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The Jarrow March (or Jarrow Crusade, from the phrase on banners carried by the marchers), was an October 1936 protest march against unemployment and extreme poverty suffered in North East England at that time. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Protest expresses relatively overt reaction to events or situations sometimes in favor though more often opposed Marching refers to the organized uniformed steady and rhythmic Walking forward usually associated with Military Troops Marching is often performed Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and North-East England is one of the nine official Regions of England and comprises the combined area of Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear [1] The marchers traveled from the town of Jarrow to the Palace of Westminster in London, a distance of almost 300 miles, to lobby Parliament. Jarrow (ˈjæroʊ or /ˈjærə/ is a Town on the River Tyne, England with a Population around 27000 (2001 Census) London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories

During 1936, mass of unemployment and extreme poverty in the north-east of England drove 200 men to march in protest to the government from Jarrow to London. Their MP, Ellen Wilkinson was with them as they came south to petition parliament. Many men marching in the Jarrow Crusade, will never forget their great champion, 'Red Ellen'.

When they got back home from the government, very little was done for them. The Ship Industries remained closed. And all that they were given was £1 each to get the train back to London.

Contents

Background

The global Great Depression brought particular distress to North East England, where many citizens were miners and ship workers. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body The collapse of domestic and international trade in shipbuilding, coal mining, and steel industries led to even more severe unemployment and poverty than seen in other parts of the country. International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. See also Shipbuilding (song. Shipbuilding is the construction of Ships It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a Coal mining is the extraction or removal of Coal from the Earth by Mining. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and At the time unemployment benefit lasted only for twenty six weeks, and the Unemployment Assistance Board, created in 1934, provided inadequate relief for long-term unemployed people. Unemployment benefits are payments made by Governments to unemployed people The Unemployment Assistance Board was a body set up in Britain in 1934 due to the high levels of inter-war poverty in Britain Long-term unemployed people were put under Poor Law which forced them to do service for less money than normal. This article deals chiefly with the English Poor Laws covering England and Wales Senior generations of families were forcibly evicted from their family homes.

The Palmer's Yard shipbuilding industry was set up in Jarrow in the mid-19th century. Jarrow (ˈjæroʊ or /ˈjærə/ is a Town on the River Tyne, England with a Population around 27000 (2001 Census) Jarrow was a small town on the mouth of the River Tyne, near the city of Newcastle, which had a large manufacturing industry. A delta is a Landform where the mouth of a River flows into an Ocean, Sea, Estuary, Lake or another river The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale A boomtown, Jarrow prospered at the start of the 20th century, when more than a quarter of the world's shipping tonnage was built in North East England. A boomtown is a Community that experiences sudden and rapid population and Economic growth. Tonnage is a measure of the size or Cargo capacity of a Ship. After the Great Depression, the town sank economically.

The National Shipbuilding Securities was set up to counter the increasingly dire situation. It recommended "rationalisation," which meant closing down a number of shipyards. Jarrow was one of the older yards that was closed to protect the more modern yards. In 1935 the huge cranes at Palmer's Yard were dismantled, and the town faced a bleak future. A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to

The National Unemployed Workers' Movement had organised several similar marches before the Jarrow March, albeit these received little political support due to the NUWM's links with the Communist Party. The National Unemployed Workers' Movement was a British organisation set up in 1921 by members of the Communist Party of Great Britain. The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB was the largest Communist party in the United Kingdom, though it never became a mass party like the Communist parties of When the Jarrow Borough Council organised the protest in July 1936, they named it a "crusade" rather than a march partly to make it clear their protest was not affiliated with the NUWM in the hope of gaining more support. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents

As of 2008 Go North East made a tribute bus called the crusader 27/27A as an honour

March

On October 5, 1936, 207 Geordie men, known as the Jarrow Marchers, walked from Jarrow to London to lobby Parliament. Go North East was originally the founding company of the Go-Ahead Group. Geordie (ˈdʒɔrdi is a regional nickname for a person from the Tyneside region of England, or the name of the Dialect of English

The march was to find jobs to support Jarrow men and their families. It was also a bid for respect and recognition, not only for the people of Jarrow, but for others in a similar situation all over the country. The marchers had no resources other than their own determination, and some good boots supplied by the public. A boot is a type of Shoe that covers at least the Foot and the Ankle and sometimes extends up to the Knee or even the Hip. During the march, wherever the marchers stopped for the night, the local people found them shelter and provided them with food.

The marchers were selected carefully, with only fit men being allowed to participate.

The marchers were supported by a bus which carried cooking equipment and ground sheets for when the march had to stop outside. Many of the men marched in army style, walking for 50 minutes before a ten-minute break, and held blue and white banners. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces A harmonica band and frequent singing helped to keep morale of the marchers high. A harmonica is a free reed Wind instrument which is played by blowing air into it or drawing air out by placing lips over individual holes (reed chambers or Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, which is often contrasted with Speech. Sometimes, the local Member of Parliament, Ellen Wilkinson, marched with the group to give higher profile to the crusade. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Ellen Cicely Wilkinson ( October 8, 1891 &ndash February 6, 1947) was the Labour Member of Parliament for Middlesbrough

The original petition, which demanded government aid for the town of Jarrow, signed by 11,000 people from Jarrow, was carried in an oak box, whilst supporters of the March could add to an additional petition. The marchers spent the nights in local accommodation, whilst sometimes receiving extra aid from locals. In Barnsley, the marchers were allowed to use specially-heated municipal baths. Barnsley is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Dearne, north of the city of Sheffield, and west of Doncaster Public baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness Often the term public is misleading to some people as they will have restrictions based upon who can use the facility

Route

The route the marchers, with overnight stops, was in 22 legs covering a total of 280. 5 miles (451 km) as follows:

Impact and aftermath

The marchers arrived in London on October 31, almost a month after leaving. Chester-le-Street is the main town in the Chester-le-Street district of County Durham, England. Ferryhill is a Town in south-central County Durham, England with a population of around 10000 people Darlington is a town in County Durham, England and the main population centre in the Borough of Darlington. Northallerton (ɴɔːɵɑːlɜɾtʌn is a Market town in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England Ripon is a Cathedral city, Market town and Civil parish within the Borough of Harrogate, in North Yorkshire, England. Harrogate (or Harrogate Spa) is a large wealthy Spa town in North Yorkshire, England. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Wakefield lies at the heart of the City of Wakefield, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. Barnsley is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Dearne, north of the city of Sheffield, and west of Doncaster Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Chesterfield is a historic Market town and local government district in Derbyshire, a County in England. Mansfield is a town in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest town in the County, lying on the River Maun, from which the name of the town Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Loughborough (pronounced locally as either /lɘfbɘɹɘ/ "LUFF-burra" /lɘf Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Market Harborough is a Market town in Leicestershire, England. This article is about Northampton in England for other places of the same name see Northampton (disambiguation Northampton ( is a large Market Bedford is the County town of Bedfordshire, England. It is a large town and the administrative centre for the Bedford borough Luton ( is a large town in the east of England, 32 miles (51 kilometres north of London. St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in southern Hertfordshire, England, around north of central London. Edmonton is an area in the east of the London Borough of Enfield, England, United Kingdom with a long history as a settlement distinct from Enfield Marble Arch is a white Carrara Marble monument near Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, at the western end of Oxford Street in The total number of signatures on the petition was 12,000, and was handed into Parliament by Wilkinson. The Prime Minister of the day, Stanley Baldwin, refused to see any of the marchers' representatives, claiming he was too busy. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major The marchers generally received sympathy, though no proposal was made to help Jarrow, despite the petition being accepted in the House of Commons. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords

Several years after the Jarrow March, in 1938, a ship-breaking yard and engineering works were established in Jarrow. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and The following year, a steelworks was established. Still, the depression continued in Jarrow until the beginning of World War II, when industrial production increased due to the nation's need for re-armament. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The Jarrow March is fondly remembered by those on the left in British politics as a landmark in the history of labour movement, even though the Labour Party of the day opposed it, and the Trades Union Congress circularized Trades Councils advising them not to help the marchers[2]. The Trades Union Congress (TUC is a national trade union centre, a federation of Trade unions in the United Kingdom, representing the majority of trade

The last surviving member of the march, Cornelius Whalen, died on September 14, 2003, at 93. [3]

References

  1. ^ BBC - History - The Jarrow Crusade
  2. ^ Ellen Wilkinson - "The Town That Was Murdered
  3. ^ BBC: Last Jarrow March member dies

External links

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