Java Native name: Jawa
Topography of Java
Geography
Location	Southeast Asia
Coordinates	7°30′10″S, 111°15′47″E
Archipelago	Greater Sunda Islands
Area	126,700 km² (48,919. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of The Greater Sunda Islands are a group of Islands within the Malay Archipelago. 1 sq mi)
Rank	13th
Highest point	Semeru 3,676 meters (12,060 ft)
Administration
Indonesia
Provinces	Banten, Jakarta Special Capital City District, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta Special Region
Largest city	Jakarta
Demographics
Population	124 million (as of 2005)
Density	979/km²
Indigenous people	Sundanese, Javanese, Tenggerese, Badui, Osing, Bantenese, Cirebonese, Betawi

Java (Indonesian: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles Semeru also Gunung Semeru - located in East Java is the tallest mountain on the island of Java, Indonesia and one of its most active The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Banten is a province of Indonesia located at the western end of Java Island. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. West Java (Jawa Barat with population around 3572 million is the most populous province of Indonesia, located on Java Island. Central Java ( Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura The Special Region of Yogyakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY) is the smallest province of Indonesia (excluding Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Not to be confused with Sudanese people The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. The Javanese are an Ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. The Tenggerese are the descendants of the Majapahit princes Their population of roughly 600000 is centered in thirty villages in the isolated Tengger mountains ( Mount The Baduy, who call themselves Kanekes, are a traditional community living in the western part of the Indonesian province of The Osing are a community living in the eastern salient of Java island in Indonesia, in the easternmost part of East Java province The Bantenese are people living in former Sultanate of Banten. The Cirebonese are an Ethnic group centered around the city of Cirebon in the northern part of the island of Java in Indonesia. The Betawi ( Orang Betawi, or "people of Batavia" are the descendants of the people living around Batavia (the colonial name for Jakarta) from around Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Once the centre of powerful Hindu kingdoms and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies, Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Housing a population of 130 million in 2006^[1], it is the most populous island in the world, ahead of Honshū, the main island of Japan. Land masses Afro-Eurasia &mdash 5500 million people Americas &mdash 900 million people Australia &mdash 21 million people or Honshu is the largest Island of Japan. The nation's main island, it is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Java is also one of the most densely populated regions on Earth. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume

Formed mostly as the result of volcanic events, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in Indonesia. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles A chain of volcanic mountains forms an east-west spine along the island. It has three main languages, and most residents are bilingual, with Indonesian as their second language. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of While the majority of Javanese are Muslim, Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs and cultures.

Etymology

The origins of the name 'Java' are not clear. One possibility is that early travellers from India named the island after the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names. Foxtail millet (botanic name Setaria italica) is the second most widely planted species of Millet, and the most important in East Asia. ^[2] There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant". ^[3] And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[4] Other source states that the "java" word is derived from a Proto-Austronesian root word, meaning 'home'. ^[5]

Outsiders often referred to Java and the neighboring islands by the same name, or use names inconsistently for different islands. For example, Marco Polo refers to neighbouring Sumatra as "little Java"^[6] and Ptolemy refers to Sumatra as Jaba-diu. Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca ^[7]

History

For more details on this topic, see History of Indonesia. See also Timeline of Indonesian history Indonesia is an archipelagic country of 17508 islands (6000 inhabited stretching along the Equator

Java is known for several important finds of early hominid specimens. ^[8] In particular, the 1891 discovery of cranial fossil remains commonly known as "Java man" (now designated as Trinil 2, after the Trinil site on the Bengawan Solo River) is notable as the first early hominid specimen found outside Europe. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Trinil 2 is the fossilized upper Cranium of the Species Homo erectus. Trinil is a palaeoanthropological site on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in East Java, Indonesia. The Bengawan Solo River (alternatively Solo River, with Bengawan being an old Javanese word for River) is the longest River on the In the following course of human history, several kingdoms existed on Java. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or The first kingdoms ruled there were Indianized kingdoms like Tarumanagara and Sunda, influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. The concept of the Indianized kingdom, first described by George Coedès, is based upon the Hindu and Buddhist cultural and economic influences in Tarumanagara or Taruma Kingdom or just Taruma is an early Sundanese kingdom whose fifth-century ruler The Sunda Kingdom was according to primary historical records from the sixteenth century a kingdom covering areas of present-day Banten Province Jakarta, West Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Sailendra (8–9th century), Mataram (752–1045), Kediri (1045–1221), Singhasari (1222–1292) and Majapahit (1293–1500) were among them, leaving evidence of their existence throughout Java. Sailendra (Sanskrit Lord of the Mountain) is the name of an influential Indonesian dynasty that emerged in 8th century Java. Mataram was an Indianized kingdom based in Central Java between the 8th and 10th centuries AD and was established by king Sanjaya, he was also known as Kediri was an Indianized kingdom based in East Java from 1042 to around 1222. Singhasari was a kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292 Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Among many other temples in Java, Borobudur (a Buddhist temple) and Prambanan (a Hindu temple) are the most famous relics of the old Javanese kingdoms, both of which are listed in the UNESCO world heritage site. Candi (tʃændiː are Hindu and Buddhist temples or sanctuaries in Indonesia, most of which were built from the 8th to the 15th centuries Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

Islam spread into the Indonesian archipelago, including Java, in the thirteenth century. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. At the time, the Wali Songo (the "nine ambassadors") were the most prominent Muslim evangelists in the region. In Indonesian and particularly Javanese beliefs, Wali Sanga (the nine saints (also transcribed as Wali Songo are the founding saints of Islam in Java The spread of Islam (1200–1600) took place first in coastal cities, which developed into Muslim states, such as Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) and Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s). Islam is thought to have first been adopted by peoples of the Indonesia n archipelago sometime during the Eleventh century, although Muslims had The Sultanate of Demak was Muslim state located on Java 's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present day city of Demak. The Sultanate of Mataram (pronounced muh-TAR-uhm was the last major independent Javanese empire on Java before the island was colonized by the Dutch

Early 18th century Dutch map; only the north coastal ports of Java are well known.

In 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in the archipelago and subsequently occupied and maintained control of trade and power for more than 300 years. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian VOC established Batavia (present-day Jakarta) on the northern coast of Java as its trading center and administrative headquarters. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Other north coastal cities, such as Semarang and Surabaya, developed into major trading harbors. Semarang is a city on the north coast of the island of Java, Indonesia. Surabaya (formerly spelled as Soerabaja) is Indonesia 's second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java. The Dutch also developed Bandung in the inner mountainous region of West Java to which they had planned to move the capital from Batavia. Bandung (bʌndʊŋ is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia, and the country's fourth largest city

Java was briefly governed by the British East India Company (1811–1816) under the appointed Lieutenant Governor General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, while Holland was occupied by France during the Napoleonic wars. The Honourable East India Company ( HEIC) referred to most commonly as the East India Company, also historically and colloquially as John Company, or The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription During Raffles' administration he introduced partial self-government, a land-tenure system, and abolished the slave trade. Besides that, Raffles developed a strong interest in Javanese culture and restored several temples, including Borobudur. Raffles also wrote the famous book of "The History of Java", the first book that described Java's civilization and culture to the outside world.

After Indonesian independence in 1945 Jakarta remained as the capital, while Java itself has grown into the most crowded area in Indonesia. The Indonesian Declaration of Independence was officially proclaimed at 10 Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Although parts of rural Java are still underdeveloped, the urban areas are the wealthiest and most developed parts of Indonesia.

Geography

Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java

Java lies between Sumatra to the northwest and Bali to the east. Semeru also Gunung Semeru - located in East Java is the tallest mountain on the island of Java, Indonesia and one of its most active Mount Bromo ( Indonesian: Gunung Bromo) is an active Volcano and part of the Tengger massif in East Java, Indonesia. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to Borneo lies to the north and Christmas Island to the south. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Territory of Christmas Island is a small territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean, 2600 kilometres (1600 mi northwest of It is the world's 13th largest island. This is a list of Islands in the world ordered by area. It includes all islands with an area greater than 2500 km² (970 square miles

Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains no fewer than thirty-eight mountains forming an east-west spine which have at one time or another been active volcanoes. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru (3,676 m). Semeru also Gunung Semeru - located in East Java is the tallest mountain on the island of Java, Indonesia and one of its most active The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi (2,914 m). Merapi may refer to Mount Merapi, an active volcano in Central Java Indonesia Mount Marapi (also known as Mount Merapi) an See Volcanoes of Java. Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin and contains numerous volcanoes 20 of which have been active in recent historical times Further mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world. A paddy field is a flooded parcel of Arable land used for growing Rice and other semiaquatic crops. ^[9]

The area of Java is approximately 132,000km². ^[10] The island's longest river is the 600 km long Bengawan Solo River. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The Bengawan Solo River (alternatively Solo River, with Bengawan being an old Javanese word for River) is the longest River on the ^[11] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, the flows north and eastwards to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya. Mount Lawu, or Gunung Lawu, is a massive compound Stratovolcano in Central Java, Indonesia. Java Sea (Laut Jawa is a large (310000 km² shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. Surabaya (formerly spelled as Soerabaja) is Indonesia 's second-largest city, and the capital of the province of East Java.

The island is administratively divided into four provinces (Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java), one special region (Yogyakarta), and one special capital district (Jakarta). ||-||-||}The Province ( Indonesian: provinsi or propinsi) is the highest tier of local government subnational entity in Indonesia. Banten is a province of Indonesia located at the western end of Java Island. West Java (Jawa Barat with population around 3572 million is the most populous province of Indonesia, located on Java Island. Central Java ( Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura The Special Region of Yogyakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY) is the smallest province of Indonesia (excluding Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia.

Popular tourist destinations include the city of Yogyakarta, the huge Buddhist stupa complex of Borobudur, the Hindu temples at Prambanan, and Mount Bromo in East Java. Yogyakarta (also Jogja, Yogya, Jogjakarta) is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Borobudur is a ninth-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta. Mount Bromo ( Indonesian: Gunung Bromo) is an active Volcano and part of the Tengger massif in East Java, Indonesia.

Demographics

Central Jakarta

Java is by far the most populous island in Indonesia, with approximately 62% of the country's population,^[12] and is the most populous island in the world. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology With 130 million inhabitants at 1026 people per km², it is also one of the most densely-populated parts of the world. If it were a country, it would be the second-most densely-populated country of the world after Bangladesh, if very small city-states are excluded. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ^[13] Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese. ^[14]

Since the 1970s the Indonesian government has run transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. The transmigration program ( Indonesian: Transmigrasi) was an initiative of the Indonesian government to move landless people from densely populated areas This program has met with mixed results; sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers. A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area

Ethnicity and culture

See also: Culture of Indonesia

Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Indonesian culture has been shaped by long Interaction between original indigenous customs and multiple foreign influences Only two ethnic groups are native to the island - the Javanese and Sundanese. The Javanese are an Ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. Not to be confused with Sudanese people The Sundanese are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Indonesian island of Java. A third group is the Madurese, who inhabit the island of Madura off the north east coast of Java, and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century. The Madurese are an Ethnic group originally from the island of Madura but now found in many parts of Indonesia, where they are the third-largest ethnic Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura ^[15] The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 20% and 10% respectively. ^[15]

Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the kejawen or the Javanese heartland, the north coast of the pasisir region, the Sunda lands of West Java, and the eastern salient, also known as Blambangan. Javanese beliefs ( Kebatinan or Kejawen) have principles embodying a "search for inner self" but at the core is the concept of Peace Of Mind The Regency of Banyuwangi is located at the easternmost end of the Indonesian island of Java, and it is a very strategic area for one who wants to go to Bali Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal Java. ^[15]

In the southwestern part of Central Java, usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture. Banyumas is a regency (kabupaten in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Banyumas is a regency (kabupaten in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Yogyakarta (also Jogja, Yogya, Jogjakarta) is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Surakarta (colloquially Solo) is an Indonesian city of approximately 500000 people located in Central Java. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows. A gamelan is a musical ensemble of Indonesia typically featuring a variety of instruments such as metallophones xylophones drums and gongs bamboo flutes bowed and Wayang is an Indonesian and Malay word for Theatre. When the term is used to refer to kinds of puppet theater sometimes the puppet itself is referred

Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabarata. Ken Arok or Ken Angrok, (d around 1227 was the founder and first ruler of the Singhasari Kingdom an ancient Hindu - Budhist kingdom in the Ken Dedes the first queen of Singhasari, she was the wife of Ken Arok, the first ruler of Singhasari, Java, Indonesia. The Rāmāyaṇa ( Devanāgarī: sa रामायण is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage ( Maharishi) Valmiki Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends. Pramoedya Ananta Toer (6 February 1925 – 30 April 2006 was an Indonesian author of novels short stories essays polemics and histories of his homeland and its people

Languages

Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white)

The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Javanese is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. Sundanese ( Basa Sunda, literally "language of Sunda " is the Language of about 27 million people from the western third of Java Madurese is the spoken language of the Madurese people from Madura Island, Indonesia; it is also spoken on Kangean Islands, Sapudi Other languages spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing and Tenggerese (closely related to Javanese), Badui (closely related to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely related to Madurese), and Balinese. The Betawi language is the spoken Language of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Malay language ( ISO 639-1 code MS is an Austronesian language spoken by the Malay people and people of other ethnic groups who reside in the The Osing are a community living in the eastern salient of Java island in Indonesia, in the easternmost part of East Java province The Tenggerese are the descendants of the Majapahit princes Their population of roughly 600000 is centered in thirty villages in the isolated Tengger mountains ( Mount The Baduy, who call themselves Kanekes, are a traditional community living in the western part of the Indonesian province of Kangean may refer to Kangean Islands Kangean Island Kangean language 1908 meteorite fall see Meteorite Balinese or simply Bali is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3 ^[16] The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian, generally as a second language. Indonesian or Bahasa Indonesia, based on the Riau version of Malay language, was declared the official language with the declaration of

Religion

More than 90 percent of Javanese are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan (more nominal or syncretic) and santri (more orthodox). The Abangan are the population of Javanese Muslims who practice a more syncretic version of Islam than the more orthodox Santri. The Santri are a cultural 'stream' of people within the population of Javanese who practice a more orthodox version of Islam, in contrast to the Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Bali is an Indonesian Island located at, the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to The Regency of Banyuwangi is located at the easternmost end of the Indonesian island of Java, and it is a very strategic area for one who wants to go to Bali There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Chinese Indonesian. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Chinese Indonesians ( Hakka: Thong ngin Min: Teng lang Indonesian: Tionghoa Indonesia, or (derisively Cina totok) are ethnically The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions. (See Religion in Indonesia. Religion plays a major role in life in Indonesia. It is stated in the first principle of the state ideology Pancasila: "belief in the one and only God" )

Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief. Indian influences came first with Shivaism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. Shaivism, also spelled "Saivism" names the oldest of the four sects of Hinduism. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices ^[17] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught mystical practices. Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. ^[17]

Islam, which came after Hinduism, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Muslim scholar of the writ (Kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. For the martial arts term see Kiai. A Kyai (key-eye is an expert in the religion of Islam. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian In Javanese pesantren (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Pesantren or Pondok Pesantren are Islamic Boarding schools in Indonesia Students around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground ^[17]

Pre-Islamic Javanese traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, dogma and practice. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas, Greek, plural) is the established Belief or ^[17] The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. The word schism (ˈsɪzəm or /ˈskɪzəm/ from the Greek σχίσμα skhísma (from σχίζω skhízō, "to tear to split" There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity As a result, there is a division between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who has mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic dogma. The Abangan are the population of Javanese Muslims who practice a more syncretic version of Islam than the more orthodox Santri. Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals ^[17]

A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. The Special Region of Yogyakarta ( Indonesian: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, or DIY) is the smallest province of Indonesia (excluding Of these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and 6 in East Java. Central Java ( Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. West Java (Jawa Barat with population around 3572 million is the most populous province of Indonesia, located on Java Island. East Java (Jawa Timur is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and also includes neighboring Madura ^[17] These include Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Javanese beliefs ( Kebatinan or Kejawen) have principles embodying a "search for inner self" but at the core is the concept of Peace Of Mind Subud (pronounced subud is an international spiritual association that began in Indonesia in the 1920s as a movement founded by a Javanese Muslim Muhammad Subuh Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions. ^[18]

Further reading

• Cribb, Robert (2000). Historical Atlas of Indonesia. London and Honolulu: RoutledgeCurzon Press, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2111-4.  

See also

• 2005 Java-Bali Blackout
• 2007 Java earthquake
• May 2006 Java earthquake
• July 2006 Java earthquake

References

External links

• Java travel guide from Wikitravel