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Jean Astruc (Sauves, Auvergne, March 19, 1684 - Paris, May 5, 1766) was a famous professor of medicine at Montpellier and Paris, who wrote the first great treatise on syphilis and venereal diseases, and also, with a small anonymously published book, played a fundamental part in the origins of critical textual analysis of works of scripture. Auvergne ( Occitan: Auvèrnhe/Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a Province of Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans Astruc was the first to demonstrate—using the techniques of textual analysis that were commonplace in studying the secular classics— the theory that Genesis was composed based on several sources or manuscript traditions, an approach that is called the documentary hypothesis.

Contents

Life

The son of a Protestant minister who had converted to Catholicism (although the House of Astruc was of medieval Jewish origin), Astruc was educated at Montpellier, one of the great schools of medicine in early modern Europe. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described Astruc is a Surname and may refer to Abba Mari (13th century French rabbi who tool the name Astruc Alexandre Astruc (born PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. His dissertation and first publication, submitted when he was only 19, is on decomposition, and contains many references to recent research on the lungs by Thomas Willis and Robert Boyle. Thomas Willis ( 27 January 1621 &ndash 11 November 1675) was an English doctor who played an important part in the history of Robert Boyle was a Natural philosopher, chemist physicist inventor and early Gentleman scientist, noted for his work in Physics and Chemistry After teaching medicine at Montpellier he became a member of the medical faculty at the University of Paris. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century His numerous medical writings, or materials for the history of medical education at Montpellier, are now forgotten, but the work published by him anonymously in 1753 has secured for him a permanent reputation. This book, brought out anonymously in 1753, was entitled Conjectures sur les mémoires originauz dont il paroit que Moyse s'est servi pour composer le livre de la Génèse. Avec des remarques qui appuient ou qui éclaircissent ces conjectures ("Conjectures on the original documents that Moses appears to have used in composing the Book of Genesis. With remarks that support or throw light upon these conjectures"). The title cautiously gives the place of publication as Brussels, safely beyond the reach of French authorities. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Not all the 18th century books that declare that they were printed at Amsterdam or Geneva, to cite two other familiar imprints, were actually printed outside France. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking It was a safeguard.

Indeed a safeguard was required. The forcible "re-Catholicization" of Astruc's Languedoc homeland in the frame of the Counter-Reformation, when the Protestant "Camisards" were being deported or sent to the galleys, was a very recent memory. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Camisards were French Protestants ( Huguenots) of the rugged and isolated Cevennes region of south-central France, who raised an insurrection against In Astruc's own times the writers of the Encyclopédie were working under great pressure and in secret, for Catholic Church did not offer a tolerant atmosphere for biblical criticism. Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers (Encyclopedia or a systematic dictionary of the sciences arts and crafts was a general This article is about the academic treatment of the bible as a historical document This was somewhat ironic, for Astruc saw himself as fundamentally a supporter of orthodoxy; his unorthodoxy lay not in denying Mosaic authorship of Genesis, but in his defence of it. Mosaic authorship is the traditional ascription to Moses of the authorship of the five books of the Torah or Pentateuch - Genesis, In the previoius century scholars such as Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza had drawn up long lists inconsistencies and contradictions and anachronisms in the Torah, and used these to argue that Moses could not have been the author of the entire five books. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Astruc was outraged by this "sickness of the last century", and determined to use modern 18th century scholarship to refute that of the 17th. Using methods already well established in the study of the Classics for sifting and assessing differing manuscripts, he drew up parallel columns and assigned verses to each of them according to what he had noted as the defining features of the text of Genesis: whether a verse used the term "YHWH" (Yahweh) or the term "Elohim" for God, and whether it had a doublet (another telling of the same incident, as for example the two accounts of the creation of man, and the two accounts of Sarah being taken by a foreign king). Astruc found four documents in Genesis, which he arranged in four columns, declaring that this was how Moses had originally written his book, in the image of the four Gospels of the New Testament, and that a later writer had combined them into a single work, creating the repetitions and inconsistencies which Hobbes, Spinoza and others had noted. [1]

Astruc's work was taken up by a succession of German scholars, the intellectual climate in Germany then being more conducive to scholarly freedom, and in their hands formed the foundation of modern critical exegisis of the Old and New Testaments.

References

  1. ^ Gordon Wenham, "Exploring the Old Testament: Volume 1: The Pentateuch" (2003), p. 62-63

Sources

Further reading

See also

Preformationism is the theory that all Organisms were created at the same time and that succeeding generations grow from homunculi, Animalcules or other
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