. 5, verse 25, in Migne, PL, vol. 25, cols. 534.
  21. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450}; Jerome, Epistle 121 (to algasia) in Migne, PL, vol. 22, col. 1037
  22. ^ Jerome, Commentaria in Danielem, chap. 8, in Migne, PL, vol. 25, col. 535.
  23. ^ Jerome, Commentaria in Danielem, chap. 8, in Migne, PL, vol. 25, col. 536
  24. ^ Jerome, Commentaria in Danielem, chap. 8, on Dan. 11:21 ff., in Migne, PL, vol. 25, col. 565
  25. ^ Jerome, "Commentaria in Danielem", chap. 8, in Migne, PL, vol. 25, verses 25-30, col. 587, 568.
  26. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450; Jerome, Commentaria in Isaiam, book 13 chap. 47 in Migne PL vol. 24 col. 454.
  27. ^ Froom, L. E. , 1950, "The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers," Vol. 1, Chp. 19, pp. 440-450; Jerome, Commentaria in Ezechielem, in Migne, PL, vol. 25 cols. 45, 46
  28. ^ Elliott, op. cit. , vol. 4,. p. 322.
  29. ^ Jerome, Commentaria In Danielem, chap. 9, in Migne, PL, vol. 25, col. 542

External links

Latin Texts:

Google Books' Facsimiles:

English Translations:

Bibliography

References

Dictionary

Jerome

-proper noun

  1. A male given name.
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