Jazz
Stylistic origins:	Blues and other folk musics, Ragtime, marching bands, 1910s New Orleans. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Ragtime (alternately spelled Rag-time) is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918 The 1910s decade ran from January 1 1910 through December 31 1919 New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana
Typical instruments:	Saxophone – Trumpet – Trombone – Clarinet – Piano – Guitar – Double bass – Drums – Vocals
Mainstream popularity:	1920s–1960s
Subgenres
Avant-garde jazz – Bebop – Cool jazz – Free jazz – Gypsy jazz – Hard bop – Jazz fusion – Latin jazz – Mainstream jazz – Modal jazz – M-Base – Smooth jazz – Swing – Trad jazz – Third stream
Fusion genres
Acid jazz – Asian American jazz – Bossa nova – Calypso jazz – Crossover jazz – Jazz blues – Jazz fusion – Jazz rap – Punk jazz – Soul jazz – Nu jazz – Smooth jazz
Regional scenes
Australia – Brazil – France – India – Italy – Japan – Malawi – Netherlands – Poland – South Africa – Spain – United Kingdom
Local scenes
Kansas City – New Orleans – West Coast
Jazz musicians
Bassists – Clarinetists – Drummers – Guitarists – Organists – Pianists – Saxophonists – Trombonists – Trumpeters
Other topics
Jazz standard – Jazz royalty – Jazz (word)– Jazz clubs – Jazz drumming

Jazz is an American musical art form which originated around the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind The trombone is a Musical instrument in the brass family Like all brass instruments it is a lip-reed Aerophone: sound is produced when the player’s The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles The double bass is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed String instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra. A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. This is a list of Genres associated with the Jazz tradition Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz) is a style of music and Improvisation that combines Avant-garde Art music and composition with Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody Cool jazz is a Jazz style that emerged in the late 1940s in New York City. For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Gypsy jazz (also known as "Gypsy Swing" is an idiom often said to have been started by Guitarist Jean "Django" Reinhardt in the 1930s Hard bop is a style of Jazz that is an extension of Bebop (or "bop" music Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz and classical harmonies from Latin America the Caribbean Europe Mainstream jazz is a genre of Jazz music that was first used in reference to the playing styles of musicians like Buck Clayton among others performers who once heralded Modal jazz is Jazz using Musical modes rather than chord progressions as its harmonic framework M-Base (short for " m acro' -b' asic a rray of s tructured e xtemporization" is a concept of how to create modern Music Smooth jazz, also sometimes referred to as new adult contemporary music is generally described as a genre of music that utilizes instruments (and at times improvisation Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United Trad jazz short for "traditional jazz" is a Music genre popular in Britain and Australia from the 1940s onward through the 1950s and which still Third stream is a term coined in 1957 by composer Gunther Schuller to describe a Musical genre which is a Synthesis of classical music Acid jazz (also known as groove jazz in USA is a Musical genre that combines elements of Jazz, Funk and Hip-hop Most Asian American jazz is a musical movement in the United States begun in the 20th century by Asian American Jazz musicians Bossa nova ( is a style of Brazilian music popularized by Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinicius de Moraes and João Gilberto. Calypso jazz is a style of music and Improvisation that combines elements of Calypso music with elements of traditional Jazz. In the wake of fusion 's decline in the mid-1970s jazz artists who continued to seek wider audiences began incorporating a variety of popular sounds into their music forming a group of Jazz blues is a Musical style that combines Jazz and Blues. The term also refers to any tune that follows the standard 12-bar blues chord progression Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Jazz rap (also known as hip bop) is a fusion of Alternative hip hop and Jazz, developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s Punk jazz describes the amalgamation of elements of the jazz tradition (usually the Free jazz and Jazz fusion of the 1960s and '70s with the instrumentation Soul jazz was a development of Hard bop which incorporated strong influences from Blues, Gospel and Rhythm and blues in music for small Nu jazz is an Umbrella term coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends Jazz elements with other musical styles such as Funk, Soul Smooth jazz, also sometimes referred to as new adult contemporary music is generally described as a genre of music that utilizes instruments (and at times improvisation Jazz music has a long history in Australia Over the years jazz has held a high profile at local clubs festivals and other music venues and a vast number of recordings have been produced France has a long history with Jazz music Jazz began to become significant in France starting in the 1920s Indo jazz is a hybrid musical genre consisting of Jazz, classical and indian influences Italian jazz. James Reese Europe 's military concerts in France in World War I in 1919 are claimed to have introduced Europeans to a new "syncopated" Japanese jazz concerns the history and form of Jazz in Japan There is some relationship between it and Asian American jazz. Malawi is a country in Southern Africa, inhabited by a wide variety of ethnic groups the Chewa being the single largest group Dutch jazz refers to the Jazz music of the Netherlands. The Dutch traditionally have a vibrant jazz scene as shown by the North Sea Jazz Festival as well Polish jazz has a history that spans periods of both acceptance and political repression South African jazz is put most simply the jazz music of South Africa, also called "African jazz" often Jazz in Spain began with an interest in Dixieland or New Orleans jazz Jazz in Britain has been performed in the country since shortly after the music's first appearance on record in 1917 Kansas City Jazz is a style of Jazz that developed and flourished in Kansas City Missouri and the surrounding Kansas City Metropolitan Area during the Dixieland or Dixie is a name for the southeastern portion of the USA; see Southern United States, Dixie. West Coast jazz is a form of Jazz music that developed around Los Angeles and San Francisco at about the same time as Hard bop jazz was developing This is a list of Jazz musicians on whom Wikipedia has articles Jazz drummers play percussion (predominantly the Drum set) in Jazz, Jazz fusion, and other jazz subgenres such as Latin jazz. The following is a list of notable Jazz guitar players including guitarists from related Jazz genres such as Western Swing, Latin jazz, and This is a list of Jazz Organists. This is an alphabetized list of notable musicians who play or Jazz saxophonists are musicians who play various types of Saxophones ( Tenor saxophone, Alto saxophone, etc This is an alphabetical list of jazz trombonists for whom Wikipedia has articles This is an alphabetical list of jazz trumpeters for whom Wikipedia has articles A jazz standard is a Jazz tune that is held in continuing esteem and which is widely known performed and recorded among jazz musicians as part of the jazz musical repertoire Jazz royalty is a term that reflects the many great Jazz musicians who have some sort of royal, aristocratic or other honorific title added to their names or The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after word origins in modern American English. This is a list of notable venues where Jazz music is played It includes Clubs, Dancehalls and historic venues Jazz drumming is the art of playing percussion (predominantly the Drum set) in Jazz. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The style's West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, call-and-response, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note of ragtime. In Jazz and Blues, a blue note (also "worried" note is a Note sung or played at a slightly lower pitch than that of the In Music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different Musicians where the second phrase is heard as a direct Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of In Music, syncopation includes a variety of Rhythms which are in some way unexpected in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced Ragtime (alternately spelled Rag-time) is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918 ^[1]

From its early development until the present, jazz has also incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music, which is based on European music traditions. ^[2] The word jazz began as a West Coast slang term of uncertain derivation and was first used to refer to music in Chicago in about 1915; for the origin and history, see Jazz (word). Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after word origins in modern American English.

Jazz has, from its early 20th century inception, spawned a variety of subgenres, from New Orleans Dixieland dating from the early 1910s, big band-style swing from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s, a variety of Latin-jazz fusions such as Afro-Cuban and Brazilian jazz from the 1950s and 1960s, jazz-rock fusion from the 1970s and later developments such as acid jazz. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Dixieland or Dixie is a name for the southeastern portion of the USA; see Southern United States, Dixie. A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody Afro-Cuban jazz is a variety of Latin jazz which was started by Dr Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Acid jazz (also known as groove jazz in USA is a Musical genre that combines elements of Jazz, Funk and Hip-hop Most

Contents 1 Origins 2 1890s–1910s 2.1 Ragtime 2.2 New Orleans music 3 1920s and 1930s 3.1 Swing 3.2 European jazz 4 1940s and 1950s 4.1 Dixieland revival 4.2 Bebop 4.3 Cool jazz 4.4 Hard bop 4.5 Free jazz 5 1960s and 1970s 5.1 Latin jazz 5.2 Soul jazz 5.3 Jazz fusion 5.4 1970s trends 6 1980s–2000s 6.1 Pop fusion and other subgenres 6.2 Experimental and straight-ahead performers 7 Definition 8 Improvisation 9 Samples 10 See also 11 Sources 12 References 13 External links

Origins

By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought almost half a million Africans to the United States. The Atlantic Slave trade, also known as the transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African people supplied to the Colonies of the New World The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The slaves largely came from West Africa and brought strong tribal musical traditions with them. West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. ^[3] Lavish festivals featuring African dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo, or Congo Square, in New Orleans until 1843, as were similar gatherings in New England and New York. Congo Square is an open space within Louis Armstrong Park, which is located in the Treme neighborhood of New Orleans Louisiana, just across Rampart New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous African music was largely functional, for work or ritual, and included work songs and field hollers. A work song is typically a Rhythmic A cappella Song sung by people working on a physical and often repetitive task Field Hollers as well as Work songs were African American styles of music from before the American Civil War, this style of music is closely related to Spirituals In the African tradition, they had a single-line melody and a call-and-response pattern, but without the European concept of harmony. Rhythms reflected African speech patterns, and the African use of pentatonic scales led to blue notes in blues and jazz. In Jazz and Blues, a blue note (also "worried" note is a Note sung or played at a slightly lower pitch than that of the ^[4]

In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments, particularly the violin, which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member This article is about the form of music and dance For the musical notation program see Cakewalk (sequencer. In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment. The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits variety acts dancing, and Music, Blackface in the narrow sense is a style of theatrical Makeup that originated in the United In Music, syncopation includes a variety of Rhythms which are in some way unexpected in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced Louis Moreau Gottschalk adapted African-American cakewalk music, South American, Caribbean and other slave melodies as piano salon music. Louis Moreau Gottschalk ( May 8, 1829 &ndash December 18, 1869) was an American Composer and Pianist, best known Another influence came from black slaves who had learned the harmonic style of hymns and incorporated it into their own music as spirituals. A hymn is a type of Song, usually religious specifically written for the purpose of praise adoration or Prayer, and typically addressed to a deity/deities Spirituals (or Negro spirituals) are songs which were created by African slaves in America. ^[5] The origins of the blues are undocumented, though they can be seen as the secular counterpart of the spirituals. Little is known about the exact origins of the music we now know as the Blues. Paul Oliver has drawn attention to similarities in instruments, music and social function to the griots of the West African savannah. Paul Ambrose Oliver is the name of a 19th Century inventor Paul Oliver (born 25 May 1927 in Nottingham, England A griot ( pronounced /gɹiɒ/ in English or in French, with a silent t) or jeli ( djeli or djéli in French A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. ^[6]

1890s–1910s

Ragtime

Main article: Ragtime

Emancipation of slaves led to new opportunities for education of freed African-Americans, but strict segregation meant limited employment opportunities. Black musicians provided "low-class" entertainment at dances, minstrel shows, and in vaudeville, and many marching bands formed. The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits variety acts dancing, and Music, Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s Black pianists played in bars, clubs and brothels, and ragtime developed. Ragtime (alternately spelled Rag-time) is an American musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918 ^[7][8]

Ragtime appeared as sheet music with the African American entertainer Ernest Hogan's hit songs in 1895, and two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley". Ernest Hogan (born Ernest Reuben Crowders, 1865 - 1909 was the first African American entertainer to produce and star in a Broadway show ( The Vess Ossman ( August 21, 1868 &ndash December 7, 1923) was a leading 5-string Banjoist and popular recording artist The banjo is a Stringed instrument developed by enslaved Africans in the United States, adapted from several African instruments ^[9][10] Also in 1897, the white composer William H. Krell published his "Mississippi Rag" as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece. The classically-trained pianist Scott Joplin produced his "Original Rags" in the following year, then in 1899 had an international hit with "Maple Leaf Rag. Scott Joplin (between June 1867 and January 1868 &ndash April 1 1917 was an American musician and Composer of Ragtime music The "Maple Leaf Rag" (copyright registered September 18, 1899) is an early Ragtime composition for piano by Scott Joplin. " He wrote numerous popular rags combining syncopation, banjo figurations and sometimes call-and-response, which led to the ragtime idiom being taken up by classical composers including Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Achille-Claude Debussy (aʃil klod dəbysi (August 22 1862 &ndash March 25 1918 was a French Composer. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to Blues music was published and popularized by W. C. Handy, whose "Memphis Blues" of 1912 and "St. Louis Blues" of 1914 both became jazz standards. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression William Christopher Handy ( November 16 1873 &ndash March 28 1958) was a Blues Composer and Musician, often " St Louis Blues " is an American popular Song composed by William Christopher Handy in the Blues style ^[11]

New Orleans music

The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz. The music of New Orleans assumes various styles of music which have often borrowed from earlier traditions Many early jazz performers played in the brothels and bars of red-light district around Basin Street called "Storyville. A red-light district is a neighborhood where Prostitution and other businesses in the Sex industry flourish Basin Street is a street in New Orleans Louisiana. It parallels Rampart Street one block lakeside or inland from the boundary of the French Quarter, This article is about the New Orleans district For other things named "Storyville" see Storyville (disambiguation. "^[12] In addition, numerous marching bands played at lavish funerals arranged by the African American community. The instruments used in marching bands and dance bands became the basic instruments of jazz: brass and reeds tuned in the European 12-tone scale and drums. A marching band is in the broadest terms a group of performers that consist of instrumental Musicians and sometimes dance teams / color guard who generally perform Small bands of primarily self-taught African American musicians, many of whom came from the funeral-procession tradition of New Orleans, played a seminal role in the development and dissemination of early jazz, traveling throughout Black communities in the Deep South and, from around 1914 on, Afro-Creole and African American musicians playing in vaudeville shows took jazz to western and northern US cities. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana This article is about an ethnic culture in Louisiana USA For uses of the term "Creole" in other countries and cultures see Creole (disambiguation. Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s ^[13]

Afro-Creole pianist Jelly Roll Morton began his career in Storyville. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton ( ca September 20, 1885 or October 20, 1890 – July 10, 1941) was an From 1904, he toured with vaudeville shows around southern cities, also playing in Chicago and New York. Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous His "Jelly Roll Blues," which he composed around 1905, was published in 1915 as the first jazz arrangement in print, introducing more musicians to the New Orleans style. ^[14]

In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime had developed, notably James Reese Europe's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York which played a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912, and his "Society Orchestra" which in 1913 became the first black group to make recordings. James Reese Europe ( 22 February, 1881 &ndash 9 May, 1919) was an American Ragtime and early Jazz The Clef Club was a popular entertainment venue and society for African American musicians in Harlem, achieving its largest success in the 1910s New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Carnegie Hall (generally ˌkɑrnɨgi ˈhɔːl is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City located at 881 Seventh Avenue, occupying the east ^[15][16] The Baltimore rag style of Eubie Blake influenced James P. Johnson's development of "Stride" piano playing, in which the right hand plays the melody, while the left hand provides the rhythm and bassline. James Hubert Blake ( February 7, 1887 &ndash February 12 1983) was a Composer, Lyricist, and pianist of Ragtime James Price Johnson ( February 1 1894 &ndash November 17 1955) was an African-American Pianist and Composer. Stride, also known as New York ragtime, is a jazz piano style where the pianist's left hand may play a four-beat pulse with a bass note or tenth interval on the first and third ^[17]

The Original Dixieland Jass Band's "Livery Stable Blues" released early in 1917 is one of the early jazz records. Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB was a New Orleans band that made the first Jazz recording in 1917 ^[18] That year numerous other bands made recordings featuring "jazz" in the title or band name, mostly ragtime or novelty records rather than jazz. In September 1917 W.C. Handy's Orchestra of Memphis recorded a cover version of "Livery Stable Blues". William Christopher Handy ( November 16 1873 &ndash March 28 1958) was a Blues Composer and Musician, often ^[19] In February 1918 James Reese Europe's "Hellfighters" infantry band took ragtime to Europe during World War I,^[20] then on return recorded Dixieland standards including "The Darktown Strutter's Ball". James Reese Europe ( 22 February, 1881 &ndash 9 May, 1919) was an American Ragtime and early Jazz World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[16]

1920s and 1930s

Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to 1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks, resulting in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes. In the United States, the term Prohibition refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the sale manufacture and transportation of alcohol for consumption A speakeasy was an establishment that surreptitiously sold Alcoholic beverages during the period of United States history known as Prohibition (1920-1933 The Jazz Age describes the period from 1918-1929 the years after the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the Jazz started to get a reputation as being immoral and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old values in culture and promoting the new decadent values of the Roaring 20s. Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Roaring Twenties is a phrase used to describe the 1920s principally in North America, that emphasizes the period's social artistic and cultural dynamism From 1919 Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band to make recordings. Edward "Kid" Ory ( December 25, 1886 &ndash January 23, 1973) was a Jazz trombonist and Bandleader The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West ^[21][22] However, the main centre developing the new "Hot Jazz" was Chicago, where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Joe "King" Oliver, ( December 19, 1885 &ndash April 10, 1938) was a Jazz Cornet player and Bandleader William Manuel "Bill" Johnson ( August 10, 1872 &ndash December 3, 1972) was an American Jazz Musician That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith, the most famous of the 1920s blues singers. Bessie Smith (July 9 1892 or April 15 1894&ndash September 26 1937 was an American Blues singer ^[23]

Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924. Leon Bix Beiderbecke ( March 10, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1931) was an American Jazz Cornetist and composer as well Also in 1924 Louis Armstrong joined the Fletcher Henderson dance band as featured soloist for a year, then formed his virtuosic Hot Five band, also popularising scat singing. Louis Armstrong (August 4 1901 &ndash July 6 1971 nicknamed Satchmo or Sachimo and Pops, was an American Jazz Trumpeter Fletcher Hamilton Henderson Jr ( December 18, 1897 &ndash December 28, 1952) was an American pianist bandleader Arranger The Hot Five was Louis Armstrong 's first Jazz recording band led under his own name In Vocal jazz, scat singing is vocal improvisation with random vocables and syllables or without words at all ^[24] Jelly Roll Morton recorded with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in an early mixed-race collaboration, then in 1926 formed his Red Hot Peppers. Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton ( ca September 20, 1885 or October 20, 1890 – July 10, 1941) was an The New Orleans Rhythm Kings (nicknamed NORK) were one of the most influential Jazz bands of the early-to-mid 1920s

There was a larger market for jazzy dance music played by white orchestras, such as Jean Goldkette's orchestra and Paul Whiteman's orchestra. John Jean Goldkette ( 18 March, 1893 &ndash March 24, 1962) was a Jazz Pianist and Bandleader born in Patras Paul Whiteman ( March 28, 1890 &ndash December 29, 1967) was an American orchestral In 1924 Whiteman commissioned Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, which was premièred by Whiteman's Orchestra. George Gershwin (September 26 1898 &ndash July 11 1937 was an American Composer. Rhapsody in Blue is a musical composition by George Gershwin for solo piano and jazz band written in 1924 which combines elements of classical music with Other influential large ensembles included Fletcher Henderson's band, Duke Ellington's band (which opened an influential residency at the Cotton Club in 1927) in New York, and Earl Hines's Band in Chicago (who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928). Fletcher Hamilton Henderson Jr ( December 18, 1897 &ndash December 28, 1952) was an American pianist bandleader Arranger Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl "Fatha" Hines, ( 28 December, 1903 Duquesne Pennsylvania &ndash 22 April All significantly influenced the development of big band-style swing jazz. ^[25]

Swing

Main article: Swing music

The 1930s belonged to popular swing big bands, in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as the band leaders. Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Duke Ellington, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, and Glenn Miller. William "Count" Basie ( August 21, 1904 &ndash April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, Organist Cabell "Cab" Calloway III ( December 25, 1907 &ndash November 18, 1994) was a famous American Jazz Singer Fletcher Hamilton Henderson Jr ( December 18, 1897 &ndash December 28, 1952) was an American pianist bandleader Arranger Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl "Fatha" Hines, ( 28 December, 1903 Duquesne Pennsylvania &ndash 22 April Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ( May 23, 1910 &ndash December 30, 2004) better known as Artie Shaw, was an American Jazz Tommy Dorsey ( November 19 1905 &ndash November 26 1956) was an American Jazz Trombonist, Trumpeter Alton Glenn Miller ( March 1 1904 &ndash presumably December 15 1944) was an American Jazz musician and

Swing was also dance music and it was broadcast on the radio 'live' coast-to-coast nightly across America for many years. Although it was a collective sound, swing also offered individual musicians a chance to 'solo' and improvise melodic, thematic solos which could at times be very complex and 'important' music. Included among the critically acclaimed leaders who specialized in live radio broadcasts of swing music as well as "Sweet Band" compositions during this era was Shep Fields. Shep Fields ( September 12, 1910 &ndash February 23, 1981) was the band leader for the critically acclaimed "Shep Fields and His Rippling

Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax, and white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians. In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson, vibraphonist Lionel Hampton, and guitarist Charlie Christian to join small groups. Theodore Shaw "Teddy" Wilson ( November 24 1912 &ndash July 31 1986) was a jazz pianist from the United States Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20, 1908 &ndash August 31, 2002) was an American Jazz Vibraphonist, Percussionist Charlie Christian (Charles Henry Christian ( 29 July 1916 &ndash 2 March 1942) was an American swing and Bebop An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or jump blues used small combos, up-tempo music, and blues chord progressions. Jump blues is a type of Up-tempo Blues music influenced by Big band sound Jump blues drew on boogie-woogie from the 1930s. Boogie-woogie is a style of Piano -based Blues that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s but originated much earlier and was extended from piano Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s. Kansas City Jazz is a style of Jazz that developed and flourished in Kansas City Missouri and the surrounding Kansas City Metropolitan Area during the

European jazz

Outside of the United States the beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz emerged in France with the Quintette du Hot Club de France which began in 1934. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Quintette du Hot Club de France was a Jazz group founded in France in 1934 by guitarist Django Reinhardt and violinist Stéphane Grappelli, and Belgian guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt popularized gypsy jazz, a mix of 1930s American swing, French dance hall "musette" and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel. Jean "Django" Reinhardt ( January 23, 1910 – May 16, 1953) was a Belgian Gypsy jazz Guitarist Gypsy jazz (also known as "Gypsy Swing" is an idiom often said to have been started by Guitarist Jean "Django" Reinhardt in the 1930s The main instruments are steel stringed guitar, violin, and double bass. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The double bass is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed String instrument used in the modern symphony orchestra. Solos pass from one player to another as the guitar and bass play the role of the rhythm section. A rhythm section is the Musicians in a Popular music band or ensemble who establish the Rhythmic pulse of a Song or musical Some music researchers hold that it was Philadelphia's Eddie Lang (guitar) and Joe Venuti (violin) who pioneered the gypsy jazz form ^[26], which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on Okeh Records in the late 1920s. Eddie Lang ( October 25, 1902 &ndash March 26, 1933) was an American Jazz Guitarist, considered by many to be the finest Giuseppe (Joe Venuti ( September 16 1903 &ndash August 14, 1978) was a U Gypsy jazz (also known as "Gypsy Swing" is an idiom often said to have been started by Guitarist Jean "Django" Reinhardt in the 1930s Okeh Records began as an Independent record label based in the United States of America in ^[27]

1940s and 1950s

Dixieland revival

In the late 1930s there was a revival of "Dixieland" music, harkening back to the original contrapuntal New Orleans style. Dixieland or Dixie is a name for the southeastern portion of the USA; see Southern United States, Dixie. This was driven in large part by record company reissues of early jazz classics by the Oliver, Morton, and Armstrong bands of the 20s. There were two populations of musicians involved in the revival. One group consisted of men who had begun their careers playing in the traditional style, and were either returning to it, or continuing what they had been playing all along. In the late 1930s, Bob Crosby's Bobcats led this revival. Bob Crosby ( August 23, 1913 Spokane Washington &ndash March 9, 1993 La Jolla California) was an American Other prominent Dixieland revivalists included Max Kaminsky, Eddie Condon, and Wild Bill Davison. Max Kaminsky (born April 19, 1913, Niagara Falls Ontario, Canada – May 5, 1961) was a professional Ice hockey Albert Edwin Condon ( 16 November, 1905 &ndash 4 August, 1973) better known as Eddie Condon, was a Jazz Banjoist ' Wild' Bill Davison ( January 5 1906, Defiance Ohio &ndash November 14 1989, Santa Barbara California) was a fiery Most of this group were originally midwesterners, although there were a small number of New Orleans musicians involved as well.

The second population of revivalists consisted of young musicians too young to have been involved in early jazz, but who now rejected the contemporary swing style of jazz. The Lu Watters band was perhaps the most prominent of this second group. Lucius "Lu" Watters (born December 19, 1911 in Santa Cruz California; died November 5, 1989 in Santa Rosa California By the late 1940s, the revival was in full swing. Louis Armstrong formed his Allstars band, which became a leading ensemble in the Dixieland revival. Louis Armstrong (August 4 1901 &ndash July 6 1971 nicknamed Satchmo or Sachimo and Pops, was an American Jazz Trumpeter Through the 1950s and 1960s, Dixieland was one of the most commercially popular jazz styles in the US, Europe, and Japan, although critics paid little attention. ^[28]

Bebop

In the mid-1940s bebop performers helped to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging "musician's music. Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody " Differing greatly from swing, early bebop divorced itself from dance music, establishing itself more as an art form but lessening its potential popular and commercial value. Influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown, bassist Ray Brown, and drummer Max Roach. Earl Rudolph "Bud" Powell ( September 27[[ 924]] &ndash July 31[[ 966]] in New York City) was an American Jazz pianist, usually considered Thelonious Sphere Monk ( October 10, 1917 - February 17, 1982) was an American Jazz Pianist and Composer. John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter Clifford Brown ( October 30, 1930 &ndash June 26, 1956) aka " Brownie," was an influential and highly rated Raymond Matthews Brown ( October 13 1926 &ndash July 2 2002) was an American Jazz Double bassist. Maxwell Lemuel Roach ( January 10, 1924 &ndash August 16, 2007) was an American Jazz Percussionist, Drummer (See also List of bebop musicians). For the main article please see Bebop. A Al Aarons - trumpet Nat Adderley - cornet

Beboppers introduced new forms of chromaticism and dissonance into jazz and engaged in a more abstracted form of chord-based improvisation which used "passing" chords, substitute chords, and altered chords. In Music, chromaticism is a Compositional technique interspersing the primary Diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the Chromatic A chord substitution is the use of a chord in the place of another related chord in a Chord progression. The style of drumming shifted as well to a more elusive and explosive style, in which the ride cymbal was used to keep time, while the snare and bass drum were used for unpredictable accents. A ride cymbal is a type of Cymbal that is a standard part of most Drum kits Its function is to maintain a steady Rhythmic pattern sometimes called a These divergences from the jazz mainstream of the time initially met with a divided, sometimes hostile response among fans and fellow musicians. By the 1950s bebop had become an accepted part of the jazz vocabulary.

Cool jazz

Cool jazz emerged in the late 1940s in New York City, as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white jazz musicians and black bebop musicians. Cool jazz is a Jazz style that emerged in the late 1940s in New York City. The City of New York Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans, Gil Evans, Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a "lighter" sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop. Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr ( Yale Oklahoma, 23 December 1929 - Amsterdam, 13 May 1988) was an American David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord California) better known as Dave Brubeck, is an American jazz pianist William John Evans (better known as Bill Evans) ( August 16, 1929 &ndash September 15, 1980) was one of the most famous and influential Gil Evans ( 13 May 1912 in Toronto Canada – 20 March 1988 in Cuernavaca, Mexico) was a Jazz Stanley Gayetzky ( February 2, 1927 in Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 in Malibu, California) usually known by The Modern Jazz Quartet was established in 1952 by Milt Jackson ( Vibraphone) John Lewis ( Piano, musical director Percy Heath An important recording was Miles Davis's Birth of the Cool (tracks originally recorded in 1949 and 1950 and collected as an LP in 1957). Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Birth of the Cool is an album which compiles twelve songs recorded by the Miles Davis nonet for Capitol Records in 1949 and Players such as pianist Bill Evans began searching for new ways to structure their improvisations by exploring modal music. William John Evans (better known as Bill Evans) ( August 16, 1929 &ndash September 15, 1980) was one of the most famous and influential In Music, a scale is an ordered series of Musical intervals which along with the key or tonic, define the pitches However mode Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene. West Coast jazz is a form of Jazz music that developed around Los Angeles and San Francisco at about the same time as Hard bop jazz was developing Its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa Nova, modal jazz (especially in the form of Davis's Kind of Blue 1959), and even free jazz (see also the List of Cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians). Kind of Blue is an album by American Jazz musician Miles Davis, released August 17 1959 on Columbia Records, in both For the main articles please see Cool jazz or West Coast jazz A Curtis Amy

Hard bop

Hard bop is an extension of bebop (or "bop") music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. Hard bop is a style of Jazz that is an extension of Bebop (or "bop" music Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody Gospel music is Music that is written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life as well as (in terms of the varying music styles to The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Hard bop was developed in the mid-1950s, partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the early 1950s. Cool jazz is a Jazz style that emerged in the late 1940s in New York City. The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954, paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues. Miles Davis' performance of "Walkin'," the title track of his album of the same year, at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954, announced the style to the jazz world. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Walkin is an album recorded on 3 April and 29 April 1954 by a group led by Miles Davis, for Prestige Records. The Newport Jazz Festival is a music festival held every August in Newport Rhode Island, USA. The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown, were leaders in the hard bop movement along with Davis. Arthur (Art Blakey ( October 11 1919 &ndash October 16 1990) born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Arthur (Art Blakey ( October 11 1919 &ndash October 16 1990) born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Horace Silver (born September 2, 1928) born Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silva in Norwalk Connecticut, is an American Jazz pianist Clifford Brown ( October 30, 1930 &ndash June 26, 1956) aka " Brownie," was an influential and highly rated (See also List of Hard bop musicians)

Free jazz

Free jazz and the related form of avant-garde jazz, are subgenres rooted in bebop, that use less compositional material and allow performers more latitude. The following is a list of Hard bop musicians. A Pepper Adams -sax Cannonball Adderley - sax Toshiko Peter Brötzmann (born 6 March 1941) is a German Free jazz Saxophonist and Clarinetist. For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation. Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz) is a style of music and Improvisation that combines Avant-garde Art music and composition with Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody Free jazz uses implied or loose harmony and tempo, which was deemed controversial when this approach was first developed. In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO The bassist Charles Mingus is also frequently associated with the avant-garde in jazz, although his compositions draw off a myriad of styles and genres. Charles Mingus ( 22 April 1922 &ndash 5 January 1979) was an American Jazz Bassist, Composer, The first major stirrings came in the 1950s, with the early work of Ornette Coleman and Cecil Taylor. Ornette Coleman (born March 9, 1930) is an American saxophonist Violinist Trumpeter and Composer. Cecil Percival Taylor (born March 15 or March 25, 1929 in New York City) is an American Pianist and poet In the 1960s, performers included John Coltrane, Archie Shepp, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Pharoah Sanders, and others. Archie Shepp (born May 24, 1937) is a prominent American Jazz Saxophonist. Sun Ra (born Herman Poole Blount, Legal name Le Sony'r Ra; Albert Ayler ( July 13, 1936 – November 1970 was an American avant-garde Jazz saxophonist, singer and Composer. Pharoah Sanders (born October 13, 1940 Free jazz quickly found a foothold in Europe, also – in part because musicians such as Ayler, Taylor, Steve Lacy and Eric Dolphy spent extended periods in Europe. This article is about the jazz musician For the CEO of Meredith see Steve Lacy (businessman. Eric Allan Dolphy ( June 20, 1928 &ndash June 29, 1964) was an American Jazz alto saxophonist, flautist, and

Keith Jarrett has been prominent in defending free jazz from criticism by traditionalists in recent years. Keith Jarrett (born May 8, 1945 in Allentown Pennsylvania) is an American Pianist and Composer. The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word

1960s and 1970s

Latin jazz

Latin jazz has two main varieties: Afro-Cuban and Brazilian jazz. Latin jazz is the general term given to music that combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries with jazz and classical harmonies from Latin America the Caribbean Europe The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community Afro-Cuban jazz was played in the U. Afro-Cuban jazz is a variety of Latin jazz which was started by Dr S. directly after the bebop period, while Brazilian jazz became more popular in the 1960s. Afro-Cuban jazz began as a movement in the mid-1950s as bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Taylor started Afro-Cuban bands influenced by such Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians as Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente, and Arturo Sandoval. Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie ( October 21 1917 &ndash January 6 1993) was an American Jazz Trumpeter Billy Taylor (born July 24, 1921 in Greenville North Carolina) is an American Jazz Pianist, Composer, Xavier Cugat, born Francisco d'Asís Javier Cugat Mingall de Bru y Deleufo ( 1 January 1900 &ndash 27 October 1990) was a Tito Puente Sr, ( April 20, 1923 &ndash May 31, 2000) born Ernesto Antonio Puente Jr Arturo Sandoval (born November 6, 1949) is a Jazz Trumpeter and Pianist. Brazilian jazz such as bossa nova is derived from samba, with influences from jazz and other 20th century classical and popular music styles. Bossa nova ( is a style of Brazilian music popularized by Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinicius de Moraes and João Gilberto. Samba ( is one of the most popular forms of music in Brazil. It is widely viewed as Brazil's national musical style Bossa is generally moderately paced, with melodies sung in Portuguese or English. The style was pioneered by Brazilians João Gilberto, Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinícius de Moraes, among others. João Gilberto (born João Gilberto Prado Pereira de Oliveira on June 10, 1931 in Juazeiro, Bahia) is a Grammy Award Antonio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim ( January 25, 1927 in Rio de Janeiro &ndash December 8, 1994 in Brazil) also Vinicius de Moraes, nicknamed O Poetinha (the little poet ( October 19, 1913 - July 9, 1980) born Marcus Vinicius da Cruz The related term jazz-samba describes an adaptation of bossa nova compositions to the jazz idiom by American performers such as Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd. Stanley Gayetzky ( February 2, 1927 in Philadelphia – June 6, 1991 in Malibu, California) usually known by Charlie Lee Byrd ( September 16, 1925 – November 30, 1999) was a famous American Jazz and Classical guitarist born in

Soul jazz

Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio which featured the Hammond organ. Soul jazz was a development of Hard bop which incorporated strong influences from Blues, Gospel and Rhythm and blues in music for small Hard bop is a style of Jazz that is an extension of Bebop (or "bop" music The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament An organ trio, in a Jazz context is a group of three jazz musicians typically consisting of a Hammond organ player a Drummer, and either a Jazz The Hammond organ is an electric organ which was invented by Laurens Hammond in 1934 and manufactured by the Hammond Organ Company Unlike hard bop, soul jazz generally emphasized repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and improvisations were often less complex than in other jazz styles. Hard bop is a style of Jazz that is an extension of Bebop (or "bop" music Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of Horace Silver had a large influence on the soul jazz style, with his songs that used funky and often gospel-based piano vamps. Horace Silver (born September 2, 1928) born Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silva in Norwalk Connecticut, is an American Jazz pianist This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Important soul jazz organists included Jimmy McGriff and Jimmy Smith and Johnny Hammond Smith, and influential tenor saxophone players included Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and Stanley Turrentine. James Harrell McGriff ( April 3, 1936 -- May 24, 2008) was a Hard bop and Soul-jazz Organist and Organ trio Jimmy Smith ( December 8, 1925 year is disputed and is often given as 1928 – February 8, 2005) was a Jazz musician whose performances Johnny "Hammond" Smith (born John Robert Smith also known since 1971 as Johnny Hammond, was an American Soul jazz and Hard bop The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind Edward Davis ( March 2, 1922 &ndash November 3, 1986) who performed and recorded as Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, was an American Stanley William Turrentine, also known as "Mr T" or "The Sugar Man" ( April 5, 1934 &ndash September 12, 2000) was an American (See also List of soul-jazz musicians. The following is a list of Soul-jazz musicians. A Cannonball Adderley - sax Nat Adderley - cornet )

Jazz fusion

In the late 1960s and early 1970s the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed. Fusion or more specifically jazz fusion or jazz rock, is a Musical genre that merges Jazz with elements of other styles of music particularly Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed over from the contemporary hardbop scene into fusion. Jazz fusion music often uses mixed meters, odd time signatures, syncopation, and complex chords and harmonies, and fusion includes a number of electric instruments, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano, and synthesizer keyboards. Notable performers of jazz fusion included Miles Davis, keyboardists Chick Corea and Herbie Hancock, drummer Tony Williams, guitarists Larry Coryell and John McLaughlin, Frank Zappa, saxophonist Wayne Shorter, and bassist-composer Jaco Pastorius. Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (born June 12, 1941) is a multiple Grammy Award winning American Jazz Pianist Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. Anthony Tillmon "Tony" Williams ( December 12, 1945 &ndash February 23, 1997) was an American jazz drummer. Larry Coryell (born April 2 1943) is an American Jazz fusion Guitarist. John McLaughlin (born January 4 1942 also Mahavishnu John McLaughlin is a Jazz fusion Guitarist and Composer from Doncaster, Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21 1940 – December 4 1993 was an American Composer, Electric guitarist Record producer and Film director Wayne Shorter (born August 25 1933) is an American Jazz Composer and Saxophonist, commonly regarded as one of the John Francis Anthony "Jaco" Pastorius III (December 1 1951–September 21 1987 was a American Jazz Musician and Composer widely

1970s trends

There was a resurgence of interest in jazz and other forms of African American cultural expression during the Black Arts Movement and Black nationalist period of the early 1970s. The Black Arts Movement or BAM is the artistic branch of the Black Power movement Black nationalism (BN advocates a racial definition (or redefinition of black national identity as opposed to Multiculturalism. Musicians such as Pharoah Sanders, Hubert Laws and Wayne Shorter began using kalimbas, cowbells, beaded gourds and other instruments not traditional to jazz. Pharoah Sanders (born October 13, 1940 Hubert Laws (b November 10, 1939) is an American Flutist with a 30-year career in Jazz, classical, and other music Wayne Shorter (born August 25 1933) is an American Jazz Composer and Saxophonist, commonly regarded as one of the See also Thumb piano In Zimbabwean music, the mbira is a Musical instrument consisting of a wooden board to which staggered metal keys Alice Coltrane drew notice as a jazz harpist, Jean-Luc Ponty as a jazz violinist, and Rufus Harley as a bagpipe player. Alice Coltrane (neé McLeod) ( August 27 1937 &ndash January 12 2007) was an American Jazz Pianist The harp is a Stringed instrument which has the plane of its strings positioned perpendicular to the soundboard. Jean-Luc Ponty (born September 29, 1942, Avranches, France) is a virtuoso French Violinist and Jazz Composer Rufus Harley Jr (b near Raleigh North Carolina, May 20, 1936; d Jazz continued to expand and change, influenced by other types of music, such as world music, avant garde classical music, and rock and pop music. The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 Guitarist John McLaughlin's Mahavishnu Orchestra played a mix of rock and jazz infused with East Indian influences. John McLaughlin (born January 4 1942 also Mahavishnu John McLaughlin is a Jazz fusion Guitarist and Composer from Doncaster, The Mahavishnu Orchestra was a Jazz-rock fusion group led by John McLaughlin, that debuted in 1971 and dissolved in 1976 and reunited briefly from 1984 to 1987 The music of India' includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, and classical music. The ECM record label began in the 1970s with artists including Keith Jarrett, Paul Bley, the Pat Metheny Group, Jan Garbarek, Ralph Towner, and Eberhard Weber, establishing a new chamber-music aesthetic, featuring mainly acoustic instruments, and incorporating elements of world music and folk music. ECM (Edition of Contemporary Music is a Record label founded in Munich, Germany in 1969 by Manfred Eicher. Keith Jarrett (born May 8, 1945 in Allentown Pennsylvania) is an American Pianist and Composer. Paul Bley, CM, (born November 10, 1932) is a Canadian Free jazz pianist. Patrick Bruce Metheny (born August 12, 1954 in Lee's Summit Missouri) is an American Jazz Guitarist and Composer Jan Garbarek (born 4 March 1947 in Mysen, Norway) a Norwegian tenor and soprano saxophonist, active in the Jazz Ralph Towner (b Chehalis Washington, March 1, 1940) is an American acoustic Guitarist He also plays Piano, Synthesizer Eberhard Weber (born January 22, 1940 in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German Double bassist and composer The term world music includes Traditional music (sometimes called Folk music or roots music of any culture that are created and played by indigenous musicians Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous

1980s–2000s

In the 1980s, the jazz community shrank dramatically and split. A mainly older audience retained an interest in traditional and "straight-ahead" jazz styles. Wynton Marsalis strove to create music within what he believed was the tradition, creating extensions of small and large forms initially pioneered by such artists as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Wynton Learson Marsalis (b October 18, 1961) is an American Trumpeter and Composer. Louis Armstrong (August 4 1901 &ndash July 6 1971 nicknamed Satchmo or Sachimo and Pops, was an American Jazz Trumpeter Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader.

Pop fusion and other subgenres

In the early 1980s, a lighter commercial form of jazz fusion called pop fusion or "smooth jazz" became successful and garnered significant radio airplay. Smooth jazz, also sometimes referred to as new adult contemporary music is generally described as a genre of music that utilizes instruments (and at times improvisation Smooth jazz saxophonists include Grover Washington, Jr., Kenny G and Najee. Grover Washington Jr (December 12 1943 &ndash December 17 1999 was an American Jazz-funk / Soul-jazz Saxophonist. Kenneth Gorelick (born June 5, 1956) better known by his Stage name Kenny G, is an American Saxophonist whose fourth Jerome Najee Rasheed born in New York NY is a Smooth Jazz/Jazz artist Smooth jazz received frequent airplay with more straight-ahead jazz in quiet storm time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U. Quiet storm is a late-night radio format featuring soulful Slow jams pioneered in the mid-1970s by then-station-intern Melvin Lindsey at WHUR-FM, S. , helping to establish or bolster the careers of vocalists including Al Jarreau, Anita Baker, Chaka Khan, and Sade. Alwyn Lopez "Al" Jarreau (born March 12, 1940) is an American singer Anita Baker (born January 26 1958 in Toledo, Ohio, USA) is an eight-time Grammy Award -winning multi-Platinum Rhythm and blues Chaka Khan (born March 23, 1953) is a multiple Grammy Award -winning American singer known for hit songs such as "I'm Every Woman" "I Feel

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, several subgenres fused jazz with popular music, such as Acid jazz, nu jazz, and jazz rap. Acid jazz (also known as groove jazz in USA is a Musical genre that combines elements of Jazz, Funk and Hip-hop Most Nu jazz is an Umbrella term coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends Jazz elements with other musical styles such as Funk, Soul Jazz rap (also known as hip bop) is a fusion of Alternative hip hop and Jazz, developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s Acid jazz and nu jazz combined elements of jazz and modern forms of electronic dance music. Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production While nu jazz is influenced by jazz harmony and melodies, there are usually no improvisational aspects. Nu jazz is an Umbrella term coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends Jazz elements with other musical styles such as Funk, Soul Jazz rap fused jazz and hip-hop. Jazz rap (also known as hip bop) is a fusion of Alternative hip hop and Jazz, developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s Gang Starr recorded "Words I Manifest," "Jazz Music," and "Jazz Thing", sampling Charlie Parker and Ramsey Lewis, and collaborating with Branford Marsalis and Terence Blanchard. Gangstar redirects here For the video game see Gangstar Crime City. Ramsey Emmanuel Lewis Jr (b May 27, 1935) is an American Jazz icon Composer, and Pianist. Branford Marsalis ( August 26, 1960, Breaux Bridge, Louisiana) is an American Saxophonist, Composer and Terence Blanchard is an internationally renowned jazz trumpeter bandleader composer arranger and Golden Globe-nominated film score composer Beginning in 1993, rapper Guru's Jazzmatazz series used jazz musicians during the studio recordings. Guru (born Keith Edward Elam, July 17 1966 is an American Rapper, and the lyrical half of the hip-hop group Gang Starr, together with

Experimental and straight-ahead performers

The more experimental and improvisational end of the spectrum includes Norwegian pianist Bugge Wesseltoft and American bassist Christian McBride. Jens Christian Bugge Wesseltoft (born February 1, 1964 in Porsgrunn) is a Norwegian Jazz musician Pianist, Composer Christian McBride (born May 31, 1972, Philadelphia Pennsylvania) is an American Jazz Bassist. Toward the more pop or dance music end of the spectrum are St Germain who incorporates some live jazz playing with house beats. St Germain is the Stage name of Ludovic Navarre, a French musician House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Radiohead, Björk, and Portishead have also incorporated jazz influences into their music. Radiohead Björk Guðmundsdóttir (born 21 November 1965 is an Icelandic Singer-songwriter, Composer, actress and music producer. Portishead (pɔːtɪsˈhɛd IS an English musical group from Bristol.

In the 2000s, straight-ahead jazz continues to appeal to a core of listeners. Well-established jazz musicians whose careers span decades, such as Dave Brubeck, Chick Corea, Jack DeJohnette, Bill Frisell, Charlie Haden, Herbie Hancock, Roy Haynes, Keith Jarrett, Wynton Marsalis, John McLaughlin, Pat Metheny, Paquito D'Rivera, Sonny Rollins, John Scofield, Wayne Shorter, John Surman, Stan Tracey and Jessica Williams continue to perform and record. David Warren Brubeck (born December 6, 1920 in Concord California) better known as Dave Brubeck, is an American jazz pianist Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea (born June 12, 1941) is a multiple Grammy Award winning American Jazz Pianist Jack DeJohnette (born 9 August 1942) is an American Jazz Drummer, pianist, and composer William Richard "Bill" Frisell (born March 18, 1951) is an American Guitarist and Composer. Charles Edward Haden (born August 6, 1937) is a Jazz Double bassist probably best known for his long association with saxophonist Ornette Herbert Jeffrey Hancock ("Herbie" born April 12 1940 is a Jazz Pianist and Composer. Roy Owen Haynes (born on March 13 1925, in Roxbury, Massachusetts) is an American Jazz Drummer and bandleader Keith Jarrett (born May 8, 1945 in Allentown Pennsylvania) is an American Pianist and Composer. Wynton Learson Marsalis (b October 18, 1961) is an American Trumpeter and Composer. John McLaughlin may refer to John McLaughlin (host (b 1927 former Jesuit priest host of The McLaughlin Group John McLaughlin Patrick Bruce Metheny (born August 12, 1954 in Lee's Summit Missouri) is an American Jazz Guitarist and Composer Paquito D'Rivera (born 4 June, 1948 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban Alto saxophonist, Clarinetist and Soprano Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins (born September 7 1930 in New York City) is an American Jazz tenor Saxophonist John Scofield (born December 26 1951 in Dayton Ohio) is an American Jazz Guitarist and Composer, who has played and collaborated Wayne Shorter (born August 25 1933) is an American Jazz Composer and Saxophonist, commonly regarded as one of the John Douglas Surman (born 30 August 1944 in Tavistock Devon, England) is a Jazz Saxophone, Bass clarinet Stanley William Tracey CBE (born December 30, 1926, Denmark Hill, South London) is a British jazz pianist and composer Jessica Jennifer Williams (b March 17, 1948) is an American pianist and Composer who has deep roots in Jazz.

In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of young, emerging performers gained national and international notability by winning major awards or by recording albums on major labels. Emerging pianists include a US pianist Brad Mehldau (born 1970), who records for Nonesuch Records, and US pianist Jason Moran (born 1975), who won several Down Beat magazine critics polls in 2003 and 2004. Brad Mehldau (born August 23, 1970) is an American Jazz Pianist. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nonesuch Records is an American Record label, owned by Warner Music Group and distributed through WEA International with business affairs handled Jason Moran (born January 21, 1975) is a Jazz pianist who debuted as a band leader with the 1999 album Soundtrack to Human Motion. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Down Beat is an American Magazine devoted to "jazz blues and beyond" to indicate its expansion beyond the jazz realm which it covered exclusively Other emerging artists include US guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel (born 1970), who won the 1995 Composer's Award from the National Endowment for the Arts and was signed by Verve Records; US vibraphonist Stefon Harris, who is written up in the Penguin Guide to Jazz and who has been reviewed by The New York Times; US trumpeter Roy Hargrove (born 1969); Vijay Iyer, Chris Potter, Joshua Redman, and Terence Blanchard. Kurt Rosenwinkel (born October 28, 1970) is an American Jazz Guitarist who came to prominence in the 1990s Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA is a United States federally funded and donation assisted program that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence Verve Records is an American Jazz Record label now owned by the Universal Music Group. Stefon Harris (born 1973 is an American Jazz Vibraphonist. In 1999 the Los Angeles Times called him "one of the most important Roy A Hargrove (born October 16 1969) is an American Jazz Trumpeter and founding member of the RH factor Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vijay Iyer is a New York based Jazz pianist and composerIn 2003 he collaborated with Mike Ladd, hip-hop MC and producer, and recorded Chris Potter (born January 1, 1971) is an American Jazz saxophonist, composer and multi-instrumentalist Joshua Redman (born February 1, 1969) is an American Jazz saxophonist who records for Nonesuch Records. Terence Blanchard is an internationally renowned jazz trumpeter bandleader composer arranger and Golden Globe-nominated film score composer

Definition

As the term "jazz" has long been used for a wide variety of styles, a comprehensive definition including all varieties is elusive. While some enthusiasts of certain types of jazz have argued for narrower definitions which exclude many other types of music also commonly known as "jazz", jazz musicians themselves are often reluctant to define the music they play. Duke Ellington summed it up by saying, "It's all music. Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29 1899 &ndash May 24 1974 was an American Composer, Pianist, and Bandleader. " Some critics have even stated that Ellington's music was not in fact jazz, as by its very definition, according to them, jazz cannot be orchestrated. On the other hand Ellington's friend Earl Hines' s 20 solo "transformative versions" of Ellington compositions (on Earl Hines Plays Duke Ellington recorded in the 1970s) were described by Ben Ratliff, the New York Times jazz critic, as "as good an example of the jazz process as anything out there. Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl "Fatha" Hines, ( 28 December, 1903 Duquesne Pennsylvania &ndash 22 April "^[29]

There have long been debates in the jazz community over the definition and the boundaries of “jazz. ” In the mid-1930s, New Orleans jazz lovers criticized the "innovations" of the swing era as being contrary to the collective improvisation they saw as essential to "true" jazz. Through the 1940s, '50s and '60s, traditional jazz enthusiasts and Bop enthusiasts criticized each other, often arguing that the other style was somehow not "real" jazz. Although alteration or transformation of jazz by new influences has often been initially criticized as a “debasement,” Andrew Gilbert argues that jazz has the “ability to absorb and transform influences” from diverse musical styles^[30].

Commercially-oriented or 'popular' music-influenced forms of jazz have both long been criticized, at least since the emergence of Bop. Traditional jazz enthusiasts have dismissed Bop, the 1970s jazz fusion era [and much else] as a period of commercial debasement of the music. However, according to Bruce Johnson, jazz music has always had a "tension between jazz as a commercial music and an art form" ^[31].

Gilbert notes that as the notion of a canon of jazz is developing, the “achievements of the past” may be become "…privileged over the idiosyncratic creativity. . . ” and innovation of current artists. Village Voice jazz critic Gary Giddins argues that as the creation and dissemination of jazz is becoming increasingly institutionalized and dominated by major entertainment firms, jazz is facing a ". . . perilous future of respectability and disinterested acceptance. " David Ake warns that the creation of “norms” in jazz and the establishment of a “jazz tradition” may exclude or sideline other newer, avant-garde forms of jazz^[31].

One way to get around the definitional problems is to define the term “jazz” more broadly. According to Krin Gabbard “jazz is a construct” or category that, while artificial, still is useful to designate “a number of musics with enough in common part of a coherent tradition”. Travis Jackson also defines jazz in a broader way by stating that it is music that includes qualities such as “ 'swinging', improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being 'open' to different musical possibilities”^[31]. In jazz and related musical styles the term swing is used to describe the sense of propulsive Rhythmic "feel" or " groove " created by the musical

Improvisation

While jazz may be difficult to define, improvisation is clearly one of its key elements. Improvisation (also called extemporization) is the practice of acting singing talking and reacting of making and creating in the moment and in response to the stimulus of Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition. The Blues is a vocal and instrumental form of Music based on the use of the Blue notes It emerged as an accessible form of self-expression In Music, a call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different Musicians where the second phrase is heard as a direct A form of folk music which rose in part from work songs and field hollers of rural Blacks, early blues was also highly improvisational. These features are fundamental to the nature of jazz. While in European classical music elements of interpretation, ornamentation and accompaniment are sometimes left to the performer's discretion, the performer's primary goal is to play a composition as it was written. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music

In jazz, however, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice. Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with fellow musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will. European classical music has been said to be a composer's medium. Jazz, however, is often characterized as the product of democratic creativity, interaction and collaboration, placing equal value on the contributions of composer and performer, 'adroitly weigh[ing] the respective claims of the composer and the improviser'. ^[32]

In New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies. Dixieland or Dixie is a name for the southeastern portion of the USA; see Southern United States, Dixie. By the swing era, big bands were coming to rely more on arranged music: arrangements were either written or learned by ear and memorized - many early jazz performers could not read music. A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late In Music, an arrangement refers either to a rewriting of a piece of existing Music with additional new material or to a fleshing-out of a compositional sketch such Sheet music is a hand-written or printed form of Musical notation; like its analogs -- books pamphlets etc Individual soloists would improvise within these arrangements. Later, in bebop the focus shifted back towards small groups and minimal arrangements; the melody (known as the "head") would be stated briefly at the start and end of a piece but the core of the performance would be the series of improvisations in the middle. Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody

Later styles of jazz such as modal jazz abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression, allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode. Modal jazz is Jazz using Musical modes rather than chord progressions as its harmonic framework ^[33] The avant-garde and free jazz idioms permit, even call for, abandoning chords, scales, and rhythmic meters. Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz) is a style of music and Improvisation that combines Avant-garde Art music and composition with For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation.

Samples

See also

• Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
• American Jazz Museum
• Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame
• Calvin Jones BIG BAND Jazz Festival
• Cape jazz
• Cool (aesthetic)
• European free jazz
• International Association for Jazz Education
• Jazz at Lincoln Center
• Jazz in Germany
• Jazz poetry
• Jazzpar Prize
• Music of the United States
• Swing (genre)
• Swing (jazz performance style), a term of praise for playing that has a strong rhythmic "groove" or drive
• Thirty-two-bar form

Sources

• Adorno, Theodor. The Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame ( AJHoF) was founded in 1978 and opened a museum on September 18, 1993, with a mission " to foster encourage educate The American Jazz Museum is a Jazz Museum in the United States. Usually held the last Monday evening in April the Calvin Jones BIG BAND Jazz Festival features Big band Jazz ensembles from three Cape Jazz is a genre of Jazz similar to the popular music style known as Marabi, though more improvisational in character which is performed in the southern part of Africa Cool is an Aesthetic of attitude behavior comportment appearance style and Zeitgeist. European free jazz is a part of the global Free jazz scene with its own development and characteristics International Association for Jazz Education (IAJE was a Non-profit voluntary organization that distributed student Scholarships through its approved festivals program Jazz at Lincoln Center 2 by David Shankbonejpg|thumb|Peter Jay Sharp arcade]] Jazz at Lincoln Center (JLC is a constituent of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Inc An overview of the evolution of Jazz music in Germany reveals that the development of jazz in Germany and its public notice differ from the "motherland" of Jazz, the Jazz poetry can be defined as poetry that "demonstrates Jazz -like rhythm or the feel of improvisation" The Jazzpar Prize (established 1990) was an annual Danish prize within Jazz founded by Arnvid Meyer The music of the United States reflects the country's multi-ethnic population through a diverse array of styles Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of Jazz music that developed in the early 1930s and had solidified as a distinctive style by 1935 in the United In jazz and related musical styles the term swing is used to describe the sense of propulsive Rhythmic "feel" or " groove " created by the musical Groove is the sense of propulsive Rhythmic "feel" or sense of " Swing " created by the interaction of the music played by a band's Rhythm section The thirty-two-bar form, often shortened to AABA, is a Musical form common in Tin Pan Alley songs later popular music including rock and "Prisms. " The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. 1967.
• Allen, William Francis, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McLim Garrison, eds. 1867. Slave Songs of the United States. New York: A Simpson & Co. Electronic edition, Chapel Hill, N. C. : Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000.
• Burns, Ken, and Geoffrey C. Ward. 2000. Jazz—A History of America's Music. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Also: The Jazz Film Project, Inc.
• Cooke, Mervyn (1999), Jazz, London: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 0-500-20318-0 .
• Collier, James Lincoln. The Making of Jazz: A Comprehensive History (Dell Publishing Co. , 1978)
• Davis, Miles. 2005. (2005). Boplicity. ISBN 4-006408-264637.
• Elsdon, Peter. 2003. "The Cambridge Companion to Jazz, Edited by Mervyn Cooke and David Horn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Review. " Frankfürter Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft 6:159–75.
• Gang Starr. Gangstar redirects here For the video game see Gangstar Crime City. 2006. Mass Appeal: The Best of Gang Starr. CD recording 72435-96708-2-9. New York: Virgin Records.
• Giddins, Gary. 1998. Visions of Jazz: The First Century New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195076753
• Gridley, Mark C. 2004. Concise Guide to Jazz, fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131826573
• Kenney, William Howland. 1993. Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904-1930. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195064534 (cloth); paperback reprint 1994 ISBN 0195092600
• Oliver, Paul (1970), Savannah Syncopators: African Retentions in the Blues, London: Studio Vista, ISBN 0-289-79827-2 . Paul Ambrose Oliver is the name of a 19th Century inventor Paul Oliver (born 25 May 1927 in Nottingham, England
• Mandel, Howard. 2007. Miles, Ornette, Cecil: Jazz Beyond Jazz. Routledge. ISBN 0415967147.
• Porter, Eric. What Is This Thing Called Jazz? African American Musicians as Artists, Critics and Activists. University of California Press, Ltd. London, England. 2002.
• Ratliffe, Ben. 2002. Jazz: A Critic's Guide to the 100 Most Important Recordings. The New York Times Essential Library. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0805070680
• Scaruffi, Piero: A History of Jazz Music 1900-2000 (Omniware, 2007)
• Szwed, John Francis. 2000. Jazz 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0786884967
• Yanow, Scott. Scott Yanow (born 4 October 1954 in New York) is an American Jazz commentator 2004. Jazz on Film: The Complete Story of the Musicians and Music Onscreen. (Backbeat Books) ISBN 0879307838

References

External links

• Online jazz radio stations
• Great Jazz Musician Biographies
• Jazz History Timeline
• Jazz - A Film by Ken Burns, PBS
• Jazz @ the Smithsonian
• Smooth Jazz Radio Links
• Piero Scaruffi's history of jazz music 1900-2000
• Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame website
• Jazz at Lincoln Center website
• American Jazz Museum website
• Europe Jazz Network
• Great Jazz Baritone Saxophonists and players
• New England Jazz History Database
• The Best Jazz Videos Database

" So What " is the first track on the 1959 Miles Davis album Kind of Blue and is often credited as one of his best works Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. Kind of Blue is an album by American Jazz musician Miles Davis, released August 17 1959 on Columbia Records, in both

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