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Jean Moulin's most famous depiction
Jean Moulin's most famous depiction

Jean Moulin (June 20, 1899 – July 8, 1943) was a high-profile member of the French Resistance during World War II. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [1] He is remembered today as an emblem of the Resistance primarily due to his courage and death at the hands of the Germans.

Contents

Before the war

Moulin was born in Béziers, France, and enlisted in the French Army in 1918. Béziers ( Besièrs in Occitan, and Besiers in Catalan) is a town in Languedoc, in the southwest of France. The French Army, officially the Armée de Terre (Land Army is the land-based component of the French Armed Forces and its largest Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common After the war, he resumed his studies and obtained a degree in law in 1924. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He then entered the prefectural administration as chef de cabinet to the deputy of Savoie in 1922, then as sous préfet of Albertville, from 1925 to 1930. Savoie ( Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes ( Rôno-Arpes Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Subprefecture is an Administrative division of a country that is below Prefecture or Province. Albertville ( Arpitan: Arbèrtvile) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Alps in southeastern France Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was France's youngest sous préfet at the time, and was also the youngest préfet in 1930. Subprefecture is an Administrative division of a country that is below Prefecture or Province. A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region.

He married Marguerite Cerruti in September 1926, but the couple divorced in 1928. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In 1930, he was the sous préfet of Châteaulin. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Subprefecture is an Administrative division of a country that is below Prefecture or Province. Châteaulin ( Kastellin in the Breton language) is a commune in the Bretagne region in northwestern France, Sub-prefecture During that time, he also drew political cartoons in the newspaper Le Rire, under the pseudonym Romanin. Le Rire, or "Laughter" was a successful humor Magazine published from October 1894 through the 1950s He also became an illustrator for the poet Tristan Corbière's books, among others he made an etching for La Pastorale de Conlie, a book about the camp of Conlie where many Breton soldiers died in 1870. Tristan Corbière ( July 18, 1845 &ndash March 1, 1875) born Édouard-Joachim Corbière, was a French poet born in Coat-Congar For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. He also made friends with the Breton poets Saint-Pol-Roux in Camaret and Max Jacob in Quimper. Paul-Pierre Roux, called Saint-Pol-Roux ( 15 January 1861, quartier de Saint-Henry Marseille - 18 October 1940, Brest Max Jacob ( July 12, 1876 &ndash March 5, 1944) was a French Poet, painter, Writer, and critic

He became France's youngest préfet in the Aveyron département, in the commune of Rodez, in January 1937. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. Aveyron ( Occitan: Avairon) is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River. In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

During the Spanish Civil War, some believe he supplied arms from the Soviet Union to Spain. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A more commonly accepted version of events is that he supplied French planes to the anti-fascist forces from his place within the Aviation Ministry.

The Resistance

In 1939 Moulin was appointed préfet of the Eure-et-Loir département. A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers The Germans arrested him in June 1940 because he refused to sign a German document that falsely blamed Senegalese French Army troops for civilian massacres. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. In prison, he attempted suicide by cutting his throat with a piece of broken glass. This left him with a scar that he would often hide with a scarf — the image of Jean Moulin remembered nowadays.

In November 1940, the Vichy government ordered all préfets to dismiss left-wing elected mayors of towns and villages. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region. When Moulin refused, he was himself removed from office. He then lived in Saint-Andiol (Bouches-du-Rhône), and joined the resistance. Saint-Andiol ( Sant Andiòu in Occitan) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France. Bouches-du-Rhône ( Occitan: Bocas de Ròse, lit "Mouths of the Rhône River" is a department in the south of France named after the The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Moulin reached London in September 1941 under the name Joseph Jean Mercier, and met General Charles de Gaulle, who asked him to unify the various resistance groups. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French On January 1, 1942, he parachuted into the Alpilles. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chaîne des Alpilles is a small range of mountains in Provence, southern France, located about 20 km (12 miles south of Avignon at Under the codenames Rex and Max, he met with the leaders of the resistance groups:

In his work in the resistance, he was assisted by his private administrative assistant Laure Diebold. Henri Frenay (1905-1988 was a French military officer and French resistance member Combat was a large movement in the French Resistance created in the non-occupied zone of France during the during the Second World War (1939-1945 Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie ( January 9 1900 &mdash June 12 1969) was a French Journalist, politician and member of the The Libération-sud ( French for "Liberation-South" resistance group was established by a group of French people including Emmanuel d'Astier, The phrase francs-tireurs was used to describe Irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871 Pierre Villon ( August 27 1901 in Soultz Haut-Rhin - November 6 1980 in Vallauris, Alpes-Maritimes was a member This article is about the WWII French resistance movement For the French far-right wing political party see Front National. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The National Front ( FN, Front national is a French Far right, Nationalist Political party, founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Pierre Brossolette ( 25 June 1903 &ndash 22 March 1944) was a French socialist journalist and member of French Resistance A secretary is either an administrative assistant in business office administration, or a certain type of mid- or high-level governmental position such as a Laure Diebold, sometimes written Laure Diebolt ( January 10 1915 - October 17 1965) was a high-profile female member of

In February 1943, Moulin went back to London, accompanied by Charles Delestraint, head of the new armée secrète group. Charles Delestraint ( March 12, 1879 - April 19, 1945) was a French general and member of the French Resistance during The Armée secrète, created in 1943, was a organisation of French resistance fighters during World War II set up by Jean Moulin He left on March 21, 1943 with orders to form the Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR), a difficult task since each resistance movement wanted to keep its independence. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Conseil National de la Résistance The first meeting of the CNR took place in Paris on May 27, 1943. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Jean Moulin was arrested June 21, 1943 in Caluire-et-Cuire (Rhône), in the home of Doctor Frédéric Dugoujon, where a meeting with most of the resistance leaders was taking place. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rhône ( Franco-Provençal: Rôno) is a French department located in the central Eastern region of Rhône-Alpes. Interrogated in Lyon by Klaus Barbie, head of the Gestapo there, and later in Paris, he never revealed anything to his captors. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Klaus Barbie ( October 25, 1913 &ndash September 25, 1991) was an SS - Hauptsturmführer, Soldier The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He eventually died near Metz, in the Paris-Berlin train which was taking him to a concentration camp. Metz (mɛs in French) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and Préfecture Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial His death was likely due to injuries suffered either during the torture itself or in a suicide attempt, as Barbie alleged. Moulin's biographer Patrick Marnham supports the latter explanation, though it is widely believed that Barbie personally beat Moulin to death [2].

Controversy

Who betrayed Moulin?

René Hardy was caught and released by the Gestapo. René Hardy (1911-1987 was a French resistant during World War II. The ( contraction of ge heime Sta ats' po' lizei: "Secret State Police" was the official Secret police of Nazi Germany They followed him when he came to the meeting at the doctor's house in Caluire, thus leading the Germans to Jean Moulin. Some believe that this was a deliberate act of treason; others think René Hardy was simply reckless. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation.

Two trials were unable to determine that René Hardy was a traitor, and both concluded that he was innocent. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation.

A recent TV film about the life and death of Jean Moulin depicted René Hardy collaborating with the Gestapo, thus reviving the controversy. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against The Hardy family attempted to bring a lawsuit against the producers of the movie.

There have been many allegations of Communism in the post war years, because some of Moulin's friends were Communists. While these allegations continue, no hard evidence has ever backed up this claim. As préfet, Moulin even ordered the repression of Communist 'agitators' and went so far as to have police keep some under surveillance (Marnham's "The Death of Jean Moulin, Biography of a Ghost," pg 104). A prefect (préfet in France is the State's representative in a department or region.

Marnham looked into the allegations that Moulin was likely to have been a Communist but at each turn finds no evidence to support the accusation (though members of the party could easily have seen him as a 'fellow traveler' due to his Communist friends and support for the anti-fascist forces in Spain).

It has also been suggested, principally in Marnham's biography, that Moulin was betrayed by Communists. Marnham specifically points the finger at Raymond Aubrac and possibly at his wife, Lucie Aubrac. Raymond Aubrac, born 1914 was a member of the French Resistance and husband of Lucie Aubrac. Lucie Samuel née Bernard ( June 29 1912 &ndash March 14 2007) better known as Lucie Aubrac, was a French history He makes the case that Communists did at times betray non-Communists to the Gestapo and that Aubrac has been linked to harsh actions during the purge of collaborators after the war. However, Marnham does not provide evidence to support his theory, a fact which does little to distinguish it from many other theories on this subject.

To counteract the number of baseless (if not downright fictional) accusations leveled at Moulin, his personal secretary during the war, Daniel Cordier, has written an ambitious biography of his former patron. In what has been termed 'The Cordier Revolution,' he has insisted on basing his research on paperwork and other verifiable evidence rather than allow Resistance history to become, as Napoleon might have termed, 'a set of lies agreed upon. ' This decision has also been controversial in that it's sometimes seen as denying the living Resistants the right to be the main witnesses to their own history, instead allowing that history to speak for itself.

The legend

Notes for Malraux's discourse for the transfer of Moulin's ashes to the Panthéon.
Notes for Malraux's discourse for the transfer of Moulin's ashes to the Panthéon.

Moulin was initially buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris His ashes were later transferred to The Panthéon on December 19, 1964. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. The speech that André Malraux, writer and minister of the Republic, gave upon the transfer of his ashes is one of the most famous speeches in French history. André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture

Today, Jean Moulin is used in French education to illustrate civic virtues, moral rectitude and patriotism. He is a symbol of the Resistance. Many schools and a university (Lyon III), as well as innumerable streets and squares, have been named after him, and the Musée Jean Moulin commemorates his life and the Resistance. The Musée Jean Moulin is a museum located in the XIVe arrondissement at 23 Allée de la 2e DB Jardin Atlantique Paris, France.

References

  1. ^ [1] BBC: Jean Moulin (1899 - 1943)'
  2. ^ James V. Milano, Patrick Brogan. Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line : America's Undeclared War Against the Soviets. Potomac Books; 2000, p202

Régine Desforges: Paris, 1977. [Avec lettre-préface de Robert Aron, de l'Académie française]. Robert Aron ( May 25, 1898 - April 19, 1975) was a French Writer who authored a number of works on politics and history ISBN 2-901-98074-0

[En préface le discours de André Malraux]. André Malraux (3 November 1901 – 23 November 1976 was a French Author, adventurer and Statesman, and a dominant figure in French politics and culture ISBN 2-258-01120-5

External links

See also

Lucie Samuel née Bernard ( June 29 1912 &ndash March 14 2007) better known as Lucie Aubrac, was a French history Le Rire, or "Laughter" was a successful humor Magazine published from October 1894 through the 1950s The Musée Jean Moulin is a museum located in the XIVe arrondissement at 23 Allée de la 2e DB Jardin Atlantique Paris, France.
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