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"Marat" redirects here. For other uses, see Marat (disambiguation).
Jean-Paul Marat

Born May 24, 1743
Boudry, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Died July 13, 1793
Nationality Swiss
Occupation Scientist, Physician
Parents Jean Mara, Louise Cabrol

Jean-Paul Marat (May 24, 1743 – July 13, 1793), was a Swiss-born French physician, philosopher, political theorist and scientist best known as a radical journalist and politician from the French Revolution. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Boudry is the capital of the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Neuchâtel ( literally: New Castle in Old French) is the Capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an His journalism was renowned for its fiery character and uncompromising stance towards the new government, "enemies of the revolution" and basic reforms for the poorest members of society. His persistent persecution, consistent voice, high intelligence and uncanny predictive powers brought him the trust of the people and made him the main bridge between them and the radical Jacobin group that came to power in June 1793. For two short months, leading up to the downfall of the Girondin faction in June, he was one of the three most important men in France, alongside Danton and Robespierre. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Georges Jacques Danton ( October 26, 1759 &ndash April 5, 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) He was stabbed to death in his bathtub by the Girondin sympathizer Charlotte Corday. A bath (bɑθ bathtub ( AmE) or Tub ( informal) is a Plumbing fixture used for Bathing. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ( July 27, 1768 – July 17, 1793) known to history as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the

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Scientist and physician

Marat was born in Switzerland, at Boudry in the principality of Neuchâtel, on May 24, 1743, the eldest child of Jean Mara, (Giovanni Mara), a native of Cagliari in Sardinia, and Louise Cabrol of Geneva. Boudry is the capital of the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Neuchâtel ( literally: New Castle in Old French) is the Capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1743 ( MDCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking His father was a Mercedarian "commendator" and religious refugee who converted to Calvinism in Geneva; his mother was a Huguenot. The Royal Celestial and Military Order of Our Lady of Mercy and the Redemption of the Captives is a Roman Catholic religious order established in 1218 by St The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth At the age of 16, aware of the limited opportunities for outsiders (his highly educated father was turned down for several teaching posts), Marat set off on his travels. After spending two years in Bordeaux as a private tutor, he settled briefly in Paris before moving to London, where he studied medicine and practised informally as a doctor. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city He also published several philosophical and medical works. [1]

His first published work, written in English and later published in his native French in Amsterdam, was a Philosophical Essay on Man (1772), which demonstrates extensive knowledge of English, French, German, Italian and Spanish philosophers. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. His essay attacked the materialist philosopher Helvétius, who in his De l'Esprit ("On the Mind", 1758) reduced all Man's faculties to physical sensation alone and his actions as motivated by self-interest alone. Claude Adrien Helvétius (26 February 1715&ndash26 December 1771 was a French Philosopher and Litterateur. His professed belief that philosophy had no need for science was refuted by Marat who argued that a knowledge of physiology could solve the eternal problem of the mind-body connection and the location of the soul, which he argued was found in the meninges. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical The meninges (singular meninx) is the system of membranes which envelops the Central nervous system. Voltaire's sharp critique (in defense of his friend Helvétius) brought the young Marat to wider attention for the first time and only helped reinforce Marat's growing sense of division between the materialists, grouped around Voltaire on one side, and their opponents, grouped around Rousseau on the other. François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Claude Adrien Helvétius (26 February 1715&ndash26 December 1771 was a French Philosopher and Litterateur. François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French [2]

After London, Marat came in 1770 to Newcastle, where he practiced for three years as a veterinary surgeon, though he is said to have accommodated humans also. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Marat's first overtly political work Chains of Slavery published in Newcastle in 1774, was probably written there. By his own highly-coloured account, Marat had lived on black coffee and slept only two hours a night before completing the 65 chapters in three months - and had then slept for 13 days. The book is in English, which Marat knew well, though it relies heavily on earlier works. It purports to be: 'A work in which the clandestine and villainous attempts of Princes to ruin Liberty are pointed out, and the dreadful scenes of Despotism disclosed. ' It earned him honorary membership of the patriotic societies of Berwick, Carlisle and Newcastle. Carlisle (pronounced CARLYLE(emphasis on the first syllable is a City in northern England the largest settlement in Cumbria. The Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society Library possesses a copy, and Tyne and Wear Archives Service holds three presented to various of the Newcastle guilds. Tyne and Wear Archives Service (TWAS is the record office for the cities and metropolitan districts of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, Gateshead,

An essay on gleets (gonorrhea) probably helped him to secure an honorary medical degree from St. Andrews University in 1775. Gonorrhea (also gonorrhoea) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is a common Sexually transmitted disease. The University of St Andrews is the oldest University in Scotland and third oldest in the English-speaking world, having been founded between On his return to London he published an Enquiry into the Nature, Cause, and Cure of a Singular Disease of the Eyes. In 1776, he moved to Paris via a brief stopover in Geneva to visit his family. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Here his reputation as a highly effective doctor, along with the patronage of his mistress and former patient, the Marquise de l'Aubespine, secured him a position as physician to the bodyguard of the comte d'Artois (afterwards Charles X of France) in 1777, which paid 2,000 livres a year plus allowances. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated The livre was the currency of France until 1795 Several different livres existed some concurrently

Marat was soon in great demand as a court doctor among the aristocracy and he used his new-found wealth to set up a laboratory in his mistress's house. Soon he was publishing works on fire/heat, electricity and light. Even Brissot, in his Mémoires, admitted Marat's influence in the scientific world of Paris. Jacques Pierre Brissot (15 January 1754 &ndash 31 October 1793 who assumed the name of de Warville, was a leading member of the Girondist movement during the However, when he presented his scientific researches to the Académie des Sciences, they were not approved and he failed to be accepted as a member. The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the In particular, the academicians were appalled by his temerity in disagreeing with the great (and hitherto uncriticized) Newton. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Marat wrote to Benjamin Franklin who visited him on several occasions. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Goethe always regarded his rejection by the academy as a glaring example of scientific despotism. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer

In 1780 Marat published a Plan de législation criminelle, inspired by the work of Beccaria. Beccaria redirects here This article is about the philosopher and politician In April 1786 he resigned his court appointment and, over the next few years, completed a new translation of Newton's Opticks (1787) and Mémoires académiques, ou nouvelles découvertes sur la lumière. Opticks is a book written by English physicist Isaac Newton that was released to the public in 1704. ("Academic memoirs, or new discoveries about light," 1788), a collection of essays including a study on the effect of light on soap bubbles.

The Friend of the People

On the eve of the French Revolution, Marat placed his career as a scientist and doctor behind him and took up his pen on behalf of the Third Estate. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages After 1788, when the Parlement of Paris and other Notables advised the assembling of the Estates-General for the first time in over 150 years, Marat devoted himself entirely to politics. This article is for the Ancien Régime institution For the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution see French Parliament. The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (Les États-Généraux de 1789 was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General [3] His Offrande à la patrie ("Offering to the Nation") dwelt on much the same points as the Abbé Sieyès' famous "Qu'est-ce que le Tiers État?" ("What is the Third Estate?") When the Estates-General met, in June 1789, he published a supplement to his Offrande, followed in July by La constitution ("The Constitution") and in September by the Tableau des vices de la constitution d'Angleterre ("Tableau of the flaws of the English constitution") intended to influence the structure of a constitution for France. The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity The latter work was presented to the National Constituent Assembly and was an anti-oligarchic dissent from the anglomania that was gripping that body. The National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment

In September 1789, Marat began his own paper, which was at first called Moniteur patriote ("Patriotic Watch"), changed four days later to Publiciste parisien, and then finally L'Ami du peuple ("The Friend of the People"). L'Ami du peuple (The Friend of the People was a Newspaper written by Jean-Paul Marat during the French Revolution. From this position, he expressed suspicion of all those in power, and dubbed them "enemies of the people". The term enemy of the people is a fluid designation of political or class opponents of the group using the term Although Marat never joined a specific faction during the Revolution, he condemned several sides in his L'Ami du peuple, and reported their alleged disloyalties (until he was proven wrong or they were proven guilty).

Marat often attacked the most influential and powerful groups in France, including the Corps Municipal, the Constituent Assembly, the ministers, and the Cour du Châtelet. In January 1790, he moved to the radical Cordeliers section, then under the leadership of the up-and-coming lawyer Danton, and was nearly arrested for his aggressive campaign against the Marquis de La Fayette, and was forced to flee to London, where he wrote his Denonciation contre Necker ("Denunciation of Jacques Necker"), an attack on Louis XVI's popular Finance Minister. The Cordeliers, also known as the Club of the Cordeliers and formally as the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen comprised a populist Jacques Necker ( September 30, 1732 &ndash April 9, 1804) was a French statesman of Swiss origin and finance Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre In May he returned to Paris to continue the publication of L'Ami du peuple, and attacked many of France's most powerful citizens. Fearing reprisal, Marat was forced to hide in the Catacombs, where he almost certainly aggravated a debilitating chronic skin disease (scrofula). The Catacombs of Paris or Catacombes de Paris are a famous underground ossuary in Paris, France. Scrofula ( scrophula or struma) is any of a variety of Skin diseases in particular a form of Tuberculosis, affecting the Lymph nodes

Marat, long a supporter of the abolition of the Bourbon Monarchy, subsequently attacked more moderate revolutionary leaders. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. In July 1790, he wrote:

“ Five or six hundred heads cut off would have assured your repose, freedom and happiness. A false humanity has held your arms and suspended your blows; because of this, millions of your brothers will lose their lives. ”

Events

Marat placed his hopes in the Constituent Assembly, but lost faith in the actions of the Legislative Assembly. Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a Legislature, or to one of its chambers.

Around March 1792, he married 27 year old Simone Évrard, the sister-in-law of Jean Antoine Corne, the typographer of L'Ami du peuple.

During that time, Marat was frequently criticized, and went into hiding until The August 10 Insurrection, when the Tuileries Palace was besieged and the Royal Family sheltered with the Legislative Assembly. The Palais des Tuileries was a royal Palace in Paris. It stood on the right bank of the River Seine until 1871, when it was destroyed This was partly caused by the proclamation by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg which called for the crushing of the Revolution, and served to inflame sentiments in Paris. Charles William Ferdinand Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel-Bevern ( Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Herzog zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg Fürst von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern

The National Convention

Although still without party affiliation, Marat was elected to the National Convention in September 1792 to represent the people of France. During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly When France was declared a Republic on September 22, Marat stopped printing L'Ami du peuple, and, three days later, began the Journal de la république française ("Journal of the French Republic"). The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Much like L’Ami du peuple, it criticized many of France's political figures, and made Marat almost uniquely unpopular with his fellow members of the Convention.

Triomphe de Marat: a popular engraving of Marat borne away by a joyous crowd following his acquittal
Triomphe de Marat: a popular engraving of Marat borne away by a joyous crowd following his acquittal

His stance during the trial of the deposed king Louis XVI was also unique. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre He declared it unfair to accuse Louis for anything anterior to his acceptance of the French Constitution, and, although implacably committed to his idea of securing the people's good through the monarch's death, he would not allow Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, the king's counsel, to be attacked in his paper, and spoke of him as a "sage et respectable vieillard (wise and respectable old man). The short-lived French Constitution of 1791 was the first written Constitution of France. Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, often referred to as Malesherbes or Lamoignon-Malesherbes ( December 6, 1721 &ndash "

On January 21, 1793, King Louis was guillotined, an episode which created political turmoil; from January to May, Marat fought bitterly with the Girondins, whom he believed to be covert enemies of republicanism. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty The Girondins won the first round when the Convention ordered that Marat should be tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal. The Revolutionary Tribunal (Tribunal révolutionnaire was a Court which was instituted in Paris by the Convention during the French Revolution However, their plans were scuppered when Marat was acquitted and returned to the Convention with a greatly enhanced public profile and popular support. In Criminal law, an acquittal is a verdict of not guilty, or some similar end of the proceeding that terminates it with prejudice without a verdict

Marat's death

See also: Charlotte Corday
The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793)
The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793)

The fall of the Girondins on June 2, provoked by the actions of François Hanriot, became one of Marat's last achievements. Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ( July 27, 1768 – July 17, 1793) known to history as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the The Death of Marat (La Mort de Marat) is a 1793 Painting in the Neoclassic style by Jacques-Louis David and is one of the most famous images Jacques-Louis David (August 30 1748 &ndash December 29 1825 was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style considered to be Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks François Hanriot (1761 – July 28, 1794) was a French leader and street orator of the Revolution. His letters to the convention received no attention, now that the Montagnards no longer needed his support against the Girondins. The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called Marat had all but vanished from the political scene after his victory and Robespierre and other political leaders began to separate themselves from him now that he seemed to have outlived his usefulness, and accordingly, his influence. His skin disease was having negative effects on his life, and his last resort for alleviating the discomfort was to soak in a medicinal bath. Marat was in his bathtub on July 13, 1793, when a woman claiming to be a messenger from Caen (where escaped Girondins were trying to gain a Normandy base) asked to be admitted to his quarters. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Caen (kɑ̃ is a commune in northwestern France. It is the Prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. [4]

When she entered, he asked her the names of the offending deputies, and after recording their names said "They shall all be guillotined. " The young woman, Charlotte Corday, then drew a knife, purchased earlier that day at a shop, and stabbed him in the chest. Marie-Anne Charlotte de Corday d'Armont ( July 27, 1768 – July 17, 1793) known to history as Charlotte Corday, was a figure of the He called out, "À moi, ma chère amie!" ("Help me, my dear friend!"), and died. Corday was a Girondin. She came from a family that moved in royalist circles – her own two brothers were émigrés who had left to fight with the armies of the exiled princes of France. Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has "migrated out" but often carries a connotation of politico-social self- Exile. From her own accounts, and those of witnesses, it is clear that she had been inspired to admiration of the Girondin by their speeches, and to hatred of the Montagnards by their excesses and propaganda of both local and national moderates. [5] Her actions on July 13 provoked reprisals in which thousands of the Jacobins' adversaries – both royalists and Girondins – were executed on supposed charges of treason. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. She was guillotined on July 17, 1793 for the murder of Marat. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common During her four-day trial, she had testified that she had carried out the assassination alone, saying "I killed one man to save 100,000. "

Marat's memory in the Revolution

Marat's assassination led to his apotheosis during the following years. The French painter Jacques-Louis David was called in and led the task of organising a grandiose ceremony. Jacques-Louis David (August 30 1748 &ndash December 29 1825 was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style considered to be David took up the task of immortalizing Marat, beautifying the skin that was discoloured and scabbed from his chronic skin disease in an attempt to create antique virtue out of a man filled with passionate rage towards the Revolution. The entire National Convention attended Marat's funeral and he was buried in the Couvent des Cordeliers. His heart was extracted and embalmed separately, and placed in an urn that hung from the ceiling overseeing the Cordeliers Club. The Cordeliers, also known as the Club of the Cordeliers and formally as the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen comprised a populist [6] His remains were transferred to the Panthéon on November 25, 1793 and his near messianic role in the Revolution was confirmed with the elegy: Like Jesus, Marat loved ardently the people, and only them. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter Like Jesus, Marat hated kings, nobles, priests, rogues and, like Jesus, he never stopped fighting against these plagues of the people. . His eulogy was written by the Marquis de Sade, at the time a left-wing member of the National Convention and a Jacobin. Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Marquis de Sade ( June 2, 1740 – December 2, 1814) ( was a French aristocrat During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly De Sade would later resign as member of the Convention along with his other public posts due to Marat's death and his disgust with the ongoing violence. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was

On the 19 of November, the town of Le Hâvre de Grâce changed its name to Hâvre de Marat and then became Hâvre-Marat. When the Jacobins started their Deist Dechristianisation campaigns (setting up the competing Cult of Reason of Hébert and Chaumette and Cult of the Supreme Being of Robespierre), Marat was made a quasi-saint, and his bust often replaced crucifixes in the former churches of Paris. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation The Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between The Cult of Reason (Culte de la Raison was a creed based on Secularism and Atheism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert Jacques René Hébert ( November 15, 1757 &mdash March 24, 1794) was editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne Pierre Gaspard Chamette ( 1763 - April 13, 1794) was a French politician of the Revolutionary period. The Cult of the Supreme Being ( French: Culte de l'Être suprême) was a religion based on Deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one fixed to a cross" is a cross with a representation of Jesus ' body or corpus

By early 1795, however, Marat's memory had become tarnished. On January 13, 1795, Hâvre-Marat became simply Le Havre (the name it bears today). Le Havre is a city in the northwest region of France situated on the right bank of the mouth of the Seine River as it outlets into the Bay of the Seine In February, his coffin was removed from the Panthéon and the various busts and sculptures were destroyed. His final resting place is the cemetery of the Church Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. Saint-Étienne-du-Mont is a church in Paris, located on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève in the Ve arrondissement, near the Panthéon

His memory was not deprecated in the Soviet Union, though. Marat was a common name there and the Russian battleship Petropavlovsk was renamed Marat in 1921. There is one of streets in the centre of Sevastopol, that was named after Marat on January 3, 1921, shortly after the Soviet power had been established in the city. Sevastopol ( see pronunciation below) is a port city in Ukraine, located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimea Peninsula Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar [7]

Marat's skin disease

The nature of Marat's debilitating skin disease has been an object of ongoing medical interest. Dr. Josef E Jelinek noted that his skin disease was intensely pruritic, blistering, began in the perianal region, and was associated with weight loss leading to emaciation. He was sick with it for the three years prior to his assassination, and spent most of this time in his bathtub. Jelinek's diagnosis is dermatitis herpetiformis. Dermatitis herpetiformis, or DH, is a Skin disorder often associated with Celiac disease. [8]

Marat's bath

After Marat's death, his bathtub disappeared. Simone Évrard, Marat's wife, may have sold it to her journalist neighbour. It was included in an inventory of the journalist's possessions after his own death. The royalist M. de Sainte-Hilaire bought the tub, taking it to Sarzeau, Morbihan in Brittany. Sarzeau (Sarzhav is a commune in the Brittany region of France Morbihan (Mor-Bihan is a department in the northwest of France named after the Morbihan ( small sea in Breton) the enclosed sea that is the Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into His daughter Capriole de Sainte-Hilaire inherited it when he died in 1805 and she passed it on to the Sarzeau curé when she died in 1862 without heirs. From the Latin curatus (compare Curator) a curate is a person who is invested with the ''care'' or ''cure'' (''cura'' ''of souls'' of a

A Le Figaro journalist tracked down the tub for an article published on July 15, 1885. Le Figaro is one of the leading French morning daily Newspapers Its editorial line is conservative and has generally been supportive of Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The curé then understood that the tub could earn him money for the parish, yet the Musée Carnavalet director turned it down due its lack of identification as well as the high price the curé proposed. The vast Carnavalet Museum, devoted to the history of Paris, occupies two adjoining mansions (the Hôtel Le Peletier de St-Fargeau and the Hôtel Carnavalet The curé then approached Madame Tussaud's waxworks. The Tussauds agreed to purchase Marat's bathtub for 100,000 francs; however, the curé's response in accepting this offer was lost in the mail. After rejecting other offers, including one from Phineas Barnum, the curé sold the tub for 5,000 francs to the Musée Grévin, where it remains today. Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5 1810 &ndash April 7 1891 was an American Showman remembered for Hoaxes and for founding the Circus that became the The Musée Grévin is a Waxwork museum in Paris located on the Grands Boulevards in the IXe arrondissement on the right bank of the Seine [9]

Marat's works

Besides the works mentioned above, Marat wrote:

Artistic and theatrical representations

Quotations

References

  1. ^ Oeuvres de Jean-Paul Marat, 10 vols ed. J de Cock & C Goetz, 1995, Editions Pole du Nord.
  2. ^ Marat, Jean-Paul, Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911. Accessed online 2 July 2006.
  3. ^ "His scientific life was now over, his political life was to begin; in the notoriety of that political life his great scientific and philosophical knowledge was to be forgotten…" Marat, Jean-Paul, Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, 1911. Accessed online 2 July 2006.
  4. ^ Louis Gottschalk, Jean-Paul Marat: A Study in Radicalism. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1967), 185.
  5. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. (New York: SFG Books, 2005), 189.
  6. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France. (New York: SFG Books, 2005), 191.
  7. ^ (Russian) Streets of Sevastopol - Marat Street
  8. ^ Jelinek, J. E. , "Jean-Paul Marat: The differential diagnosis of his skin disease", American Journal of Dermatopathology (1979) 1:251-2. PMID 396805.
  9. ^ Ransom, Teresa, Madame Tussaud: A Life and a Time, (2003) p. 252-253.
  10. ^ Durant, Will and Ariel. The Age of Napoleon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975. pg. 21
  11. ^ Taine, Hippolyte. The French Revolution, Volume 3. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. pg. 118

The 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, in turn, gives the following references:

Edited by Pôle Nord - Brussels:

1) 1989-1995 : Jean-Paul Marat, Œuvres Politiques (ten volumes 1789-1793 - Text: 6. 600 p. - Guide: 2. 200 p. )

2) Collection "Chantiers Marat":

1997: Conner, Clifford D. , "Jean Paul Marat: Scientist and Revolutionary" (Humanity Books)

2001: "Marat en famille - La saga des Mara(t)" (2 volumes) - New approach of Marat's family.

2006: "Plume de Marat - Plumes sur Marat" (2 volumes) : Bibliography (3. 000 references of books and articles of and on Marat)

External links

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "Marat, Jean-Paul", a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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