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Jaywalking is a term used to describe when a pedestrian crosses the street outside designated crossing areas. A pedestrian is a person travelling on foot whether Walking or Running. In common North American use, the term generally refers to someone crossing a major street outside a designated crosswalk or intersection in jurisdictions where this is illegal. Crosswalk button neJPG|right|thumb|The button one pushes to activate the crosswalk signal

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Legality 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 North America 2.3 Australia 2.4 Singapore 3 Causes 4 Safety 5 References 6 See also 7 External links

Etymology

According to one historian, the earliest known use of the word jaywalker in print was in the Chicago Tribune in 1909. ^[1] (The earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1917. ) The term's dissemination was due in part to a deliberate effort by promoters of automobiles, such as local auto clubs and dealers, to redefine streets as places where pedestrians do not belong. ^[2] It is a compound word of the words jay and walk; jay referring to a foolish rural person, a rube, unfamiliar with city ways. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. An alternative folk etymology refers the word to the letter "J", describing the line followed by the pedestrian - going parallel with the road when the other side is reached. Folk etymology is a term used in two distinct ways A commonly held misunderstanding of the origin of a particular word a False etymology.

Legality

When used in the technical sense, jaywalking specifically refers to violation of pedestrian traffic regulations and laws, and is therefore illegal.

In many countries, such regulations do not exist, and jaywalking is an unknown concept.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom (except Northern Ireland) it is legal to cross all roads except motorways, which forbids all pedestrians and slower vehicles. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation The Highway Code contains additional rules for crossing a road safely,^[3] but these are recommendations and not legally enforceable, although as with other advisory parts of the Highway Code compliance or otherwise can be used to establish liability in legal proceedings. The Highway Code is the official road safety manual for Great Britain. ^[4] The term "jaywalking" is not used.

The highway code specifically mentions the special case of a car turning into a road which a pedestrian is already crossing. In this case the pedestrian has priority. ^[5]

In UK schools children are taught to cross roads safely through the Green Cross Code. The Green Cross Code is a Brand created by the UK National Road Safety Committee (now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, RoSPA to raise British children are taught to "Stop, Look, Listen and Think", before crossing a road.

In Northern Ireland jaywalking can be charged at Police discretion and usually only in the case of an accident when clearly witnessed. Otherwise, Northern Ireland is essentially the same as elsewhere in the UK.

North America

Almost all urban areas in the United States and Canada require pedestrians to cross at crosswalks or intersections and to obey pedestrian traffic signals. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Jaywalking is primarily considered an infraction but in some jurisdictions, it is a misdemeanor or requires a court appearance. Infraction as a general term means a violation of a rule or Local ordinance or regulation promise or obligation A misdemeanor, or misdemeanour, in many common law legal systems is a "lesser" criminal act It typically carries a warning or modest fine or not more than one week in jail. In some cities (e. g. New York City), although still illegal, jaywalking is so common that it is generally considered harmless, and police only detain jaywalkers if their behavior is excessively dangerous or disruptive. The City of New York

Penalties for jaywalking vary by municipality. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or For example, in Tempe, AZ, as of June 2006 jaywalking carried fines up to $118. Tempe (tɛmpiː Oidbaḍ in Pima) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, with a 2007 population of 174091 June 2006 was a month with thirty days The following events also occurred during the month A sampling of other U. S. cities found fines ranging from $1^[6] to $750.

Australia

In Australia it is illegal to cross the road at an intersection when a pedestrian light is red or flashing red. If no such pedestrians light exists, the traffic lights is used, making it illegal to proceed on red or orange. Furthermore it is illegal to cross any road crossing or any other pedestrian crossing). The penalty for Jaywalking is $30. A Jaywalker may also be held fully or partially responsible if they are involved in an accident with a vehicle. Some roads, such as roads with a record of pedestrian accidents, feature fences in their centres to discourage pedestrians, but there is no law against traversing them. ^[7]

Singapore

Singapore has arguably the harshest punishment for jaywalking. Singapore First offenses may go for up to $500 SGD ($285 USD), as well as up to three months in jail. The dollar ( sign: $; code: SGD) is the Currency of Singapore. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Repeat offenders may receive a $2000 SGD fine, and up to five to six months imprisonment^[8].

Causes

In many areas, jaywalking has become commonplace and continues to increase. This can be attributed to many factors, including:

• an increasing speed of society
• vehicles parked illegally on the sidewalk
• road works
• an increasing number of pedestrians who are behind schedule
• convenience
• reduced fitness and walking speed
• reduced respect for pedestrian traffic laws or traffic in general
• hawkers crowding the pedestrian walking zone
• kindness to drivers, waiting for a gap in traffic rather than forcing vehicles to stop

In some areas, roads have become actively unfriendly to pedestrians, with long gaps between intersections with crosswalks. Crosswalk button neJPG|right|thumb|The button one pushes to activate the crosswalk signal Some four-way intersections feature fewer than four crosswalks, forcing pedestrians to make three crossings instead of one in order to remain legal. In the field of Road transport, an intersection is a road junction where two or more Roads either meet or cross at grade (they are In these situations, jaywalking may occur out of inconvenience, annoyance, or active protest.

In some cases, jaywalkers are engaging in a minor form of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical These individuals cite further ways in which roads have become less pedestrian-friendly, including reduced or removed lighting at night, and the removal of sidewalks on one or both sides of the road. To them, jaywalking is a means of expressing their discontent with the road system and its lack of consideration for non-vehicular traffic. In 2005 Tempe, AZ was the site of a mass jaywalking protest as hundreds of protesters led by Kaveh Sanaei walked back and forth across the main street during rush hour in protest of the removal of street lamps. In response the city government imposed higher jaywalking fines to raise revenue for street lamps.

Safety

Jaywalking safety depends on many factors, including but not limited to the following:

• The presence or absence of traffic
• The speed and volume of traffic (if present)
• The pedestrian's level of diligence and attentiveness
• How far the pedestrian can see down the road
• How visible the pedestrian is
• The presence of parked vehicles
• The distance to the nearest point where additional unseen traffic may appear, typically intersections
• The number of lanes to cross
• The speed limit of the road
• Current condition of the road (wet, icy, etc. )
• The size of the break in traffic selected for crossing (if present)
• How common jaywalking is in the area

Jaywalking is generally safest in quiet residential neighbourhoods, where cars travel slowly, stop frequently, and are accustomed to dealing with crossing pedestrians. In some quieter neighbourhoods, the road and sidewalk are interchangeable for pedestrians; they may make long diagonal crossings in the absence of traffic, or walk entirely on the road for many reasons, including poor sidewalk conditions (e. g. snow). "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Traffic laws regarding pedestrians in these areas are largely ignored in favour of mutual respect, with pedestrians making room for cars, and cars making wide arcs to give pedestrians a comfortable margin.

Some supporters of jaywalking argue that on certain streets, jaywalking can be safer than crossing properly at an intersection. When a pedestrian crosses at an intersection, there is traffic going three or more different directions, with four directions being standard in almost all cases. Vehicles may go straight, or they may turn left or right across the pedestrian's path. This is typically at high speed, sometimes without signalling, and sometimes while running red lights at even higher speeds. However, drivers may be more likely to expect pedestrians at a corner than in the middle of the block.

In the middle of the block, cars are traveling in only two directions. If there is a raised median in the centre of the road, traffic is further reduced to one direction during each stage of the crossing. The pedestrian must only monitor one or two directions and can easily see and track all oncoming traffic. Once a break forms in the traffic, the pedestrian can cross, with little or no risk of being hit by an unseen vehicle.

Variants of this argument exist. In downtown Montreal, independent of the above argument, some also claim that it can be safer to cross at a crosswalk when the light is red. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec They argue that many local drivers practice very aggressive driving habits; in particular, that they have a tendency to turn right at high speed, without consideration for crossing pedestrians. However, right turns on a red light are illegal on all of the island, so a pedestrian crossing against the light has little risk of being hit by a car approaching from behind and turning right.

References

See also

• Effects of the automobile on societies
• Crosswalk
• Misdemeanor

External links

• What every Brit should know about jaywalking; BBC News

Over the course of the 20th century the Automobile rapidly developed from an expensive toy for the rich into the De facto standard for passenger Transport Crosswalk button neJPG|right|thumb|The button one pushes to activate the crosswalk signal A misdemeanor, or misdemeanour, in many common law legal systems is a "lesser" criminal act

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