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Duc de Dalmatie
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
In office
October 11, 1832 – July 18, 1834
Preceded by Casimir Pierre Perier
Succeeded by Comte Gérard
In office
May 12, 1839 – March 1, 1840
Preceded by Louis, comte Molé
Succeeded by Adolphe Thiers
In office
October 29, 1840 – September 19, 1847
Preceded by Adolphe Thiers
Succeeded by François Guizot
Born March 29, 1769(1769-03-29)
Died November 26, 1851 (aged 82)
Political party None

Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult,[1] 1st Duc de Dalmatie (March 29, 1769 – November 26, 1851), the Hand of Iron,[2] was a French general and statesman, named Marshal of the Empire in 1804. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Étienne Maurice Gérard, Comte Gérard (4 April 1773 17 April 1852 was a French General and statesman The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Louis Mathieu comte Molé (24 January 1781 - 23 November 1855 was a French Statesman Biography Molé was born in Paris. Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Louis-Adolphe fr Thiers ( Marseille, 16 April 1797&ndash3 September 1877 was a French politician and Historian. François Pierre Guillaume Guizot (4 October 1787 -12 September 1874 was a French Historian, Orator, and Statesman. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Marshal of France (Maréchal de France and pl Maréchaux de France is a military distinction in contemporary France, not a Military rank. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He was one of only six officers in French history to receive the distinction of Marshal General of France. The title Marshal General of France or more exactly "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies" ( maréchal général des camps et armées du roi) was given to He also served as Prime Minister of France three times. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers

Contents

Biography

Soult was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now Saint-Amans-Soult near Castres in the Tarn département), the son of a country notary of that city Jean Soult (1726 – 1779) and wife Brigitte de Grenier, paternal grandson of Jean Soult (1698 – 1772) and wife Jeanne de Calvet and maternal grandson of Pierre François de Grenier de Lapierre and wife Marie de Robert. Saint-Amans-Soult is a village and commune in the Tarn département of France. Castres ( Castras in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan language) is a town and commune of Languedoc in south-western France In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Civil law notaries are trained Jurists who often receive the same training as advocating jurists &mdash those with a legal education who become litigators such as Barristers Year 1726 ( MDCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a

He married Jeanne Louise Elisabeth Berg, who died at the Château de Soult-Berg on 22 March 1852, daughter of Jean Berg and wife Wilhelmine Mumm, by whom he had issue extinct in male line in 1857. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the

Early military career

He was fairly well-educated, and intended for the bar, but his father's death when he was still a boy made it necessary for him to seek his fortune, and he enlisted as a private in the French infantry in 1785. His superior education ensured his promotion to the rank of sergeant after six years' service, and in July 1791 he became instructor to the first battalion of volunteers of the Bas-Rhin. Bas-Rhin is a ''département'' of France. The name means "Lower Rhine " He served with his battalion in 1792. By 1794 he was adjutant-general (with the rank of chef de brigade). After the Battle of Fleurus (1794), in which he greatly distinguished himself for coolness, he was promoted to general of brigade by the representatives on mission. In the Battle of Fleurus ( June 26, 1794) French forces under Jourdan defeated an Austrian army under Saxe-Cobourg in one

For the next five years he was constantly employed in Germany under Jourdan, Moreau, Kléber and Lefebvre, and in 1799 he was promoted general of division and ordered to proceed to Switzerland. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Comte Jourdan ( April 29, 1762 &ndash November 23, 1833) was a Marshal of France. Jean Victor Marie Moreau ( February 14, 1763 &ndash September 2, 1813) was a French general who helped Napoleon Bonaparte Jean Baptiste Kléber ( 9 March, 1753 &ndash 14 June, 1800) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. François Joseph Lefebvre, 1st Duc de Dantzig ( 25 October, 1755 &ndash 14 September, 1820) was Marshal of France Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation It was at this time that he laid the foundations of his military fame, and he particularly distinguished himself in Masséna's great Swiss campaign, and especially at the Second Battle of Zurich. The Second Battle of Zürich (25–26 September 1799 was a French victory over an Austrian and Russian force near Zürich. He accompanied Masséna to Genoa, and acted as his principal lieutenant throughout the protracted siege of that city, during which he operated with a detached force without the walls, and after many successful actions he was wounded and taken prisoner at Monte Cretto on April 13, 1800. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday.

Marshal of the Empire

Soult.
Soult.

The victory of Marengo restored his freedom, and Soult received the command of the southern part of the kingdom of Naples, and in 1802 he was appointed one of the four generals commanding the consular guard. In the Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Though he was one of those generals who had served under Moreau, and who therefore, as a rule, disliked and despised Napoleon Bonaparte, Soult had the wisdom to show his devotion to the ruling power; in consequence he was in August 1803 appointed to the command-in-chief of the camp of Boulogne, and in May 1804 he was made one of the first marshals of the Empire. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people Boulogne-sur-Mer ( Bonen in Dutch is a City in Northern France. He commanded a corps in the advance on Ulm, and at Austerlitz he led the decisive attack on the allied centre. Ulm (ˈʊlm is a City in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube. The Battle of Austerlitz (Bitva u Slavkova also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories effectively destroying the

Soult played a great part in all the famous battles of the Grande Armée, including the Battle of Jena in 1806. The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name Auerstädt were fought on October 14, 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale However, he missed the Battle of Friedland because on that day he forced his way into Königsberg. The Battle of Friedland ( June 14, 1807) saw Napoleon's French army decisively defeat Bennigsen's Russian army about twenty-seven Miles Königsberg (Karaliaučius Low German: Königsbarg; Królewiec see also other names) was until 1946 the name of Kaliningrad. After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit, he returned to France and was created (1808) duke of Dalmatia. The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland in the town of Tilsit Dalmatia ( Croatian: Dalmacija, see names in other languages) is a region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, situated mostly in modern The award of this title greatly displeased him, for he felt that his proper title would be duke of Austerlitz, a title Napoleon had reserved for himself. In the following year he was appointed to the command of the II corps of the army with which Napoleon intended to conquer Spain, and after winning the Battle of Gamonal he was detailed by the emperor to pursue Sir John Moore's British army. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Sir John Moore, KB (13 November 1761 &ndash 16 January 1809 was a British soldier and General At the Battle of Corunna, in which the British general was killed, Soult was defeated and the British escaped by sea. The Battle of Corunna (or La Corunna, A Coruña, La Coruña, or Elviña) on January 16 1809, was an attack by 16000

For the next four years Soult remained in Spain, and his military history is that of the Peninsular War. The Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence pitted an alliance of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal against France In 1809, he invaded Portugal and took Oporto, but was isolated by General Silveira's strategy of contention. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. In the First Battle of Porto ( March 28 1809) the French under Marshal Soult completely defeated the Portuguese under General Silveira is a parish ( Freguesia) in the municipality of Torres Vedras in Portugal. Busying himself with the political settlement of his conquests in the French interests and, as he hoped, for his own ultimate benefit as a possible candidate for the Portuguese throne, he attracted the hatred of Republican officers in his Army. Unable to move, he was eventually driven from Portugal in the Second Battle of Porto by Arthur Wellesley, making a painful and almost disastrous retreat over the mountains, pursued by Beresford and Silveira. In the (Second Battle of Oporto (or the Battle of the Douro) General Arthur Wellesley 's British army took the city of Porto defeating Marshal Nicolas Soult Arthur Wellesley may refer to Dukes of Wellington and their relatives and heirs Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington ("the" Duke of After the Battle of Talavera (1809) he was made chief-of-staff of the French troops in Spain with extended powers, and on November 19, 1809, won a great victory at the Battle of Ocana. The Battle of Talavera ( July 27 &ndash 28, 1809) was a bloody yet inconclusive battle seventy miles southwest of Madrid, Spain Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In the Battle of Ocana or Ocaña ( November 19, 1809) French forces under Marshal Soult and King Joseph Bonaparte

In 1810 he invaded Andalusia, which he speedily reduced. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area However, because he turned aside to seize Seville, the capture of Cádiz eluded him. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight He said, "Give me Seville and I will answer for Cádiz. "[3] This led to the prolonged and futile Siege of Cadiz, a strategic disaster for the French. The siege of Cádiz was a siege of the large Spanish naval base by the French army from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812 In 1811 he marched north into Extremadura and took Badajoz. Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. Badajoz - (IPA, formerly written Badajos in English the capital of the Spanish province of Badajoz in the autonomous community When the Anglo-Portuguese army laid siege to the city he marched to its rescue, and fought and nearly won the famous and very bloody Battle of Albuera on May 16. The Battle of Albuera (16 May 1811 was an indecisive battle during the Peninsular War. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.

In 1812, after the Duke of Wellington's great victory of Salamanca, he was obliged to evacuate Andalusia. Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c The Battle of Salamanca saw an Anglo - Portuguese army under General Arthur Wellesley defeat Marshal Auguste Marmont 's French In the subsequent Siege of Burgos campaign, Soult was able to drive Wellington's Anglo-Allied army back to Salamanca. At the Siege of Burgos September 19 to October 21, 1812, the Anglo-Portuguese army led by General Marquess of Wellington failed to capture There, Soult failed to attack Wellington despite a 80,000 to 65,000 superiority of numbers, and the British army retired to the Portuguese frontier. [4] Soon after, he was recalled from Spain at the request of Joseph Bonaparte, with whom, as with the other marshals, he had always disagreed. Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure

In March 1813 he assumed the command of IV Corps of the Grande Armée and commanded the centre at Lützen and Bautzen, but he was soon sent, with unlimited powers, to the South of France to repair the damage done by the great defeat of Vitoria. Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the Battle of Lützen ( May 2, 1813) Napoleon lured a combined Prussian and Russian force into a trap halting the advances This is about the battle in 1813 For the World War II battle see Battle of Bautzen (1945 In the Battle of Bautzen ( 20 - 21 May In the Battle of Vitoria ( June 21 1813) General Arthur Wellesley Marquess of Wellington, and his Portuguese and Spanish allies finally His campaign there is the finest proof of his talents as a general, although he was repeatedly defeated by the Allies under Wellington, for his soldiers were but raw conscripts, while the Allies were the veterans of many campaigns. His last offensives into Spain were turned back by Wellington in the Battle of the Pyrenees (Sorauren) and by Freire's Spaniards at San Marcial. The Battle of the Pyrenees was a large-scale offensive launched on 25 July 1813 by Marshal Nicolas Soult from the Pyrénées region on Napoleon’s The Battle of Sorauren was part of a series of engagements in late July 1813 called the Battle of the Pyrenees in which a combined British and Manuel Alberto Freire de Andrade y Armijo ( November 4, 1765 or 1767 &ndash March 7, 1834 or 1835 was a Spanish Cavalry At the Battle of San Marcial, August 31, 1813, the Spanish Army of Galicia under General Freire turned back Marshal Nicolas Soult Pursued onto French soil, Soult was maneuvered out of several positions at Nivelle, Nive, and Orthez, before dealing Wellington a final bloody blow at Toulouse. The Battle of Nivelle ( November 10, 1813) took place in front of the River Nivelle near the end of the Peninsular War (1808-1814 The Battles of the Nive (9-13 December 1813 were fought towards the end of the Peninsular War. The Battle of Orthez ( February 27, 1814) saw Field Marshall Arthur Wellesley's (Marquess of Wellington Anglo-Portuguese army defeat a French The Battle of Toulouse ( April 10 1814) was one of the final battles of the Napoleonic Wars, four days after Napoleon 's surrender of

Political career

Caricature of Soult by Honoré Daumier, 1832.
Caricature of Soult by Honoré Daumier, 1832. Honoré Daumier ( February 26, 1808 &ndash February 10, 1879) was a French Printmaker, Caricaturist,

Such was the military career of Marshal Soult. His political career was by no means as creditable, and it has been said of him that he had character only in the face of the enemy. After the first abdication of Napoleon (1814) he declared himself a Royalist, received the order of St. Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation Louis, and acted as minister of war from December 3, 1814 to March 11, 1815. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty When Napoleon returned from Elba, Soult at once declared himself a Bonapartist, was made a peer of France and acted as major-general (chief of staff) to the emperor in the campaign of Waterloo, in which role he distinguished himself far less than he had done as commander of an over-matched army. Elba (Ilva is an island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino. Peerage of France (Pairie de France was a distinction within the French nobility which appeared in the Middle Ages. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium

At the Second Restoration (1815) he was exiled, but not for long, for in 1819 he was recalled and in 1820 again made a marshal of France. He once more tried to show himself a fervent Royalist and was made a peer in 1827. After the revolution of 1830 he made out that he was a partisan of Louis Philippe, who welcomed his support and revived for him the title of marshal-general (previously only held by Turenne, Claude Louis Hector de Villars and Maurice de Saxe). The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Louis Philippe ( 6 October 1773 &ndash 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne Vicomte de Turenne, often called simply Turenne ( September 11 1611 &ndash July 27 1675) was Claude Louis Hector de Villars Prince de Martigues Marquis and Duc de Villars and Vicomte de Melun ( May 8, 1653 – June 17, 1734) was the Maurice comte de Saxe (Moritz Graf von Sachsen 28 October, 1696 &ndash 20 November, 1750) was a French general who was Marshal He served as minister of war from 1830 to 1834, as Prime Minister from 1832 to 1834, as ambassador extraordinary to London for the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838 - where the Duke of Wellington reputedly caught him by the arm and exclaimed 'I have you at last!', again as Prime Minister from 1839 to 1840 and 1840 to 1847, and again as minister of war from 1840 to 1844. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland In 1848, when Louis Philippe was overthrown, Soult again declared himself a republican.

He died at his castle of Soultberg, near his birthplace.

Works

Soult, himself, wrote but little. He published a memoir justifying his adherence to Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and his notes and journals were arranged by his son Napoleon Hector (1801-1857), who published the first part (Mémoires du maréchal-général Soult) in 1854. The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration Le Noble's Mémoires sur les operations des Français en Galicie are supposed to have been written from Soult's papers.

Commentary

Soult excelled as a military strategist. An example was his drive to cut off Wellington's British army from Portugal after Talavera, which nearly succeeded. Though repeatedly defeated by Wellington in 1813-1814, he conducted a clever defense against one of history's military geniuses.

Soult's armies were usually well maintained before going into battle. After Vitoria, he reorganized the demoralized French forces of Joseph Bonaparte into a formidable army in a remarkably short time. An exception to this good logistical record was launching the Battle of the Pyrenees offensive when his soldiers only had four days rations.

Tactically, Soult planned his battles well, but often left too much to his subordinates. An example is at Albuera, where he brilliantly turned Beresford's flank to open the battle. La Albuera is a Spanish village 12 miles southeast of Badajoz. But when he found himself facing unexpected opposition from Spanish and British troops, Soult allowed his generals to adopt a clumsy attack formation, failed to act decisively and was finally beaten. [5] Another example of his strengths and weaknesses can be seen at the battle of the Nive. Soult recognized Wellington's strategic dilemma and took advantage by launching surprise attacks on both wings of the Anglo-Allied army. But French tactical execution was poor and the British general managed to fend off Soult's blows. Sloppy staff work marred his tenure as Napoleon's chief-of-staff in the Waterloo campaign.

Soult allowed his personal ambitions to distract him from his military duty. Greed and ambition caused him to pass up a golden opportunity to take Cádiz. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight While occupying northern Portugal, his intrigues earned him the nickname, "King Nicolas. " Later, he set himself up as a virtual viceroy of Andalusia, looting 1. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area 5 million francs worth of art. [6] One historian called him "a plunderer in the world class. The Plunderer is a Fictional character, owned by Marvel Comics who exists in that company's Shared universe, known as the Marvel Universe "[7]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Many sources give Soult's first name as Nicolas, but that does not appear on his birth certificate. R. Hayman, Soult--Napoleon's Maligned Marshal (London 1990), opposite p. 96.
  2. ^ Adversaries
  3. ^ Glover, p. 118.
  4. ^ Glover, p. 218.
  5. ^ Chandler-Griffith, p. 468.
  6. ^ Chandler-Griffith, p. 469.
  7. ^ Glover, p. 39.
Preceded by
Casimir Pierre Perier		 Prime Minister of France
1832-1834		 Succeeded by
Comte Gérard
Preceded by
Comte Molé		 Prime Minister of France
1839-1840		 Succeeded by
Adolphe Thiers
Preceded by
Adolphe Thiers		 Prime Minister of France
1840-1847		 Succeeded by
François Guizot

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