Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai (June 12, 1760 - August 25, 1797), was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, politician, and diplomat. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1760 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
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Life
Early life and literary works
Born in Paris as the son of a stationer, he became a bookseller's clerk, and first attracted attention with the first part of his novel Les Amours du chevalier de Faublas (Paris, 1787); it was followed in 1788 by Six semaines de la vie du chevalier de Faublas and in 1790 by La Fin des amours du chevalier de Faublas. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Stationery has historically meant a wide gamut of materials Paper and Office supplies, Writing implements Greeting cards etc The heroine, Lodoiska, was modelled on the wife of a jeweller in the Palais Royal, with whom he had an affair. She divorced her husband in 1792 and married Louvet in 1793. His second novel, Émilie de Varmont (1791), was intended to prove the utility and necessity of divorce and of the marriage of priests, questions raised by the French Revolution - all his works tended to advocate revolutionary ideals. Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Clerical celibacy is the practice in various religious traditions, in which Clergy, Monastics and those (of either sex in religious orders adopt a The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
He attempted to have one of his unpublished plays, L'Anoblié conspirateur, performed at the Comédie-Française, and records navely that one of its managers, d'Orfeuil, listened to the reading of the first three acts impatiently, exclaiming at last: "I should need cannon in order to put that piece on the stage". The Comédie-Française or Théâtre-Français is one of the few State Theaters in France. A sort of farce at the expense of the army of the Royalist émigrés, La Grande Revue des armes noire et blanche, had, however, better success: it ran for twenty-five nights. A farce is a Comedy written for the stage or film which aims to Entertain the audience by means of unlikely extravagant and improbable situations disguise and mistaken The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has "migrated out" but often carries a connotation of politico-social self- Exile.
Early activism
Louvet was first brought into notice as a politician by his Paris justifié, in reply to a truly incendiary pamphlet in which Jean Joseph Mounier, after the removal of King Louis XVI from the Palace of Versailles to Paris in October 1789, had attacked the capital (which was still relatively peaceful), and argued that the court should be established elsewhere. Jean Joseph Mounier ( November 12, 1758 - 28 January, 1806) was a French Politician. List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles, is a royal Château in Versailles, in France 's Île-de-France region This led to Louvet's election to the Jacobin Club, for which, as he wrote bitterly in his Memoirs, the qualifications were then a genuine civisme and some talent. The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. Civic virtue is the cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community
A self-styled philosophe and radical revolutionary, Louvet subsequently campaigned against despotism and reaction, which he identified with the moderate constitutional monarchy advocated by the Marquis de la Fayette, the Abbé Maury, and other disciples of Niccolò Machiavelli. The philosophes ( French for Philosophers ' were a group of intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. Despotism is a Form of government by a single authority either an individual or tightly knit group, which rules with absolute political power Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Jean-Sifrein Maury ( June 26, 1746 &ndash May 10, 1817) was a French cardinal and Archbishop of Paris.
Deputy and girondist
On December 25, 1791 he presented at the tribune of the Legislative Assembly his Petition contre les princes, which would have major influence during the First French Empire. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common During the French Revolution, the Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1 1791 to September 1792. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Elected deputy to the Assembly for the départment of Loiret, he gave his first speech in January 1792. In the context of the political and geographic organization of France and many of its former colonies a department (département depaʁtǝmɑ̃ is an Administrative division Loiret is a department in north-central France named after the Loiret River. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year
He attached himself to the Girondists, whose vague deism, sentimental humanitarianism and ardent republicanism he fully shared, and from March to November 1792 he published, at Jean Marie Roland's expense, a bi-weekly journal-affiche, of which the title, La Sentinelle, proclaimed its mission to open all of Europe to the Enlightenment at a time when, after the Habsburg declaration of war on France and the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, a schism between the king and his subjects had become obvious. The Girondists (in French Girondins, and sometimes Brissotins or "Baguettes" were a political faction in France within the Legislative Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière ( February 18, 1734 &ndash November 15, 1793) Jean-Marie Roland was a French manufacturer in Lyon A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states
On August 10 (the effective fall of the Monarchy), Louvet became editor of the Journal des Débats, and, both as a journalist and deputy in the National Convention, made himself conspicuous by his attacks on Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat and the other Montagnards, whom he later claimed he would have succeeded in bringing to justice in after the September Massacres were it not for the poor support he received from the Girondist leaders. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Journal des débats ("Journal of Debates" was a French Newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (maksimiljɛ̃ fʁɑ̃swa maʁi izidɔʁ də ʁɔbɛspjɛʁ ( 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) The Mountain (in French La Montagne) refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group whose members called September Massacres were a wave of Mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. It is more probable, however, that his gauche libel contributed to the Girondist downfall (as well as his own): he had denounced Robespierre as "a Royalist", Marat as the main agent of the British, and other Montagnards as crypto-Orléanists. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Orléanists were a French Right-wing / Center-right Political faction or party which arose out of the French Revolution
His courageous attitude at the king's trial, when he supported the appeal to the people over the outright death penalty, added to hostility towards his party. In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Nonetheless, he defended the Girondists to the last moment, displaying an incriminating courage. After the crisis of May 31, 1793, when François Hanriot and the sans-culottes stormed the Convention, he joined his defeated faction in their flight from Paris. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common François Hanriot (1761 – July 28, 1794) was a French leader and street orator of the Revolution. Sans-culottes ( French for "without Knee-breeches " was a term created around 1790 - 1792 by the French Aristocracy to describe the His wife Lodoiska, who had actively cooperated in his campaigns, was also placed in danger by the developments.
Thermidor and directory
After the onset of the Thermidorian Reaction and the fall of Robespierre (July 27, 1794), he was recalled to the Convention, when he was instrumental in bringing Jean-Baptiste Carrier and the others responsible for the Noyades of Nantes to justice. The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Jean-Baptiste Carrier (1756 &ndash November 16, 1794) was a French Revolutionary known for his cruelty to his enemies especially to Clergy Noyades were drownings superintended during the Reign of Terror at Nantes, France by the attorney Carrier, the Representative-on-mission. Nantes (Naoned Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast His influence became considerable: he was elected a member of the Committee of the Constitution, president of the Assembly, and member of the Committee of Public Safety, against the overgrown power of which he had in earlier days protested. The Committee of Public Safety (Comité de salut public le Haut Comité de la santé publique which is an entirely unrelated present-day institution--> set up by the
His conflict with the Montagnards had not made him reactionary: he attacked the Jeunesse dorée, and was regarded by many as a pillar of Jacobinism. Here are some examples of French words and phrases used by English speakers. This page describes the political term "Jacobin" For discussion of the political organization of the French Revolution era see Jacobin Club. La Sentinelle reappeared, under his auspices, preaching union among republicans. Under the Directory (1795) he was elected a member of the Council of Five Hundred, of which he was secretary, and also a member of the Institut de France. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Council of Five Hundred ( Conseil des Cinq-Cents) or simply the Five Hundred was the Lower house of the legislature of France The Institut de France (French Institute is a French Learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is probably the Académie
Meanwhile, he had returned to his trade and set up a bookseller's shop in the Palais Royal. But, in spite of the fact that he had once more denounced the Jacobins in La Sentinelle, he had come to be seen as a major enemy by the Jeunesse dorée. His shop was attacked by the young men with cries of À bas la Loupe, à bas la belle Ledoiska, à bas les gardes du corps de Louvet! ("Down with the She-Wolf, down with beautiful Ledoiska, down with Louvet's bodyguards!"); he and his wife were insulted in the streets and the theatres: À bas les Louvets et les Louvetants! ("Down with the Louvets and the Louvetants!" - a reference to his guards, based on the antiquated senses of the verb louveter), and he was compelled to leave Paris. The Directory appointed him to the consulship at Palermo, in the Kingdom of Naples, but he died before taking up his post. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian
Louvet's Memoirs
In 1795 Louvet published a portion of his Memoirs under the title of Quelques notices pour l'histoire et le récit de mes perils depuis le 31 mai 1793. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a They were mainly written in the various hiding-places in which Louvet took refuge, and they give a vivid picture of the sufferings of the exiled Girondists. They form a major document for the study of the psychology of the Revolution, as they give insight into the Louvet's own states of mind and political choices. The first complete edition of the Mémoires de Louvet de Couvrai, edited, with preface, notes and tables, by François Victor Alphonse Aulard, was published in Paris in 1889. François Victor Alphonse Aulard ( July 19, 1849 - October 23, 1928) was a French Historian of the Revolution and Napoleon
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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