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Jean Jaurès.
Jean Jaurès.

Jean Léon Jaurès—full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès—(3 September 1859 – 31 July 1914) was a French Socialist leader. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution He was one of the first social democrats: within the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO), he opposed Jules Guesde's refusal of socialist participation in bourgeois governments. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician [1]

Contents

Early career

The son of an unsuccessful businessman, he was born in Castres (Tarn), and educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and the École normale supérieure. Castres ( Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan language) is a town and commune of Languedoc in south-western France The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (sometimes nicknamed LLG) is a public Secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most demanding in École Normale de Musique de ParisThe École normale supérieure (also known as Normale Sup’, Normale, ENS, ENS-Paris, ENS-Ulm or Jaurès took his degree as associate in philosophy in 1881; after teaching philosophy for two years at the lycée of Albi, he lectured at the University of Toulouse. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the city in Calabria Italy see Albi Italy. Albi is a commune in southern France. The University of Toulouse ' is a consortium of universities and other institutions of higher education and research named after one of the earliest universities established He was elected Republican deputy for the département of Tarn in 1885. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty Chamber of deputies is the name given to a legislative body such as the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature or can refer to a Unicameral legislature In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division In 1889, after unsuccessfully contesting Castres, he returned to his professional duties at Toulouse, where he took an active interest in municipal affairs, and helped to found the medical faculty of the University. Toulouse ( pronounced in standard French, and in the local accent ( Occitan: Tolosa, pronounced) is a city in southwest He also prepared two theses for his doctorate in philosophy, De primis socialismi germanici lineamentis apud Lutherum, Kant, Fichte et Hegel (1891), and De la réalité du monde sensible. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814) was a German philosopher

Rise to prominence

Social democracy  v • d • e 

Jean Jaurès was initially a moderate republican, opposed to both radicalism (such as that of Georges Clemenceau) and socialism. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European Orthodox Marxism is the term used to describe the version of Marxism which emerged after the death of Karl Marx and acted as the official philosophy of the The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures The Third Way is a term that has been used to describe a variety of political philosophies of governance that embracing a mix of market and interventionist philosophies Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of Legal rights and claimed Human rights having to do with Labor relations between Workers thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. This article refers specifically to the Welfare state of the United Kingdom. A mixed economy is an Economic system that incorporates aspects of more than one economic system Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. This is a list of parties in the world that consider themselves to be upholding the principles and values of Social democracy. Socialist International is a worldwide organization of socialist ( social democratic and labour) political parties The Party of European Socialists (PES is a European political party comprising of thirty-three socialist, social democratic and labour Inaugural Congress The founding and first congress of the ITUC was held November 1 - 3 2006 in Vienna Eduard Bernstein ( January 6 1850 December 18 1932) was a German social democratic theoretician and ( 23 November 1860 – 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician Friedrich Ebert ( February 4, 1871 February 28, 1925) was a German Politician ( SPD) who served as André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. Karl Kautsky ( October 16 1854 - October 17 1938) was a leading theoretician of Social democracy. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 Thomas Clement "Tommy" Douglas, PC, CC, SOM ( October 20, 1904 – February 24, 1986) was a Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist He developed into a socialist during the late 1880s.

In 1892 he gave energetic support to the miners of Carmaux who went out on strike in consequence of the dismissal of a socialist workman, Calvignac; the next year, Jaurès was re-elected to the Chamber as deputy for Albi. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Carmaux is a commune of the Tarn department, in France. Demographics Residents of Carmaux Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. Although he was defeated at the election of 1898 and was for four years outside the Chamber, his eloquent speeches made him a force in politics as an intellectual champion of Socialism. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He edited La Petite Republique, and was one of the most energetic defenders of Alfred Dreyfus (during the Dreyfus Affair that marked a major conflict between Right and Left). Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 &ndash 12 July 1935 was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities He approved of the inclusion of Alexandre Millerand, the socialist, in the René Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet, though this led to a split with the more revolutionary section led by Jules Guesde. Alexandre Millerand (10 February 1859 - 7 April 1943 was a French socialist Politician. Early Modern France Chief Ministers of the French Kings Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal Richelieu 1624-1642 Jules Cardinal Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician

SFIO leadership

Jaurès haranguing workers under a red flag.
Jaurès haranguing workers under a red flag. Red flags can signify a warning Martial law, defiance or Left-wing politics

In 1902 Jaurès was again returned as deputy for Albi, and during the Combes administration his influence secured the coherence of the Radical-Socialist coalition known as the Bloc des gauches. Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Radical Party ( Parti Radical, Rad also known as Parti radical valoisien) is a liberal and centrist political party in France  The Bloc des gauches ("Left-Wings' Block" or "Coalition of the Left-Wings" aka Bloc républicain (Republican Block was a coalition of In 1904, he founded the socialist paper L'Humanité. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the The French socialist groups held a Congress at Rouen in March 1905, which resulted in a new consolidation; the new party, headed by Jaurès and Guesde, ceased to co-operate with the Radical groups, and became known as the Parti Socialiste Unifié (PSU), pledged to advance a collectivist programme. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Collectivism is a term used to describe any moral political or social outlook that stresses human Interdependence and the importance of a Collective, rather than All the socialist movements unified the same year in the Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO), the French section of the Second International. The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. In the general elections of 1906, Jaurès was again elected for the Tarn.

His ability was now generally recognized, but the strength of the SFIO still had to reckon with the vigorous radicalism of Georges Clemenceau, who was able to appeal to his countrymen (in a notable speech in the spring of 1906) to rally to a Radical programme which had no socialist ideas in view, although Clemenceau was sensitive to the conditions of the working class. Ultra-left|Radical left|Radicalism (historical|Hard left Far left and extreme left are terms used to discuss the position a group or person occupies within a Political spectrum Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist Clemenceau's image as a strong and practical Radical leader considerably diminished the popularity of the socialists. Jaurès, in addition to his daily journalistic activity, published Les preuves; Affaire Dreyfus (1900); Action socialiste (1899); Etudes socialistes (1902), and, with other collaborators, Histoire socialiste (1901), etc.

Pacifism

The Assassination of Jean Jaurès (Lithograph by Camille Ravot, 1915)
The Assassination of Jean Jaurès (Lithograph by Camille Ravot, 1915)

Jaurès was a committed antimilitarist who tried to use diplomatic means to prevent what became the First World War. Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All He promoted an understanding between France and Germany. As conflict became imminent, he tried to organise general strikes in France and Germany in order to force the governments to back down and negotiate. A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification This proved difficult, however, as many Frenchmen sought revenge for their country's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and the return of the lost Alsace-Lorraine territory. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871

On 31 July 1914 Jaurès was assassinated in a Paris café by Raoul Villain, a young French nationalist. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Raoul Villain (1885-1936 was a French nationalist primarily remembered for his assassination of the French Socialist leader The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Villain was tried after World War I and acquitted. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Ten years after his death, Jaurès' remains were transferred to the Panthéon. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter

In popular culture

References

Notes

  1. ^ See the 26 November 1900 debate between Jules Guesde and Jaurès. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (French)
  2. ^ IMDb Character name search

Further reading

External links

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