Jean Sibelius
Portrait of Jean Sibelius in about 1913
Born	December 8, 1865(1865-12-08) Hämeenlinna, Finland
Died	September 20, 1957 (aged 91) Järvenpää, Finland
Occupation	Composer
Spouse	Aino Sibelius (1871–1969)

Johan Julius Christian "Jean" / "Janne" Sibelius (pronunciation (help·info); December 8, 1865, Hämeenlinna, Finland – September 20, 1957, Järvenpää, Finland) was a Finnish composer of the later Romantic period and one of the most notable composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Hämeenlinna Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) History Järvenpää was separated from its parent community Tuusula in 1951. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Aino Sibelius ( née Järnefelt ( August 10, 1871, Helsinki – June 8, 1969, Ainola, Järvenpää Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Hämeenlinna Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) History Järvenpää was separated from its parent community Tuusula in 1951. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 His music played an important role in the formation of the Finnish national identity. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered

The core of Sibelius' oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies (or eight, if Kullervo is seen as a symphony). A symphony is a Musical composition, often extended and usually for Orchestra. Kullervo Op 7 is an early Symphonic poem for soloists chorus and orchestra written by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–-1957 Like Beethoven, Sibelius used each one to develop further his own personal compositional style. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. These works continue to be performed frequently in the concert hall and are often recorded.

In addition to the Symphonies, Sibelius' best-known compositions include Finlandia, Valse Triste, the Violin Concerto, the Karelia Suite and The Swan of Tuonela (one of the four movements of the Lemminkäinen Suite). Finlandia Op 26 is a Symphonic poem by the Finnish Composer Jean Sibelius. Kuolema ( Death) is a drama by Arvid Järnefelt, first performed in 1903 The Violin Concerto in D minor, opus 47 was written by Jean Sibelius in 1903 The Karelia Suite is a collection of pieces composed by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, published as his Op The Swan of Tuonela (Tuonelan joutsen is an 1895 Tone poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The Lemminkäinen Suite (also called the Four Legends, or Four Legends from the Kalevala) is a work written by the Finnish Other works include pieces inspired by the Kalevala, over 100 songs for voice and piano, incidental music for 13 plays, the opera Jungfrun i tornet (The Maiden in the Tower), chamber music, piano music, 21 separate publications of choral music, and Masonic ritual music. The Kalevala is a book and epic poem which the Finn Elias Lönnrot compiled from Finnish and Karelian Folklore in the nineteenth A song is a Musical composition. Songs contain vocal parts that are performed 'sung' and generally feature Words ( Lyrics) commonly followed The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Incidental music is Music in a play, Television program Radio program Video game, film or some other form not primarily musical Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers Sibelius composed prolifically until the mid-1920s. However, soon after completing his Seventh Symphony (1924) and the tone poem Tapiola (1926), he produced no large scale works for the remaining thirty years of his life. The Symphony No 7 in C Major opus 105 was the final published Symphony of Jean Sibelius. A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element Tapiola (literally "Realm of Tapio " op 112 is a tone poem by the Finnish Composer Jean Sibelius Although he is reputed to have stopped composing, he did attempt to continue writing, including abortive attempts to compose an eighth symphony. He wrote some Masonic music and re-edited some earlier works during this last period of his life, and retained an active interest in new developments in music, although he did not always view modern music favorably.

Contents 1 Life and work 2 Musical style 3 Reception 4 Media 5 Selected works 5.1 Orchestral works 5.2 Other works 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Life and work

Sibelius was born into a Swedish-speaking family in Hämeenlinna in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, the son of Christian Gustaf Sibelius and Maria Charlotta Sibelius. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Hämeenlinna The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Grand Duchy of Finland (Magnus Ducatus Finlandiæ Великое княжество Финляндское ' Velikoe knjažestvo finljandskoe) was the Predecessor Although known as "Janne" to his family, during his student years he began using the French form of his name, "Jean", inspired by the business card of his seafaring uncle. In Finland he is known as Jean Sibelius. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

Against the larger context of the rise of the Fennoman movement and its expressions of Romantic Nationalism, his family decided to send him to a Finnish language school, and he attended The Hämeenlinna Normal-lycée from 1876 to 1885. The Fennomans were the most important political movement in the 19th century Grand Duchy of Finland. Romantic nationalism (also National Romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of Nationalism in which the state derives Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Romantic Nationalism was to become a crucial element in Sibelius' artistic output and his politics.

After Sibelius graduated from high school in 1885, he began to study law at Aleksander's Imperial University in Helsinki. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. However, he was more interested in music than in law, and he soon quit his studies. From 1885 to 1889, Sibelius studied music in the Helsinki music school (now the Sibelius Academy). Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Sibelius Academy ( Finnish Sibelius-Akatemia; Swedish Sibelius-Akademin) is a university level Music school which operates in One of his teachers there was Martin Wegelius. Martin Wegelius ( November 10 1846 &ndash March 22 1906) was a Finnish Composer and Musicologist, primarily Sibelius continued studying in Berlin (from 1889 to 1890) and in Vienna (from 1890 to 1891). Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Jean Sibelius married Aino Järnefelt (1871–1969) at Maxmo on June 10, 1892. Aino Sibelius ( née Järnefelt ( August 10, 1871, Helsinki – June 8, 1969, Ainola, Järvenpää Vörå-Maxmo in Swedish or Vöyri-Maksamaa in Finnish is a municipality of Finland. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Their home, called Ainola, was completed at Lake Tuusula, Järvenpää in 1903, and the two lived out the remainder of their lives there. Ainola was the home of Jean Sibelius and his family from the fall of 1904 until 1972 Tuusulanjärvi is a Lake on the border of the municipalities of Tuusula and Järvenpää in southern Finland. History Järvenpää was separated from its parent community Tuusula in 1951. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting They had six daughters: Iva, Ruth, Kirsti (who died at a very young age), Katarine, Margaret, and Heidi.

In 1911, Sibelius underwent a serious operation for suspected throat cancer. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The impact of this brush with death can be seen in several of the works that he composed at the time, including Luonnotar and the Fourth Symphony. In Kalevala, the Finnish national epic Ilmatar was a virgin spirit of the air. The Symphony No 4 in A minor, opus 63 is one of seven symphonies composed by Jean Sibelius.

Sibelius loved nature, and the Finnish landscape often served as material for his music. He once said of his Sixth Symphony, "[It] always reminds me of the scent of the first snow. Jean Sibelius 's Symphony No 6 Opus 104 was completed in 1923. " The forests surrounding Ainola are often said to have inspired his composition of Tapiola. On the subject of Sibelius' ties to nature, one biographer of the composer, Erik Tawaststjerna, wrote the following:

Even by Nordic standards, Sibelius responded with exceptional intensity to the moods of nature and the changes in the seasons: he scanned the skies with his binoculars for the geese flying over the lake ice, listened to the screech of the cranes, and heard the cries of the curlew echo over the marshy grounds just below Ainola. He savoured the spring blossoms every bit as much as he did autumnal scents and colours. ^[1]

The year 1926 saw a sharp and lasting decline in Sibelius' output: after his Seventh Symphony, he only produced a few major works in the rest of his life. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Symphony No 7 in C Major opus 105 was the final published Symphony of Jean Sibelius. Arguably the two most significant were incidental music for Shakespeare's The Tempest and the tone poem Tapiola. William Shakespeare ( baptised The Tempest is a comedy written by William Shakespeare. It is generally dated to 1610-11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although Tapiola (literally "Realm of Tapio " op 112 is a tone poem by the Finnish Composer Jean Sibelius For nearly the last thirty years of his life, Sibelius even avoided talking about his music.

There is substantial evidence that Sibelius worked on an eighth numbered symphony. Today virtually none of the Finnish Composer Jean Sibelius 's Symphony No He promised the premiere of this symphony to Serge Koussevitzky in 1931 and 1932, and a London performance in 1933 under Basil Cameron was even advertised to the public. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes -->Dr Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Basil Cameron ( August 18, 1884 &ndash June 26 However, the only concrete evidence for the symphony's existence on paper is a 1933 bill for a fair copy of the first movement. ^[2] Sibelius had always been quite self-critical; he remarked to his close friends, "If I cannot write a better symphony than my Seventh, then it shall be my last. " Since no manuscript survives, sources consider it likely that Sibelius destroyed all traces of the score, probably in 1945, during which year he certainly consigned (in his wife's presence) a great many papers to the flames. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar ^[3]

His 90th birthday, in 1955, was widely celebrated and both the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Thomas Beecham gave special performances of his music in Finland. The Philadelphia Orchestra is an Orchestra based in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, in the United States. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Eugene Ormandy ( November 18, 1899 &ndash March The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ( RPO) is a British Orchestra based in London. Sir Thomas Beecham 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 &ndash 8 March 1961 was a British conductor and Impresario. The orchestras and their conductors also met the composer at his home; a series of memorable photographs were taken to commemorate the occasions. Both Columbia Records and EMI released some of the pictures with albums of Sibelius' music. Beecham was honored by the Finnish government for his efforts to promote Sibelius both in the United Kingdom and in the United States.

Tawaststjerna also relayed an endearing anecdote regarding Sibelius' death:

[He] was returning from his customary morning walk. Exhilarated, he told his wife Aino that he had seen a flock of cranes approaching. "There they come, the birds of my youth," he exclaimed. Suddenly, one of the birds broke away from the formation and circled once above Ainola. It then rejoined the flock to continue its journey. Two days afterwards Sibelius died of a brain hemorrhage, at age 91 (on September 20, 1957), in Ainola, where he is buried in a garden. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Another well-known Finnish composer, Heino Kaski, died that same day. Heino Kaski ( 21 June 1885, Pielisjärvi – 20 September 1957, Helsinki) was a Finnish composer and pianist Aino lived there for the next twelve years until she died on June 8, 1969; she is buried with her husband. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[1]

In 1972, Sibelius' surviving daughters sold Ainola to the State of Finland. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Ministry of Education and the Sibelius Society opened it as a museum in 1974. Finland is a Republic with a Representative democracy governed according to the principles of Parliamentarism. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

Musical style

Like many of his contemporaries, Sibelius was initially enamored with the music of Wagner. A performance of Parsifal at the Bayreuth Festival had a strong effect on him, inspiring him to write to his wife shortly thereafter, "Nothing in the world has made such an impression on me, it moves the very strings of my heart. Parsifal is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner. The Bayreuth Festival is a music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of Operas by the 19th century German composer " He studied the scores of Wagner's operas Tannhäuser, Lohengrin, and Die Walküre intently. Tannhäuser (full title Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf der Wartburg / Tannhäuser and the Singers' Contest at Wartburg) is an Opera Lohengrin is a romantic Opera (or music drama in three acts composed and written by Richard Wagner. Die Walküre ( The Valkyrie) is the second of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung With this music in mind, Sibelius began work on an opera of his own, entitled Veneen luominen (The Building of the Boat). Veneen luominen ( The Building of the Boat) was composed by Jean Sibelius.

However, his appreciation for Wagner waned and Sibelius ultimately rejected Wagner's Leitmotif compositional technique, considering it to be too deliberate and calculated. A leitmotif (ˌlaɪtmoʊˈtiːf (also leitmotiv; lit "leading motif" is a recurring Musical theme, associated with a particular person place Departing from opera, he later used the musical material from the incomplete Veneen luominen in his Lemminkäinen Suite (1893). The Lemminkäinen Suite (also called the Four Legends, or Four Legends from the Kalevala) is a work written by the Finnish Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

More lasting influences included Ferruccio Busoni, Anton Bruckner and Tchaikovsky. Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto Busoni (April 1 1866 &ndash July 27 1924 was an Italian Composer, Pianist, musical educator and conductor. Anton Bruckner (4 September 1824 &ndash 11 October 1896 was an Austrian composer known primarily for his symphonies, masses, and Motets Hints of Tchaikovsky's music are particularly evident in works such as Sibelius' First Symphony (1899) and his Violin Concerto (1905). Jean Sibelius 's Symphony No 1 in E minor Opus 39 was written in 1898 when Sibelius was 33 Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Violin Concerto in D minor, opus 47 was written by Jean Sibelius in 1903 Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Similarities to Bruckner are most strongly felt in the 'unmixed' timbral palette and sombre brass chorales of Sibelius' orchestration, as well as in the latter composer's fondness for pedal points and in the underlying slow pace of his music.

Sibelius progressively stripped away formal markers of sonata form in his work and, instead of contrasting multiple themes, he focused on the idea of continuously evolving cells and fragments culminating in a grand statement. This article treats the history of Sonata form in the Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Modern eras His later works are remarkable for their sense of unbroken development, progressing by means of thematic permutations and derivations. The completeness and organic feel of this synthesis has prompted some to suggest that Sibelius began his works with their finished statement and worked backwards, although analyses showing these predominantly three- and four-note cells and melodic fragments as they are developed and expanded into the larger "themes" effectively prove the opposite. ^[4]

This self-contained structure stood in stark contrast to the symphonic style of Gustav Mahler, Sibelius' primary rival in symphonic composition. Akseli Gallen-Kallela ( April 26 1865 &ndash March 7 1931)was a Finnish painter who is best known for his illustrations While thematic variation played a major role in the works of both composers, Mahler's style made use of disjunct, abruptly changing and contrasting themes, while Sibelius sought to slowly transform thematic elements. Sibelius reported that while on a walk with Mahler during his conducting tour of Finland in November 1907,

“

I said that I admired [the symphony's] severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs. . . Mahler's opinion was just the reverse. 'No, a symphony must be like the world. It must embrace everything. '[5]

”

However, the two rivals did find common ground in their music. Like Mahler, Sibelius made frequent use both of folk music and of literature in the composition of his works. The Second Symphony's slow movement was sketched from the motive of Il Commendatore in Don Giovanni, while the stark Fourth Symphony combined work for a planned "Mountain" symphony with a tone poem based on Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven". Jean Sibelius 's Symphony No 2 in D major Opus 43 was started in winter 1900 in Rapallo, Italy, and finished in 1902 in Finland Don Giovanni ( K527; complete title Il dissoluto punito ossia il Don Giovanni, literally "The Rake Punish'd or Don Giovanni The Symphony No 4 in A minor, opus 63 is one of seven symphonies composed by Jean Sibelius. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, " The Raven " is a narrative poem by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845 Sibelius also wrote several tone poems based on Finnish poetry, beginning with the early En Saga and culminating in the late Tapiola (1926), his last major composition. A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element En saga (English translation A fairy tale or A saga) is a Tone poem written by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius Tapiola (literally "Realm of Tapio " op 112 is a tone poem by the Finnish Composer Jean Sibelius Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Over time, he sought to use new chord patterns, including naked tritones (for example in the Fourth Symphony), and bare melodic structures to build long movements of music, in a manner similar to Joseph Haydn's use of built-in dissonances. This article describes musical chords in traditional Western styles The tritone ( Tri - or three and tone) is a Musical interval that spans three whole tones. The Symphony No 4 in A minor, opus 63 is one of seven symphonies composed by Jean Sibelius. Sibelius would often alternate melodic sections with blaring brass chords that would swell and fade away, or he would underpin his music with repeating figures which push against the melody and counter-melody. A brass instrument is a Musical instrument whose tone is produced by vibration of the lips as the player blows into a tubular Resonator.

Sibelius' melodies often feature powerful modal implications: for example much of the Sixth Symphony is in the (modern) Dorian mode. In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode Jean Sibelius 's Symphony No 6 Opus 104 was completed in 1923. Due to historical confusion Dorian mode or Doric mode can refer to two very different Musical modes or Diatonic scales Greek Sibelius studied Renaissance polyphony, as did his contemporary, the Danish composer Carl Nielsen, and Sibelius' music often reflects the influence of this early music. In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony Carl August Nielsen (9 June 1865 &ndash 3 October 1931 was a conductor, Violinist, and Composer from Denmark. He often varied his movements in a piece by changing the note values of melodies, rather than the conventional change of tempi. 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO He would often draw out one melody over a number of notes, while playing a different melody in shorter rhythm. For example, his Seventh Symphony comprises four movements without pause, where every important theme is in C major or C minor; the variation comes from the time and rhythm. The Symphony No 7 in C Major opus 105 was the final published Symphony of Jean Sibelius. His harmonic language was often restrained, even iconoclastic, compared to many of his contemporaries who were already experimenting with musical Modernism. As reported by Neville Cardus in the Manchester Guardian newspaper in 1958,

“

Sibelius justified the austerity of his old age by saying that while other composers were engaged in manufacturing cocktails he offered the public pure cold water. Sir John Frederick Neville Cardus ( 2 April 1889 &ndash 28 February 1975) was an English writer and critic best known for his writing on music The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A cocktail is a style of Mixed drink. Originally a mixture of distilled spirits, Sugar, Water, and Bitters, the word has gradually [6]

”

Reception

Because of its alleged conservatism, Sibelius' music is sometimes considered insufficiently complex, but he was immediately respected by even his more progressive peers. Later in life he was championed by critic Olin Downes, who wrote a biography, but he was attacked by composer-critic Virgil Thomson. Olin Downes ( Edwin) ( January 27, 1886 &ndash August 22, 1955) was a significant American music critic For the American author with a similar name see Virgil Thompson (author Virgil Thomson ( November 25, 1896 - September

Sibelius has sometimes been criticized as a reactionary or even incompetent figure in 20th century classical music. In 1938 Theodor Adorno wrote a critical essay about the composer, notoriously charging that

“

If Sibelius is good, this invalidates the standards of musical quality that have persisted from Bach to Schoenberg: the richness of inter-connectedness, articulation, unity in diversity, the 'multi-faceted' in 'the one'. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Schoenberg (beautiful mountain is the surname of several persons [7]

”

Composer and theorist René Leibowitz went so far as to describe Sibelius as "the worst composer in the world" in the title of a 1955 pamphlet. René Leibowitz (17 February 1913 &ndash 29 August 1972 was a French composer conductor music theorist and teacher born in Warsaw, Poland. ^[8] Despite the innovations of the Second Viennese School, he continued to write in a strictly tonal idiom. The Second Viennese School is the term generally used in English -speaking countries to denote the group of Composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic. However, critics who have sought to re-evaluate Sibelius' music have cited its self-contained internal structure, which distills everything down to a few motivic ideas and then permits the music to grow organically, as evidence of a previously under-appreciated radical bent to his work. The severe nature of Sibelius' orchestration is often noted as representing a "Finnish" character, stripping away the superfluous from music.

Perhaps one reason Sibelius has attracted both the praise and the ire of critics is that in each of his seven symphonies he approached the basic problems of form, tonality, and architecture in unique, individual ways. On the one hand, his symphonic (and tonal) creativity was novel, but others thought that music should be taking a different route. Sibelius' response to criticism was dismissive: "Pay no attention to what critics say. No statue has ever been put up to a critic. "

Sibelius has fallen in and out of fashion, but remains one of the most popular 20th century symphonists, with complete cycles of his symphonies continuing to be recorded. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In his own time, however, he focused far more on the more profitable chamber music for home use, and occasionally on works for the stage. Eugene Ormandy and, to a lesser extent, his predecessor Leopold Stokowski, were instrumental in bringing Sibelius' music to the American audience by programming his works often, and the former thereby developed a friendly relationship with Sibelius throughout his life. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Eugene Ormandy ( November 18, 1899 &ndash March WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Leopold Stokowski (born Leopold Anthony Stokowski though on occasion Currently Paavo Berglund and Colin Davis are considered major exponents of his work. Paavo Berglund (born in Helsinki on April 14, 1929) is a Finnish conductor. For the former Formula One driver see Colin Davis (driver WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes Other classic sets of recordings of the symphonies are by John Barbirolli, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Leonard Bernstein, Simon Rattle and Lorin Maazel. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir John Giovanni Battista Barbirolli, CH ( 2 December WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazy ( Russian: Владимир Давидович WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Sir Simon Denis Rattle, CBE, FRSA, (born January WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Lorin Varencove Maazel (born March 6, 1930) is a Herbert von Karajan was also associated with Sibelius, recording all of the symphonies except the Third, some several times. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Herbert von Karajan ( April 5 The Symphony No 3 in C Major Op 52 by Jean Sibelius is a Symphony in three movements composed in 1907 Recently Osmo Vänskä and the Lahti Symphony Orchestra released a critically acclaimed complete Sibelius cycle, including unpublished or retracted pieces such as the first versions of the Fifth Symphony (1915) and the Violin Concerto (1903). Osmo Vänskä (born 28 February 1953 Sääminki, Finland) is a Finnish orchestra conductor. The Lahti Symphony Orchestra ( Sinfonia Lahti) is a Finnish orchestra based in the city of Lahti. Symphony No 5 in E flat major, op 82 is a major work for orchestra in three movements by Jean Sibelius. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Violin Concerto in D minor, opus 47 was written by Jean Sibelius in 1903

In 1990, the composer Thea Musgrave was commissioned by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra to write a piece in honour of the 125th anniversary of Sibelius' birth. Thea Musgrave (b 27 May 1928, Barnton Edinburgh) is a Scottish -born American -based Composer of Opera and The Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra (Finnish Helsingin kaupunginorkesteri, Swedish Helsingfors stadsorkester) is an orchestra in Helsinki, Finland Song of the Enchanter was premiered on 14 February 1991. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. ^[9]

Media

Selected works

Main article: List of compositions by Jean Sibelius

These are ordered chronologically; the date is the date of composition rather than publication or first performance. Symphonies Symphony No 1 in E minor, Op 39 (1899/1900 Symphony No

Orchestral works

Other works

• Viisi joululaulua, Op. 1, five Christmas songs (1895–1913)
• Seven Songs, Op.17, with lyrics by J. L. Runeberg, K. Jean Sibelius originally scored Andante Festivo for String quartet in 1922 but rescored for String orchestra and Timpani in 1938 Seven Songs op 17 is a collection of compositions by Finnish Composer Jean Sibelius for solo voice and piano Johan Ludvig Runeberg (5 February 1804 Jakobstad &ndash 6 May 1877 Porvoo) was a Finnish poet and is the National poet of Finland A. Tavaststjerna, Oscar Levertin, A. Oscar Ivar Levertin ( July 17, 1862 &ndash September 22, 1906) was a Swedish Poet, Critic and literary V. Forsman (Koskimies, Finnish surname), and Ilmari Calamnius (Kianto, Finnish surname). Ilmari Kianto ( May 7, 1874 Pulkkila - April 27, 1970 Helsinki) also known as Ilmari Calamnius and Ilmari Composed between 1891 and 1904.
• Incidental music to Hjalmar Procopé's play Belshazzar's Feast, Op. 51 (1906); this was mainly for orchestra but voices were called for in some places. He later rescored some sections of the incidental music as a purely orchestral suite; in 1939 he wrote a new version of the section called "Solitude" (originally called "The Jewish Girl’s Song" in the incidental music) as a song, dedicated to Marian Anderson
• Voces intimae, Op. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Marian Anderson (February 27 1897 – April 8 1993 was an American 56, string quartet (1909)
• Jääkärimarssi (1915)

See also

• Sibelius monument

Notes

References

• Burnett-James, David (1989). Sibelius. London, New York: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0711916837.  
• Pike, Lionel (1978). Beethoven, Sibelius and 'the Profound Logic': Studies in Symphonic Analysis. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 0 485 11178 0.  

Further reading

• Layton, Robert. Sibelius. New York: Schirmer Books, 1993. Master Musicians Series. ISBN 0-02-871322-2.
• Ekman, Karl. "Jean Sibelius, His Life and Personality". New York, Tudor Publishing Co. , 1945.
• Levas, Santeri. Sibelius: a personal portrait. London, Dent, 1972. ISBN 0460039874.
• Tawaststjerna, Erik. "Sibelius". London, Faber & Faber, vol. 1 (1976), vol. 2(1986).
• de Gorog, Lisa (with the collaboration of Ralph de Gorog) "From Sibelius to Sallinen: Finnish Nationalism and the Music of Finland". New York, Greenwood Press, 1989.

• Minnesota Orchestra's showcase concert magazine, May 6, page 44
• Morgan, Robert P. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. [1990]. "Other European Currents", The Norton Introduction to Music History: Twentieth-Century Music, 1st edition, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 121-123. ISBN 0-393-95272-X.  

External links

• Jean Sibelius – the website (English)
• The Sibelius Society of Finland
• UK Sibelius Society
• Films on Jean Sibelius by director Christopher Nupen
• Jean Sibelius Museum
• Virtual Finland – Sibelius
• Ainola – The home of Aino and Jean Sibelius
• Jean Sibelius link collection
• Free Public Domain Score by Sibelius at IMSLP
• Works by or about Jean Sibelius in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Performances of works by Jean Sibelius in MIDI format at Logos Virtual Library
• Program notes to a 2006 performance of Sibelius' Sixth Symphony. WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative
• Contemporary Music on the Finnish Music Information Centre
• Ormandy, Eugene (1962). WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Eugene Ormandy ( November 18, 1899 &ndash March Jean Sibelius: A Reminiscence (HTML). Retrieved on 2006-05-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.

Persondata
NAME	Sibelius, Jean
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Sibelius, Johan (Jean) Julius Christian "Janne"
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Composer of classical music
DATE OF BIRTH	December 8, 1865
PLACE OF BIRTH	Hämeenlinna, Finland
DATE OF DEATH	September 20, 1957
PLACE OF DEATH	Järvenpää, Finland

A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Hämeenlinna Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) History Järvenpää was separated from its parent community Tuusula in 1951. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe.

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