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The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the Japanese era name (年号 nengō?, lit. The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. year name) and the year number within the era. For example, the year 2008 is Heisei 20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common is the current era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor Hirohito

As elsewhere in East Asia, the use of nengō, also known as "gengō" (元号?), was originally derived from Chinese Imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese era-naming systems. The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese Korean Era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and Below is a list of Vietnamese monarchs. Some declared themselves kings ( vua / vương) or emperors ( hoàng đế) Unlike these other similar systems, Japanese era names are still in use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

Sometimes an era name is expressed with the first letter of the romanized name. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i. e. 1980 A. D. ). At 64 years, Shōwa is the longest era to date. The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to

Contents

Overview

The system on which the Japanese nengō are based originated in China in 140 BCE, and was adopted by Japan in 645 CE, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession

The first nengō to be assigned was "Taika" (大化?), celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great Taika reform (大化の改新?). The were a set of doctrines established by Emperor Kōtoku in the year 646 The were a set of doctrines established by Emperor Kōtoku in the year 646 Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive nengō was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Mommu (697-707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day. [1]

Historical nengō

Prior to the Meiji period, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July A new nengō was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new nengō was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the sexagenary cycle, because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō. The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān is a traditional Japanese Esoteric cosmology, a mixture of Natural science and Occultism. These three years are respectively known as kakurei (革令?), kakuun (革運?), and kakumei (革命?), and collectively known as sankaku (三革?). Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, the first day of a nengō (元年 gannen?) starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year. [2]

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Wadō (和銅?), during the Nara period was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu. Most nengō are comprised of two kanji, except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Tenpyō Kanpō (天平感宝?), Tenpyō Shōhō (天平勝宝?), Tenpyō Hōji (天平宝字?) and Tenpyō Jingo (天平神護?) are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period, Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Daidō (大同?), Kōnin (弘仁?) and Tenchō (天長?). The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Although there currently exist a total of 247 Japanese era names, only 72 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 72 kanji, 30 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

Nengō in modern Japan

Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the Keiō (慶応?) era. The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February was a after Genji and before Meiji. The period spanned the years from 1865 to 1868. was a after Genji and before Meiji. The period spanned the years from 1865 to 1868. On Oct. 23, 1868, the era name was changed to "Meiji" (明治?), and a "one reign, one era name" (一世一元 issei-ichigen?) system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon imperial succession. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led The Japanese nengō system differs from Chinese practice, in that in the Chinese system the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, the first year of a nengō (元年 gannen?) starts immediately upon the emperor's ascension to the throne and ends on December 31st. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today

For example, the Meiji era lasted until July 30th, 1912, when the emperor died and the Taishō (大正?) era was proclaimed. The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and "Taishō 1" (大正元年 Taishō gannen?), although Meiji technically ended on Jul. 30th with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Era Name Law (元号法 gengō-hō?). Thus, since 1868, there have only been four era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa and Heisei, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as "Emperor Meiji" (明治天皇 Meiji Tennō?).

NB: It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor should be referred to as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下, "His Majesty the Emperor") or Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇, "current emperor"). To call the current emperor by the current era name, i. e. "Heisei", even in English, is a faux pas, as this is—and will be—his posthumous name. Use of the emperor's given name (i. e. , "Akihito") is rare in Japanese.

Conversion table from Gregorian calendar years to nengō

To convert a Japanese year to a Western or Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the nengō (the nengō = the era name, see list below). The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today When found, subtract 1, and add the number of the Japanese year. For example, the 23rd year of the Showa Era (Showa 23) would be 1948:

ILLUSTRATION: 1926 − 1 = 1925 . Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The plus and minus signs ( + and &minus) are Mathematical symbols used to represent the notions of positive and negative as well as the operations Year 1 ( I) was a Common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. History The "=" symbol that is now universally accepted by mathematics for equality was first recorded by Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde in The Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . , and then 1925 + 23 = 1948 . Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the year AD 23 For other uses see 23 (number, 23 (numerology, or 23 (disambiguation. History The "=" symbol that is now universally accepted by mathematics for equality was first recorded by Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde in The Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . or Showa 23.
CONVERSION TABLE: Gregorian calendar years / nengō
Year Kanji Romanization Meaning Notes
Asuka period (538-710)
645 大化 Taika "Great Reform"[3] Emperor Kōtoku, 645-654. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with Hiragana (ひらがな 平仮名 Katakana In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or The, was a period in the History of Japan lasting from 538 to 710 (or 592-645 although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs Asia was a after the Kōgyoku period and before the Hakuchi era. This period spanned the years from 645 through 650. ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [4] Also known as "Great Development"[5]
650 白雉 Hakuchi "White Pheasant"[6]
654 Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 654-686: See "Non-Nengō periods" section below
686 朱鳥 Shuchō "vermillion bird" also Suchō, Akamitori or Akamidori; Emperor Temmu, 672-686. Events By Place Asia The first Chinese Paper money is issued yet these banknotes will not become government-issued was a after the ''Taika'' era and before a late 7th century gap in the sequence of nengō which would stretch uninterrupted from the proclamation of the new era Taihō Events By Place Europe Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off Events By Place Europe The Kingdom of Kent is attacked and conquered by West Saxons under Caedwalla. alternatively read as Suchō or Akamitori, was a after a gap following Hakuchi (650-654 and before another gap lasting until ''Taihō'' (701-704 (c 631 - October 1 686) was the 40th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [7]
686 Naming of eras temporarily discontinued from 686-701: See "Non-Nengō periods" section below
701 大宝 Taihō "Great Law"[3] also Daihō; Emperor Mommu, 697-707. Events By Place Europe The Kingdom of Kent is attacked and conquered by West Saxons under Caedwalla. Events By Place Europe was a after a late 7th century interruption in the sequence of nengō after Shuchō and before Keiun. Emperor Mommu (文武天皇 Monmu-tennō) (683-707 was the 42nd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [8] Also known as "Great Treasure"[9]
704 慶雲 Keiun "jubilant cloud" also Kyōun; Empress Gemmei, 707-715. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Justinian II re-takes the throne of the Byzantine Empire. also known as Kyōun, is a Japanese era name following Taihō and preceding Wadō. (661 &ndash December 29 721 was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [10]
708 和銅 Wadō "Japanese Copper"[11]
Nara period (710-794)
715 霊亀 Reiki "ethereal tortoise" Empress Genshō, 715-724. Events By Place Asia August 29 — Copper Coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date was a after Keiun and before Reiki. This period spanned the years from 708 through 715. The of the History of Japan covers the years from AD 710 to 794. Events By Place Europe September 26 — Battle of Compiègne: Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald, becoming mayor was a after Wadō and before Yōrō. This period spanned the years from 715 through 717. Empress Genshō (元正天皇 Genshō-tennō) (680 &ndash May 22, 748) was the 44th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional [12]
717 養老 Yōrō "caring for the aged"
724 神亀 Jinki "divine tortoise" also Shinki; Emperor Shōmu, 724-749. Events By Place Europe March 21 — The Battle of Vincy is fought between Charles Martel and Ragenfrid. was a after Reiki and before Jinki. This period spanned the years from 717 through 724. For the area code see Area code 724 Events By Place Asia Emperor Shōmu succeeds Empress Genshō was a after Yōrō and before Tenpyō. This period spanned the years from 724 through 729. Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇 Shōmu Tennō) (701 – June 4, 756) was the 45th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional [13]
729 天平 Tenpyō "heavenly peace" also Tenbyō or Tenhei
749 天平感宝 Tenpyō-kanpō "Gratitude for Treasure"[14] also Tenbyō-kanpō
749 天平勝宝 Tenpyō-shōhō "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Buddhism"[15] also Tenbyō-shōbō or Tenpei-shōhō; Empress Kōken, 749-758. Events By Place Europe The Battle of Ravenna is fought between the troops of Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, and a force was a after Jinki and before Tenpyō-kanpō. This period spanned the years from 729 through 749. Events By Place Europe June — Aistulf succeeds his brother Ratchis as king of the Lombards. was a after Tenpyō and before Tenpyō-shōhō. This period spanned mere months in 749. Events By Place Europe June — Aistulf succeeds his brother Ratchis as king of the Lombards. was a after Tenpyō-kanpō and before Tenpyō-hōji. This period spanned the years from 749 through 757. Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇 Shōtoku-tennō) (718 &ndash August 28, 770) was both the 46th and the 48th imperial ruler [16]
757 天平宝字 Tenpyō-hōji "Lucky Inscription"[17] also Tenbyō-hōji or Tenpei-hōji; Emperor Junnin, 758-764;[18] Empress Shōtoku, 764-770. Events By Place Asia March 9 — A major Earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria. was a after Tenpyō-shōhō and before Tenpyō-jingo. This period spanned the years from 757 through 765. Emperor Junnin (淳仁天皇 Junnin-tennō) (733-765 was the 47th imperial ruler of Japan according to the traditional order of succession Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇 Shōtoku-tennō) (718 &ndash August 28, 770) was both the 46th and the 48th imperial ruler [19]
765 天平神護 Tenpyō-jingo "heavenly peace and divine protection" also Tenbyō-jingo or Tenhei-jingo
767 神護景雲 Jingo-keiun "divine protection and cloudy view"
770 宝亀 Hōki "treasure turtle" Emperor Kōnin, 770-781. Events By Topic Religion Papal privileges are restored in Beneventino and Tuscany (and partly in Spoleto) was a after Tenpyō-hōji and before Jingo-keiun. This period spanned the years from 765 through 767. ---- Events By Place Europe A period of Anarchy begins in Bulgaria. was a after Tenpyō-jingo and before Hōki. This period spanned the years from 767 through 770. Events By Place Asia Emperor Kōnin ascends to the throne of Japan, succeeding Empress Shōtoku. was a after Jingo-keiun and before Ten'ō. This period spanned the years from 770 through 781. ( November 18, 709 &ndash January 11, 782) was the 49th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of [20]
781 天応 Ten'ō "heavenly answer" Emperor Kammu, 781-806. Events By Place Asia July 31 — The oldest recorded eruption of Mt was a after Hōki and before Enryaku. This period spanned the years from 781 through 782. (737&ndash806 was the 50th imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [21]
782 延暦 Enryaku "prolonged calendar"
Heian period (794-1192)
806 大同 Daidō "great similarity" Emperor Heizei, 806-809;[22] Emperor Saga, 809-823. Events By Place Europe Charlemagne summons the monk and scholar Alcuin of York to head the palace school at Aachen was a after Ten'ō and before Daidō. This period spanned the years from 782 through 806. The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Events By Place Asia Emperor Heizei succeeds Emperor Kammu as Emperor of Japan. was a after Enryaku and before Kōnin. This period spanned the years from 806 through 809. Not to be confused with Emperor Heisei, the future posthumous name of the current reigning Emperor Akihito. Emperor Saga (嵯峨天皇 Saga-tennō) (786&ndash842 was the 52nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [23]
810 弘仁 Kōnin "broad virtue" Emperor Junna, 823-833. For the area code see Area code 810 Events By Place Byzantine Empire October 1 — A man with a Sword makes was a after Daidō and before Tenchō. This period spanned the years from 810 through 824. Emperor Junna (淳和天皇 Junna-tennō) (786-840 was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [24]
824 天長 Tenchō "heavenly length" Emperor Ninmyō, 833-850. Events By Place Europe Third Battle of Roncevaux Pass: The Basques and Banu Qasi defeat counts Eblo and Aznar Frankish was a after Kōnin and before Jōwa. This period spanned the years from 824 through 834. (810&ndash March 21, 850) was the 54th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [25]
834 承和 Jōwa "Flourishing Treasure"[26] also Shōwa or Sōwa
848 嘉祥 Kashō "Good Augury"[27] also Kajō; Emperor Montoku, 850-858. Events By Place Europe The Vikings first raid Dorestad (present-day Netherlands) was a after Tenchō and before Kashō. This period spanned the years from 834 through 848. Events By Place Europe The Saracens destroy Leontini. Charles the Bald, Louis the German and also known as Kajō, was a after Jōwa and before Ninju. This period spanned the years from 848 through 851. Emperor Montoku (文徳天皇 Montoku-tennō) (827-858 was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [28]
851 仁寿 Ninju "virtuous long life"
854 斉衡 Saikō "adjusted equilibrium"
857 天安 Ten'an "heavenly peace" also Tennan; Emperor Seiwa, 858-876. Events By Place Europe Vikings plunder London and Canterbury. was a after Kashō and before Saikō. This period spanned the years from 851 through 854. Events By Place Europe Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Lothar meet at Attigny. was a after Ninju and before Ten'an. This period spanned the years from 854 through 857. Events By Place Europe The Vikings raid Dorestad. Byzantine Empire Michael III was a after Saikō and before Jōgan. This period spanned the years from 857 through 859. Emperor Seiwa (清和天皇 Seiwa-tennō) (Third month 25th day 850 - Twelfth month 4th day 880 was the 56th emperor of Japan, according [29]
859 貞観 Jōgan "righteous appearance" Emperor Yōzei, 876-884. Events By Place Europe January 15 - Battle of Saint-Quentin Aisne: Humfrid defeats Louis the German. was a after Ten'an and before Gangyō. This period spanned the years from 859 through 877. Emperor Yōzei (陽成天皇 Yōzei-tennō) (869-949 was the 57th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [30]
877 元慶 Gangyō "former jubilation" also Gankyō or Genkei; Emperor Kōkō, 884-887. Events By Place Asia Indravarman II succeeds Jayavarman III as ruler of the Khmer Empire. was a after Jōgan and before Ninna. This period spanned the years from 877 through 885. ( 830 - August 26, 887) was the 58th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [31]
885 仁和 Ninna "virtuous peace" also Ninwa; Emperor Uda, 887-897. Events By Place Europe The Vikings besiege Paris. Godfrith the Sea King is killed in Lobith. was a after Gangyō and before Kanpyō. This period spanned the years from 885 through 889. was the 59th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [32]
889 寛平 Kanpyō "tolerant balance" also Kanpei or Kanbyō or Kanbei or Kanhei; Emperor Daigo, 887-930. Events By Place Asia Yasovarman I succeeds Indravarman II as ruler of the Khmer empire. was a after Ninna and before Shōtai. This period spanned the years from 889 through 898. Emperor Daigo (醍醐天皇 Daigo-tennō) ( January 18, 885 &ndash October 23, 930) was the 60th emperor of [33]
898 昌泰 Shōtai "prosperous calm"
901 延喜 Engi "prolonged rejoice"
923 延長 Enchō "prolonged chief" Emperor Suzaku, 930-946. Events By place Europe A Magyar army headed by Álmos besieges Kiev. was a after Kanpyō and before Engi. This period spanned the years from 898 through 901. Events By Place Americas The Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at Uxmal. was a after Shōtai and before Enchō. This period spanned the years from 901 through 923. Events By Place Europe June 15 — Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed and King Charles the was a after Engi and before Jōhei. This period spanned the years from 923 through 931. Emperor Suzaku (朱雀天皇 Suzaku-tennō) (923-952 was the 61st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [34]
931 承平 Jōhei "receive balance" also Shōhei
938 天慶 Tengyō "heavenly jubilation" also Tenkei or Tenkyō; Emperor Murakami, 946-967. Events By Place Europe Ramiro II of Leon becomes the King of León. also romanized as Shōhei) was a after Enchō and before Tengyō. Events By Place Asia The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking; they name Nanjing as their South Palace was a after Jōhei and before Tenryaku. This period spanned the years from 938 through 947. Emperor Murakami (村上天皇 Murakami-tennō) ( June 2, 926 &ndash May 25, 967) was the 62nd emperor of [35]
947 天暦 Tenryaku "heavenly almanac" also Tenreki
957 天徳 Tentoku "heavenly benevolence"
961 応和 Ōwa "answered peace"
964 康保 Kōhō "guaranteed ease" Emperor Reizei, 967-969. Events By Place Asia The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in was a after Tengyō and before Tentoku. This period spanned the years from 947 through 957. Events By Place Asia The Chandra Hindu Dynasty ends thus beginning a time of chaos in areas belonging to modern-day Mongolia. was a after Tengyō and before Ōwa. This period spanned the years from 957 through 961. Events By Place Asia Ani (present-day Turkey) becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty was a after Tentoku and before Kōhō. This period spanned the years from 961 through 964. 964 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Asia Nicephorus II begins a campaign to recapture was a after Ōwa and before Anna. This period spanned the years from 964 through 968. Emperor Reizei (冷泉天皇 Reizei-tennō) ( 12 June, 950 - 21 November, 1011) was the 63rd emperor of [36]
968 安和 Anna "calm peace" also Anwa; Emperor En'yū, 969-984. 968 was a year in the 10th century. Events By Place Asia The Pechenegs begin the Siege of Kiev was a after Kōhō and before Tenroku. This period spanned the years from 964 through 968. Emperor En'yū (円融天皇 En'yū-tennō) ( March 2, 959 - February 12, 991) was the 64th emperor of Japan [37]
970 天禄 Tenroku "heavenly fief"
973 天延 Ten'en "prolonged heaven"
976 貞元 Jōgen "righteous origins" also Teigen
978 天元 Tengen "heavenly origins"
983 永観 Eikan "eternal view" also Yōkan; Emperor Kazan, 984-986. 970 was a year in the 10th century. Events This is an area code in Northwest Colorado Also see 970 Gang By Place was a after Anna and before Ten'en. This period spanned the years from 970 through 973. Events By Place Africa The Fatimids move their capital to Cairo. was a after Tenroku and before Jōgen. This period spanned the years from 973 through 976. For the 976 telephone prefix see Premium-rate telephone number Events By Place Byzantine Empire January 10 — see also Jōgen --disambiguation was a after Ten'en and before Tengen. Events By Place Europe Badìa Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence, Italy, is founded by Willa Margravine of Tuscany was a after Jōgen and before Eikan. This period spanned the years from 976 through 978. Events By Place Asia Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon was a after Tengen and before Kanna. This period spanned the years from 983 through 985. Emperor Kazan (花山天皇 Kazan-tennō) ( October 26, 968 – February 8, 1008) was the 65th emperor of Japan [38]
985 寛和 Kanna "tolerant peace" also Kanwa; Emperor Ichijō, 986-1011. Events By Place Europe Barcelona is sacked by Al-Mansur. Greenland is colonized by Icelandic was a after Eikan and before Eien. This period spanned the years from 985 through 987. Emperor Ichijō (一条天皇 Ichijō-tennō) ( July 15, 980 - July 25, 1011) was the 66th emperor of Japan [39]
987 永延 Eien "prolonged eternity" also Yōen
988 永祚 Eiso "eternal imperial throne" also Yōso
990 正暦 Shōryaku "true almanac" also Jōryaku or Shōreki
995 長徳 Chōtoku "chief benevolence"
999 長保 Chōhō "chief guarantee"
1004 寛弘 Kankō . Events By Place Europe Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, is crowned King of France. was a after Kanna and before Eiso. This period spanned the years from 987 through 988. Events By Place Africa Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world For the Okinawan king see Eiso (Ryukyu. For the Vietnamese era name see Eiso (Vietnam was a after Eien Events By Place Africa Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo. was a after Eiso and before Chōtoku. This period spanned the years from 990 through 995. Events By Place Europe Erik Segersäll is succeeded by Olof Skötkonung, the first baptized ruler of Sweden (see was a after Eiso and before Chōhō. This period spanned the years from 995 through 999. For the emergency number see 999 (emergency telephone number. was a after Chōtoku and before Kankō. This period spanned the years from 999 through 1004. was a after Chōhō and before Chōwa. This period spanned the years from 1004 through 1012. . . Emperor Sanjō, 1011-1016. ( February 5, 976 - June 5, 1017) was the 67th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [40]
1012 長和 Chōwa . was a after Kankō and before Kannin. This period spanned the years from 1012 through 1017. . . Emperor Go-Ichijō, 1016-1036. Emperor Go-Ichijō (後一条天皇 Go-Ichijō-tennō) ( October 12, 1008 &ndash May 15, 1036) was the 68th emperor [41]
1017 寛仁 Kannin . was a after Chōwa and before Jian. This period spanned the years from 1017 through 1021. . .
1021 治安 Jian . was a after Kannin and before Manju. This period spanned the years from 1021 through 1024. . . also Chian
1024 万寿 Manju . was a after Jian and before Chōgen. This period spanned the years from 1024 through 1028. . .
1028 長元 Chōgen . was a after Manju and before Chōryaku. This period spanned the years from 1028 through 1037. . . Emperor Go-Suzaku, 1036-1045. Emperor Go-Suzaku (後朱雀天皇 Go-Suzaku-tennō) ( December 14, 1009 &ndash February 7, 1045) was the 69th emperor [42]
1037 長暦 Chōryaku . was a after Chōgen and before Chōkyū. This period spanned the years from 1037 through 1040. . . also Chōreki
1040 長久 Chōkyū . was a after Chōryaku and before Kantoku. This period spanned the years from 1040 through 1044. . .
1044 寛徳 Kantoku . was a after Chōkyū and before Eishō. This period spanned the years from 1044 through 1046. . . Emperor Go-Reizei, 1045-1068. Emperor Go-Reizei (後冷泉天皇 Go-Reizei-tennō) ( August 28, 1025 &ndash May 22, 1068) was the 70th emperor [43]
1046 永承 Eishō . was a after Kantoku and before Tengi. This period spanned the years from 1046 through 1053. . . also Eijō or Yōjō
1053 天喜 Tengi . was a after Eishō and before Kōhei. This period spanned the years from 1053 through 1058. . . also Tenki
1058 康平 Kōhei . was a after Tengi and before Jiryaku. This period spanned the years from 1058 through 1065. . .
1065 治暦 Jiryaku . was a after Kōhei and before Enkyū. This period spanned the years from 1065 through 1069. . . also Chiryaku
1069 延久 Enkyū . was a after Jiryaku and before Jōhō. This period spanned the years from 1069 through 1074. . . Emperor Go-Sanjō, 1068-1073. ( September 3, 1034 &ndash June 15, 1073) was the 71st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [44]
1074 承保 Jōhō . was a Japanese era (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Enkyū and before Jōryaku. . . also Shōhō or Shōho; Emperor Shirakawa, 1073-1086. Emperor Shirakawa (白河天皇 Shirakawa-tennō) ( July 7, 1053 &ndash July 24, 1129) was the 72nd emperor [45]
1077 承暦 Jōryaku . was a Japanese era (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Jōhō and before Eihō. . . also Shōryaku or Shōreki
1081 永保 Eihō . was a after Jōryaku and before Ōtoku. This period spanned the years from 1081 through 1084. . . also Yōhō
1084 応徳 Ōtoku . was a after Eihō and before Kanji. This period spanned the years from 1084 through 1087. . .
1087 寛治 Kanji . was a after Ōtoku and before Kahō. This period spanned the years from 1087 through 1094. . . Emperor Horikawa, 1087-1107. Emperor Horikawa (堀河天皇 Horikawa-tennō) ( August 8, 1079 &ndash August 9, 1107) was the 73rd emperor [46]
1094 嘉保 Kahō . was a after Kanji and before Eichō. This period spanned the years from 1094 through 1096. . .
1096 永長 Eichō . was a after Kahō and before Jōtoku. This period spanned the years from 1096 through 1097. . . also Yōchō
1097 承徳 Jōtoku . was a after Eichō and before Kōwa. This period spanned the years from 1097 through 1099. . . also Shōtoku
1099 康和 Kōwa . was a after Jōtoku and before Chōji. This period spanned the years from 1099 through 1104. . .
1104 長治 Chōji . was a after Kōwa and before Kajō. This period spanned the years from 1104 through 1106. . .
1106 嘉承 Kajō . also pronounced Kashō, was a after Chōji and before Tennin. . . also Kashō or Kasō; Emperor Toba, 1107-1123. Emperor Toba (鳥羽天皇 Toba-tennō) ( February 24, 1103 &ndash July 20, 1156) was the 74th emperor of [47]
1108 天仁 Tennin . was a after Kajō and before Ten'ei. This period spanned the years from 1108 through 1110. . .
1110 天永 Ten'ei . was a after Tennin and before Eikyū. This period spanned the years from 1110 through 1113. . . also Ten'yō
1113 永久 Eikyū . was a after Ten'ei and before Gen'ei. This period spanned the years from 1113 through 1118. . . also Yōkyū
1118 元永 Gen'ei . was a after Eikyū and before Hōan. This period spanned the years from 1118 through 1120. . .
1120 保安 Hōan . was a after Gen'ei and before Tenji. This period spanned the years from 1120 through 1124. . . Emperor Sutoku, 1123-1142. Emperor Sutoku (崇徳天皇 Sutoku-tennō) ( 7 July 1119 &ndash 14 September 1164) was the 75th emperor of [48]
1124 天治 Tenji . was a after Hōan and before Daiji. This period spanned the years from 1124 through 1126. . . also Tenchi
1126 大治 Daiji . was a after Tenji and before Tenshō. This period spanned the years from 1126 through 1131. . . also Taiji
1131 天承 Tenshō . was a after Daiji and before Chōshō. This period spanned the years from 1131 through 1132. . . also Tenjō
1132 長承 Chōshō . was a after Tenshō and before Hōen. This period spanned the years from 1132 through 1135. . . also Chōjō
1135 保延 Hōen . Hōen is also a location in Pokémon was a after Chōshō and before Eiji. . .
1141 永治 Eiji . was a after Hōen and before Kōji. This period spanned the years from 1141 through 1142. . .
1142 康治 Kōji . was a after Eiji and before Ten'yō. This period spanned the year from 1142 through 1144. . . Emperor Konoe, 1142-1155. Emperor Konoe (近衛天皇 Konoe-tennō) ( June 16, 1139 &ndash August 22, 1155) was the 76th emperor of [49]
1144 天養 Ten'yō . was a after Kōji and before Kyūan. This period spanned the year from 1144 through 1145. . . also Tennyō
1145 久安 Kyūan . was a after Ten'yō and before Ninpei. This period spanned the years from 1145 through 1151. . .
1151 仁平 Ninpei . was a after Kyūan and before Kyūju. This period spanned the years from 1151 through 1154. . . also Ninpyō or Ninbyō or Ninhyō or Ninhei
1154 久寿 Kyūju . was a after Ninpei and before Hōgen. This period spanned the years from 1151 through 1154. . . Emperor Go-Shirakawa, 1155-1158. Emperor Go-Shirakawa (後白河天皇 Go-Shirakawa-tennō) ( October 18, 1127 &ndash April 26, 1192 [50]
1156 保元 Hōgen . was a after Kyūju and before Heiji. This period spanned the years from 1156 through 1159. . . also Hogen; Emperor Nijō, 1158-1165. Emperor Nijō (二条天皇 Nijō-tennō) ( July 31, 1143 &ndash September 5, 1165) was the 78th emperor of [51]
1159 平治 Heiji . was a after Hōgen and before Eiryaku. This period spanned the years from 1159 through 1160. . . also Byōji
1160 永暦 Eiryaku . was a after Heiji and before Ōhō. This period spanned the years from 1160 through 1161. . . also Yōryaku
1161 応保 Ōhō . was a after Eiryaku and before Chōkan. This period spanned the years from 1161 through 1163. . .
1163 長寛 Chōkan . was a after Ōhō and before Eiman. This period spanned the years from 1163 through 1165. . . also Chōgan
1165 永万 Eiman . was a after Chōkan and before Nin'an. This period spanned the years from 1165 through 1166. . . also Yōman; Emperor Rokujō, 1165-1168. Emperor Rokujō (六条天皇 Rokujō-tennō) ( December 28, 1164 &ndash August 23, 1176) was the 79th emperor [52]
1166 仁安 Nin'an . also known as Ninnan, was a after Eiman and before Kaō. This period spanned the years from 1166 through 1169. . . also Ninnan; Emperor Takakura, 1168-1180. Emperor Takakura (高倉天皇 Takakura-tennō) ( September 23, 1161 &ndash January 30, 1181) was the 80th emperor [53]
1169 嘉応 Kaō . was a after Nin'an and before Jōan. This period spanned the years from 1169 through 1171. . .
1171 承安 Jōan . was a after Kaō and before Angen. This period spanned the years from 1171 through 1175. . . also Shōan
1175 安元 Angen . was a after Jōan and before Jishō. This period spanned the years from 1175 through 1177. . .
1177 治承 Jishō . was a after Angen and before Yōwa. This period spanned the years from 1177 through 1181. . . also Jijō or Chishō; Emperor Antoku, 1180-1185. Emperor Antoku (安徳天皇 Antoku-tennō) ( December 22, 1178 &ndash April 24, 1185) was the 81st emperor [54]
1181 養和 Yōwa . was a after Jishō and before Juei. This period spanned the years from 1181 through 1182. . .
1182 寿永 Juei . was a after Yōwa and before Genryaku. This period spanned the years from 1182 through 1184. . . Emperor Go-Toba, 1183-1198. ( August 6, 1180 &ndash March 28, 1239) was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [55]
1184 元暦 Genryaku . was a after Juei and before Bunji. This period spanned the years from 1184 through 1185. . .
1185 文治 Bunji . x was a after Genryaku and before Kenkyū. This period spanned the years from 1185 through 1190. . . also Monchi
1190 建久 Kenkyū . was a after Bunji and before Shōji. This period spanned the years from 1190 through 1199. . . Emperor Tsuchimikado, 1198-1210. ( January 3, 1196 &ndash November 6, 1231) was the 83rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [56]
Kamakura period (1192-1333)
1199 正治 Shōji . The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 by the first Kamakura Shogun was a after Kenkyū and before Kennin. This period spanned the years from 1199 through 1201. . .
1201 建仁 Kennin . was a after Shōji and before Genkyū. This period spanned the years from 1201 through 1204. . .
1204 元久 Genkyū . was a after Kennin and before Ken'ei. This period spanned the years from 1204 through 1206. . .
1206 建永 Ken'ei . was a after Genkyū and before Jōgen. This period spanned the years from 1206 through 1207. . . also Ken'yō
1207 承元 Jōgen . was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Ken'ei and before Kenryaku. . . also Shōgen; Emperor Juntoku, 1210-1221. ( October 22, 1197 &ndash October 7, 1242) was the 84th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [57]
1211 建暦 Kenryaku . was a after Jōgen and before Kempo. This period spanned the years from 1211 through 1213. . .
1213 建保 Kenpō . was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Kenryaku and before Jōkyū. . . also Kenhō
1219 承久 Jōkyū . was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Kempō and before Jōō. . . also Shōkyū; Emperor Chūkyō, 1221;. ( October 30, 1218 &ndash June 18, 1234) was the 85th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [58] Emperor Go-Horikawa, 1221-1232. ( March 22, 1212 &ndash August 31, 1234) was the 86th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [59]
1222 貞応 Jōō "righteous answer" also Teiō
1224 元仁 Gennin . was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Jōkyū and before Gennin. was a after Jōō and before Karoku. This period spanned the years from 1224 to 1225. . .
1225 嘉禄 Karoku . was a after Gennin and before Antei. This period spanned the years from 1225 to 1227. . .
1227 安貞 Antei . was a after Gennin and before Kangi. This period spanned the years from 1227 to 1229. . . also Anjō
1229 寛喜 Kangi . was a after Antei and before Joei. This period spanned the years from 1229 to 1232. . . also Kanki
1232 貞永 Jōei . was a after Kangi and before Tenpuku. This period spanned the years from 1232 to 1233. . . also Teiei; Emperor Shijō, 1232-1242. ( March 17, 1231 &ndash February 10, 1242) was the 87th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [60]
1233 天福 Tenpuku . was a after Jōei and before Bunryaku. This period spanned the years from 1233 to 1234. . . also Tenfuku
1234 文暦 Bunryaku . was a after Tenpuku and before Katei. This period spanned the years from 1234 to 1235. . . also Monryaku or Monreki
1235 嘉禎 Katei . was a after Bunryaku and before Ryakunin. This period spanned the years from 1235 to 1238. . .
1238 暦仁 Ryakunin . was a after Katei and before En'ō. This period spanned the years from 1238 to 1239. . . also Rekinin
1239 延応 En'ō . was a after Ryakunin and before Ninji. This period spanned the years from 1239 to 1240. . . also Ennō
1240 仁治 Ninji . was a after En'ō and before Kangen. This period spanned the years from 1240 to 1243. . . also Ninchi; Emperor Go-Saga, 1242-1246. Emperor Go-Saga (後嵯峨天皇 Go-Saga-tennō) ( April 1, 1220 &ndash March 17, 1272) was the 88th emperor [61]
1243 寛元 Kangen . was a after Ninji and before Hoji. This period spanned the years from 1243 to 1247. . . Emperor Go-Fukakusa, 1246-1260. ( June 28, 1243 &ndash August 17, 1304) was the 89th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [62]
1247 宝治 Hōji . This page is about this historic era For the green tea style referred to as Hoji see Hojicha. . .
1249 建長 Kenchō . was a after Hōji and before Kōgen. This period spanned the years from 1249 to 1256. . .
1256 康元 Kōgen . was a after Kenchō and before Shōka. This period spanned the years from 1256 to 1257. . . Emperor Kameyama, 1260-1274. ( July 9, 1249 &ndash October 4, 1305) was the 90th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [63]
1257 正嘉 Shōka . Shōka was also the Japanese name for Changhua City, Taiwan was a after Kōgen and before Shōgen. . .
1259 正元 Shōgen . Shōgen is also an alternative pronunciation of the name of the Jōgen era (1207&ndash1211 . .
1260 文応 Bun'ō . was a after Shōka and before Kōchō. This period spanned the years from 1260 to 1261. . . also Bunnō
1261 弘長 Kōchō . was a after Bun'ō and before Bun'ei. This period spanned the years from 1261 to 1264. . .
1264 文永 Bun'ei . This article is about the Japanese era for the Ryukyuan king see Bunei (Ryukyu. . . Emperor Go-Uda, 1274-1287. Emperor Go-Uda (後宇多天皇 Go-Uda-tennō) ( December 17, 1267 &ndash July 16, 1324) was the 91st emperor [64]
1275 建治 Kenji . is the name of a which followed Bun'ei and preceded Kōan. This period spanned the years from 1275 to 1278. . .
1278 弘安 Kōan . was a after Kenji and before Shōō. This period spanned the years from 1278 through 1288. . . Emperor Fushimi, 1287-1298. Emperor Fushimi (伏見天皇 Fushimi-tennō) ( May 10, 1265 &ndash October 8, 1317) was the 92nd emperor [65]
1288 正応 Shōō . was a after Kōan and before Einin. This period spanned the years from 1288 through 1293. . .
1293 永仁 Einin . was a after Shōō and before Shōan. This period spanned the years from 1293 through 1299. . . Emperor Go-Fushimi, 1298-1301. Emperor Go-Fushimi (後伏見天皇 Go-Fushimi-tennō) ( April 5, 1288 &ndash May 17, 1336) was the 93rd emperor [66]
1299 正安 Shōan . was a after Einin and before Kengen. This period spanned the years from 1299 through 1302. . . Emperor Go-Nijō, 1301-1308. Emperor Go-Nijō (後二条天皇 Go-Nijō-tennō) ( March 9, 1285 &ndash September 10, 1308) was the 94th emperor [67]
1302 乾元 Kengen . was a after Shōan and before Kagen. This period spanned the years from 1302 through 1303. . .
1303 嘉元 Kagen . was a after Kengen and before Tokuji. This period spanned the years from 1303 through 1306. . .
1306 徳治 Tokuji . was a after Kagen and before Enkyō. This period spanned the years from 1306 through 1308. . .
1308 延慶 Enkyō . was a after Tokuji and before Ōchō. This period spanned the years from 1308 through 1311. . . also Engyō or Enkei; Emperor Hanazono, 1308-1318. Emperor Hanazono (花園天皇 Hanazono-tennō) ( August 14, 1297 - December 2, 1348) was the 95th emperor of [68]
1311 応長 Ōchō . was a after Enkyō and before Shōwa. This period spanned the years from 1311 AD through 1312. . .
1312 正和 Shōwa . was a after Ōchō and before Bunpō. This period spanned the years from 1312 through 1317. . .
1317 文保 Bunpō . was a after Shōwa and before Gen'ō. This period spanned the years from 1317 to 1319. . . also Bunhō; Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318-1339. Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) ( November 26, 1288 &ndash September 19, 1339) was the 96th emperor [69]
1319 元応 Gen'ō . was a after Shōwa and before Genkō. This period spanned the years from 1319 to 1321. . . also Gennō
1321 元亨 Genkō . was a after Gen'ō and before Shōchū. This period spanned the years from 1321 to 1324. . .
1324 正中 Shōchū . was a after Genkō and before Karyaku. This period spanned the years from 1324 to 1326. . .
1326 嘉暦 Karyaku . was a after Shōchū and before Gentoku. This period spanned the years from 1326 to 1329. . .
1329 元徳 Gentoku . was a after Karyaku and before Genkō. This period spanned the years from 1329 to 1331. . .
1331 元弘 Genkō . Genkō (元弘 was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern . .
1334 建武 Kenmu . Kenmu (建武 was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts . . also Kenbu
Nanboku-chō period (1334-1392)
*Nanboku-chō Southern Court
1336 延元 Engen . The, spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the early years of the Muromachi period of Japan 's history The, spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the early years of the Muromachi period of Japan 's history Engen (延元 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kemmu and before Kōkoku, lasting . .
1340 興国 Kōkoku . Kōkoku (興国 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Engen and before Shōhei, lasting . .
1346 正平 Shōhei . was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Bunchū and before Kōwa, lasting from 1346 to . .
1370 建徳 Kentoku . Kentoku (建徳 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Shōhei and before Bunchū, lasting . .
1372 文中 Bunchū . Bunchū (文中 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kentoku and before Tenju, lasting . .
1375 天授 Tenju . Tenju (天授 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after the Bunchū era and before the Kōwa . .
1381 弘和 Kōwa . Kōwa (弘和 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1381 to 1384. . .
1384 元中 Genchū . Genchū (元中 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1384 to 1392. . . Genchū 9 becomes Meitoku 3 in post Nanboku-chō reunification
*Nanboku-chō Northern Court
1332 正慶 Shōkei . Meitoku (明徳 was a Japanese era after (and overlapping with Genchū in the south and Kōō in the north and before Shōchō, spanning from The, spanning from 1336 to 1392, was a period that occurred during the early years of the Muromachi period of Japan 's history Shōkei (証恵 1496-1574 was a relative to Honganji Kennyo, and the administrator of the Ganshou Temple (願証寺 . . also Shōkyō
1333 Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336; no era names apply from 1333 to 1338.
1338 暦応 Ryakuō . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts, lasting from 1338 to 1342. . . also Rekiō
1342 康永 Kōei . This article is about the Japanese era name. For the software company see Koei. . .
1345 貞和 Jōwa . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kōei and before Kannō and lasting from . . also Teiwa
1350 観応 Kannō . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Jōwa and before Bunna and lasting from . . also Kan'ō
1352 文和 Bunna . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kannō and before Enbun and lasting from . . also Bunwa
1356 延文 Enbun . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Bunna and before Kōan and lasting from . .
1361 康安 Kōan . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Embun and before Jōji and lasting from . .
1362 貞治 Jōji . Jōji (貞治 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kōan and before Ōan . . also Teiji
1368 応安 Ōan . Ōan (応安 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Jōji and before Eiwa . .
1375 永和 Eiwa . Eiwa (永和 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1379 to 1381. . .
1379 康暦 Kōryaku . Kōryaku (康暦 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1379 to 1381 . .
1381 永徳 Eitoku . was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1381 to 1384. . .
1384 至徳 Shitoku . Shitoku (至徳 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1384 to 1387 . .
1387 嘉慶 Kakei . Kakei (嘉慶 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1387 to 1389. . . also Kakyō
1389 康応 Kōō . Kōō (康応 was a Japanese era of the Northern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1389 to 1390. . .
1390 明徳 Meitoku . Meitoku (明徳 was a Japanese era after (and overlapping with Genchū in the south and Kōō in the north and before Shōchō, spanning from . . Meitoku 3 replaces Genchū 9 in post-Nanboku-chō reunification
Muromachi period (1392-1573)
1394 応永 Ōei . Genchū (元中 was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts lasting from 1384 to 1392. The Muromachi period ( Japanese: 室町時代 Muromachi-jidai, also known as the Muromachi era, the Muromachi bakufu, the Ashikaga era was a after Meitoku and before Shōchō. This period spanned the years from 1394 through 1428. . . Emperor Shōkō, 1412-1428. Emperor Shōkō (称光天皇 Shōkō-tennō) ( May 12, 1401 - August 30, 1428) was the 101st emperor of [70]
1428 正長 Shōchō . was a after Ōei and before Eikyō. This period spanned the years from 1428 through 1429. . . Emperor Go-Hanazono, 1428-1464. ( July 10, 1419 &ndash January 18, 1471) was the 102nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [71]
1429 永享 Eikyō . was a after Shocho and before Kakitsu. This period spanned the years from 1429 through 1441. . . also Eikō
1441 嘉吉 Kakitsu . was a after Eikyō and before Bun'an. This period spanned the years from 1441 through 1444 . . also Kakichi
1444 文安 Bun'an . was a after Kakitsu and before Hotoku. This period spanned the years from 1444 through 1449 . . also Bunnan
1449 宝徳 Hōtoku . was a after Bun'an and before Kyotoku. This period spanned the years from 1449 through 1452. . .
1452 享徳 Kyōtoku . was a after Hōtoku and before Kosho. This period spanned the years from 1452 through 1455. . .
1455 康正 Kōshō . was a after Kyōtoku and before Chōroku. This period spanned the years from 1455 through 1457. . .
1457 長禄 Chōroku . was a after Kōshō and before Kanshō. This period spanned the years from 1457 through 1460. . .
1460 寛正 Kanshō . was a after Chōroku and before Bunshō. This period spanned from 1460 through 1466. . . Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado, 1464-1500. ( July 3, 1442 &ndash October 21, 1500) was the 103rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [72]
1466 文正 Bunshō . was a after Kanshō and before Ōnin. The period spanned the years 1466 through 1467. . . also Monshō
1467 応仁 Ōnin . was a after Bunshō and before Bunmei. This period spanned the years from 1467 through 1469 . .
1469 文明 Bunmei . was a after Ōnin and before Chōkyō. This period spanned the years from 1469 through 1487. . .
1487 長享 Chōkyō . was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after Bunmei and before Entoku. . .
1489 延徳 Entoku . was a after Chōkyō and before Meio. This period spanned the years from 1489 through 1492. . .
1492 明応 Meiō . was a after Entoku and before Bunki. This period spanned the years from 1492 through 1501. . . Emperor Go-Kashiwabara, 1500-1526. Emperor Go-Kashiwabara (後柏原天皇 Go-Kashiwabara-tennō) ( November 19, 1464 - May 19, 1526) was the 104th emperor [73]
1501 文亀 Bunki . was a after Meiō and before Eishō. This period spanned the years from 1501 through 1504. . .
1504 永正 Eishō . was a after Bunki and before Daiei. The period spanned the years from 1504 through 1521. . .
1521 大永 Daiei . was a after Eishō and before Kyōroku. This period spanned the years from 1521 through 1528. . . Emperor Go-Nara, 1526-1557. Emperor Go-Nara (後奈良天皇 Go-Nara-tennō) ( January 26, 1497 - September 27, 1557) was the 105th emperor [74]
1528 享禄 Kyōroku "heaven's favor"
1532 天文 Tenbun . was a after Daiei and before Tenbun. This period spanned the years from 1528 to 1532. or Temmun was a after Kyōroku and before Kōji. This period spanned the years from 1532 through 1555. . . also Tenmon
1555 弘治 Kōji . was a after Tenbun and before Eiroku. This period spanned the years from 1555 through 1558. . . Emperor Ōgimachi, 1557-1586. Emperor Ōgimachi (正親町天皇 Ōgimachi-tennō) ( June 18, 1517 - February 6, 1593) was the 106th emperor [75]
1558 永禄 Eiroku . was a after Kōji and before Genki. This period spanned the years from 1558 through 1570. . .
1570 元亀 Genki . was a after Eiroku and before Tenshō. This period spanned the years from 1570 through 1573. . .
1573 天正 Tenshō . was a after Genki and before Bunroku. This period spanned the years from 1573 through 1592. . . Emperor Go-Yōzei, 1586-1611. Emperor Go-Yōzei (後陽成天皇 Go-Yōzei-tennō) ( December 31, 1572 - September 25, 1617) was the 107th emperor [76]
1592 文禄 Bunroku . was a after Tenshō and before Keichō. This period spanned the years from 1592 to 1596. . .
1596 慶長 Keichō . was a after Bunroku and before Genna. This period spanned from 1596 to 1615. . . also Kyōchō; Emperor Go-Mizunoo, 1611-1629. Emperor Go-Mizunoo (後水尾天皇 Go-Mizunoo-tennō) ( June 29, 1596 – September 11, 1680) was the 108th emperor [77]
Edo period (1603-1867)
1615 元和 Genna "Commencement of Concord"[9] also Genwa
1624 寛永 Kan'ei . The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 was a after Keichō and before Kan'ei. This period spanned the years from 1615 to 1624. was a after Genna and before Shōhō. This period spanned the years from 1624 through 1643. . . Empress Meishō, 1629-1643;[78] Emperor Go-Kōmyō, 1643-1654. Empress Meishō (明正天皇 Meishō-tennō) ( January 9, 1624 – December 4, 1696) was the 109th Monarch of Emperor Go-Kōmyō (後光明天皇 Go-Kōmyō-tennō) ( April 20, 1633 - October 30, 1654) was the 110th emperor [79]
1644 正保 Shōhō . was a after Kan'ei and before Keian. This period spanned the years from 1644 through 1648. . .
1648 慶安 Keian "Peaceful Gladness"[80] also Kyōan
1652 承応 Jōō "receiving answers" also Shōō; Emperor Go-Sai, 1655-1663. was a after Shōhō and before Jōō. This period spanned the years from 1648 through 1652. alternatively read as Shōō, was a after Keian and before Meireki. Emperor Go-Sai (後西天皇 Go-Sai-tennō) also called Emperor Go-Saiin (後西院天皇 Go-Saiin-tennō) ( January 1, 1638 &ndash March [81]
1655 明暦 Meireki . was a after Jōō and before Manji. This period spanned the years from 1655 to 1658. . . also Myōryaku or Meiryaku
1658 万治 Manji . was a after Meireki and before Kanbun. This period spanned the years from 1658 through 1661. . .
1661 寛文 Kanbun "generous art" Emperor Reigen, 1663-1687. was a after Manji and before Enpō. This period spanned the years from 1661 to 1673. ( July 9, 1654 - September 24, 1732) was the 112th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession [82]
1673 延宝 Enpō "prolonged wealth" also Enhō
1681 天和 Tenna "heavenly Imperial peace" also Tenwa
1684 貞享 Jōkyō . was a after Kanbun and before Tenna. This period spanned the years from 1673 to 1681. was a after Enpō and before Jōkyō. This period spanned the years from 1681 through 1684. was a after Tenna and before Genroku. This period spanned the years from 1684 through 1688. . . Emperor Higashiyama, 1687-1709. Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇 Higashiyama-tennō) ( October 21 [83]
1688 元禄 Genroku "original happiness"
1704 宝永 Hōei "prosperous eternity" Emperor Nakamikado, 1709-1735. was a after Jōkyō and before Hōei. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704 Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period spanned the years from 1704 through 1711. Emperor Nakamikado (中御門天皇 Nakamikado-tennō) (January 14 1702 - May 10 1737 was the 114th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional [84]
1711 正徳 Shōtoku "righteous virtue"
1716 享保 Kyōhō "Receiving, Holding"[85] Emperor Sakuramachi, 1735-1747. Year 1711 ( MDCCXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Hōei and before Kyōhō. This period spanned the years from 1711 through 1716. Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Shōtoku and before Gembun. This period spanned the years from 1716 through 1736. Emperor Sakuramachi (桜町天皇 Sakuramachi-tennō) ( February 8, 1720 &ndash May 28, 1750) was the 115th emperor [86]
1736 元文 Genbun "original civility"
1741 寛保 Kanpō "keeping lenient and generous" also Kanhō
1744 延享 Enkyō "becoming prolonged" Emperor Momozono, 1747-1762. Year 1736 ( MDCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year was a after Kyōhō and before Kanpō. This period spanned the years from 1736 through 1741. Year 1741 ( MDCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year was a after Genbun and before Enkyō. This period spanned the years from 1741 through 1744. Year 1744 ( MDCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Kanpō and before Kan'en. This period spanned the years from 1744 through 1748 Emperor Momozono (桃園天皇 Momozono-tennō) ( April 14, 1741 - August 31, 1762) was the 116th emperor of [87]
1748 寛延 Kan'en "prolonging lenience"
1751 宝暦 Hōreki "valuable calendar" or "valuable almanac" also Hōryaku; Empress Go-Sakuramachi, 1762-1771. Year 1748 ( MDCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Enkyō and before Hōreki. This period spanned the years from 1748 to 1751. Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Kan'en and before Meiwa. The period spanned the years from 1751 through 1764. Empress Go-Sakuramachi (後桜町天皇 Go-Sakuramachi-tennō) ( September 23, 1740 &ndash December 24, 1813) was the 117th [88]
1764 明和 Meiwa "bright harmony" Emperor Go-Momozono, 1771-1779. Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Hōreki and before An'ei. This period spanned the years from 1764 through 1772 Emperor Go-Momozono (後桃園天皇 Go-Momozono-tennō) ( August 5, 1758 - December 16, 1779) was the 118th emperor [89]
1772 安永 An'ei "peaceful eternity" Emperor Kōkaku, 1780-1817. Year 1772 ( MDCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Emperor Kōkaku (光格天皇 Kōkaku-tennō) ( September 23, 1771 &ndash December 11, 1840) was the 119th emperor [90]
1781 天明 Tenmei "dawn"
1789 寛政 Kansei "tolerant" or "broad-minded government"}
1801 享和 Kyōwa . Year 1781 ( MDCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after An'ei and before Kansei. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common was a after Tenmei and before Kyōwa. This period spanned the years from 1789 through 1801. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday was a after Kansei and before Bunka. This period spanned the years from 1801 through 1804. . .
1804 文化 Bunka "culture" or "civilization" Emperor Ninkō, 1817-1846. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a was a after Kyōwa and before Bunsei. The period spanned the years from 1804 to 1818. Emperor Ninkō (仁孝天皇 Ninkō-tennō) (March 16 1800 &ndash February 21 1846 was the 120th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional [91]
1818 文政 Bunsei . Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common was a after Bunka and before Tenpō. This period spanned the years from 1818 through 1830 . .
1830 天保 Tenpō "heavenly Imperial protection" also Tenhō
1844 弘化 Kōka "becoming wide or vast" Emperor Kōmei, 1846-1867. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display was a after Bunsei and before Kōka. The period spanned the years from 1830 through 1844. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year was a after Tenpō and before Kaei. This period spanned the years from 1844 through 1848. ( July 22, 1831 - January 30, 1867) was the 121st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession
1848 嘉永 Kaei "Celebration of Eternity"[92] "eternal felicity"[93]
1854 安政 Ansei "quiet peaceful government" "tranquil government"[93]
1860 万延 Man'en . Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap was a after Kōka and before Ansei. This period spanned the years from 1848 through 1854. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year was a after Kaei and before Man'en. This period spanned the years from 1854 through 1860. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting was a after Ansei and before Bunkyū. This period spanned the years from 1860 to 1861. . .
1861 文久 Bunkyū "literate story"
1864 元治 Genji . Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common was a after Man'en and before Genji. This period spanned the years from 1861 through 1864 Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the Japanese era named Genji (元治 For the clan name Genji (源氏 or the main character of the book The Tale of Genji, see Minamoto clan . .
1865 慶応 Keiō "Joyous Concord"[94]
Modern Japan (1868-present)
1868 明治 Meiji "Enlightened Rule"[95] Emperor Meiji, 1868-1912. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year was a after Genji and before Meiji. The period spanned the years from 1865 to 1868. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February Also known as "Enlightened Government" or "Brilliant Rule"[94]
1912 大正 Taishō "great righteousness" Emperor Taishō, 1912-1926. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The, or Taishō era, is a period in the History of Japan dating from July 30, 1912 to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign The (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926 was the 123rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 30 July 1912 until his death
1926 昭和 Shōwa "Brilliant Harmony"[95] Emperor Shōwa, 1926-1989. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The, or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of Emperor Shōwa ( Hirohito) from December 25, 1926 to also known as, (April 29 1901 – January 7 1989 was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order reigning from December 25 1926 until his death
1989 平成 Heisei "Achieving Peace"[95] Akihito, 1989-present [the reigning emperor]. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) is the current era name in Japan. The Heisei era started on January 8, 1989, just one day after the death of the reigning Emperor Hirohito is the current of Japan, and the 125th Emperor according to Japan's traditional order of succession.

Non-nengō periods

The nengō system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no nengō were designated between 654 and 686. ( 596 - November 24, 654) was the 36th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Temmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death approximately two months later. (c 631 - October 1 686) was the 40th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession In 701, Emperor Mommu once again reinstated the nengō system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today. Emperor Mommu (文武天皇 Monmu-tennō) (683-707 was the 42nd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession

Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates has become increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to nengō. The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The apparent problem introduced by the lack of nengō for the two periods above is resolved by referencing years of imperial reign. This is the same approach used when referencing periods that predate the introduction of the nengō system.

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent concept, introduced in practice during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. The, or Meiji era, denotes the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor, running in the Gregorian calendar, from 23 October 1868 to 30 July Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572 -- the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne — is properly written as "敏達天皇元年" (Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen, lit. Emperor Bidatsu (敏達天皇 Bidatsu-tennō) ( 538 - September 14, 585) was the 30th emperor of Japan, according to the "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "敏達元年" (Bidatsu Gannen, lit. "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such. [1] By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 through today. [2]

The following is an example of such an extension of the nengō system to include the post-Taika years not covered by a proper era name:

Imperial year

Kōki (皇紀), or Imperial year, is an epoch used before WW2. was a after the Kōgyoku period and before the Hakuchi era. This period spanned the years from 645 through 650. was a after the ''Taika'' era and before a late 7th century gap in the sequence of nengō which would stretch uninterrupted from the proclamation of the new era Taihō The years of Empress Saimei's reign or the Saimei ( Japanese: 斉明 period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号 The years of Emperor Tenji's reign or the Tenji (天智 period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit The years of Emperor Kōbun's reign or the Kōbun (弘文 period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit The years of Emperor Temmu's reign or the Temmu (天武 period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit alternatively read as Suchō or Akamitori, was a after a gap following Hakuchi (650-654 and before another gap lasting until ''Taihō'' (701-704 The years of Emperor Jitō's reign or the Jitō (持統 period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit The years of Emperor Mommu's reign or the Mommu (文武 period should not be misunderstood as a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit was a after a late 7th century interruption in the sequence of nengō after Shuchō and before Keiun. Kōki 1 is the year when Emperor Jimmu founded Japan, 660 BC according to the Gregorian Calendar. also known as Kamuyamato Iwarebiko; given name Wakamikenu no Mikoto or Sano no Mikoto, born according to the legendary account in the Kojiki on This epoch system was adopted in 1872. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year In terms of nationalism, Kōki emphasizes the long history of Japan and the imperial family because it is a larger number than Common Era (C. E. ).

Kōki 2600 (1940) was a special year. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1940 Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events, but canceled due to Second Sino-Japanese War. The anticipated 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XII Olympiad and originally scheduled to be held from September 21 to October 6 The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the

After the Second World War, the United States occupied Japan, and stopped the use of Kōki by officials. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Today, Kōki is rarely used.

Unofficial nengō system

In addition to the official nengō system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called shinengō (私年号?), also known as ginengō (偽年号?) or inengō (異年号?). Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the middle ages. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the nengō system in 701 are usually called itsunengō (逸年号?). A list of shinengō and more information can be seen in the Japanese Wikipedia page ja:私年号.

Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Hakuhō (白鳳?) is normally said to refer to 650-654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era. was a after the ''Taika'' era and before a late 7th century gap in the sequence of nengō which would stretch uninterrupted from the proclamation of the new era Taihō However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the Nichūreki, Hakuhō refers to 661-683 CE, and in some middle-age temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672-685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Hōkō (法興?) (591-621+), Suzaku (朱雀?) (686), Fukutoku (福徳?) (1489-1492), Miroku (弥勒?) (1506-1507 CE or 1507-1508) and Meiroku (命禄?) (1540-1543).

The most recent shinengō is Seiro (征露?) (1904-1905), named for the Russo-Japanese war. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September

Kyūshū nengō

Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shikenobu proposed that Kyūshū nengō (九州年号?), said to have been used in ancient Kumaso, should also be considered a form of shinengō. The Kumaso (熊襲 were a people of ancient Japan, believed to have lived in the south of Kyūshū until at least the Nara period. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese Wikipedia pages ja:鶴峯戊申 and ja:九州王朝説.

Notes

  1. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 32.
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869, p. 321. [Example: Hōreki (1751-1761), meaning "Valuable Calendar, is proclaimed retroactively by Emperor Momozono in 1754. ]
  3. ^ a b Beasley, William. (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan, p. 24.
  4. ^ Brown, pp. 266-267; Varley, Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 132-133; Titsingh, pp. 47-50. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 47]-50.
  5. ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley. (1894). The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, p. 461.
  6. ^ Titsingh, p. 49.
  7. ^ Brown, pp. 268-269; Varley, pp. 135-136; Titsingh, pp. 58-59.
  8. ^ Brown, pp. 270-271; Varley, pp. 137-140; Titsingh, pp. 60-63.
  9. ^ a b Munro, Neil. (1904). Coins of Japan, p. ix.
  10. ^ Brown, p. 271; Varley, p. 140; Titsingh, pp. 63-65.
  11. ^ Titsingh, p. 63.
  12. ^ Brown, pp. 271-272; Varley, pp. 140-141; Titsingh, pp. 65-67.
  13. ^ Brown, pp. 272-273; Varley, pp. 141-143; Titsingh, pp. 67-73.
  14. ^ Keene, Donald. (1999). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century, p. 153.
  15. ^ Bowman, John. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, p. 127
  16. ^ Brown, pp. 274-275; Varley, p. 143; Titsingh, pp. 73-75.
  17. ^ David, Percival. (1932). The Shōsō-in, p. 32.
  18. ^ Brown, p. 275; Varley, pp. 143-144; Titsingh, pp. 75-78.
  19. ^ Brown, p. 276; Varley, pp. 144-147; Titsingh, pp. 78-81.
  20. ^ Brown, p. 276-277; Varley, pp. 147-148; Titsingh, pp. 81-85.
  21. ^ Brown, pp. 277-279; Varley, pp. 148-150; Titsingh, pp. 86-95.
  22. ^ Brown, pp. 279-280; Varley, p. 151; Titsingh, pp. 96-97.
  23. ^ Brown, pp. 280-282; Varley, pp. 151-164; Titsingh, pp. 97-102.
  24. ^ Brown, p. 282-283; Varley, p. 164; Titsingh, pp. 103-106.
  25. ^ Brown, pp. 283-284; Varley, pp. 164-165; Titsingh, pp. 106-112.
  26. ^ Munro, p. 63.
  27. ^ Titsingh, p. 111.
  28. ^ Brown, pp. 285-286; Varley, p. 165; Titsingh, pp. 112-115.
  29. ^ Brown, pp. 286-288; Varley, pp. 166-170; Titsingh, pp. 115-121.
  30. ^ Brown, pp. 288-289; Varley, pp. 170-171; Titsingh, pp. 121-124.
  31. ^ Brown, p. 289; Varley, pp. 171-175; Titsingh, pp. 124-125.
  32. ^ Brown, p. 289-290; Varley, pp. 175-179; Titsingh, pp. 125-129.
  33. ^ Brown, pp. 290-293; Varley, pp. 179-181; Titsingh, pp. 129-134.
  34. ^ Brown, pp. 294-295; Varley, pp. 181-183; Titsingh, pp. 134-138.
  35. ^ Brown, pp. 295-298; Varley, pp. 183-190; Titsingh, pp. 139-142.
  36. ^ Brown, p. 298; Varley, pp. 190-191; Titsingh, pp. 142-143.
  37. ^ Brown, pp. 299-300; Varley, pp. 191-192; Titsingh, pp. 144-148.
  38. ^ Brown, pp. 300-302; Varley, p. 192; Titsingh, pp. 148-149.
  39. ^ Brown, pp. 302-307; Varley, pp. 192-195; Titsingh, pp. 150-154.
  40. ^ Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 195; Titsingh, pp. 154-155.
  41. ^ Brown, pp. 307-310; Varley, pp. 195-196; Titsingh, pp. 156-160.
  42. ^ Brown, pp. 310-311; Varley, p. 197; Titsingh, pp. 160-162.
  43. ^ Brown, pp. 311-314; Varley, pp. 197-198; Titsingh, pp. 162-166.
  44. ^ Brown, pp. 314-315; Varley, pp. 198-199; Titsingh, pp. 166-168.
  45. ^ Brown, pp. 315-317; Varley, pp. 199-202; Titsingh, pp. 169-171.
  46. ^ Brown, pp. 317-320; Varley, p. 202; Titsingh, pp. 172-178.
  47. ^ Brown, pp. 320-322; Varley, pp. 203-204; Titsingh, pp. 178-181.
  48. ^ Brown, pp. 322-324; Varley, pp. 204-205; Titsingh, pp. 181-185.
  49. ^ Brown, pp. 324-326; Varley, p. 205; Titsingh, pp. 186-188.
  50. ^ Brown, p. 326-327; Varley, pp. 205-208; Titsingh, pp. 188-190.
  51. ^ Brown, pp. 327-329; Varley, pp. 208-212; Titsingh, pp. 191-194.
  52. ^ Brown, pp. 329-330; Varley, p. 212; Titsingh, pp. 194-195.
  53. ^ Brown, pp. 329-330; Varley, p. 212; Titsingh, pp. 194-195.
  54. ^ Brown, pp. 333-334; Varley, pp. 214-215; Titsingh, pp. 200-207.
  55. ^ Brown, pp. 334-339; Varley, pp. 215-220; Titsingh, pp. 207-221.
  56. ^ Brown, pp. 339-341; Varley, pp 220; Titsingh, pp. 221-230.
  57. ^ Brown, pp. 341-343, Varley, pp. 221-223; Titsingh, pp 230-238.
  58. ^ Brown, pp. 343-344; Varley, pp. 223-226; Titsingh, pp. 236-238.
  59. ^ Brown, pp. 344-349; Varley, pp. 226-227; Titsingh, pp. 238-241.
  60. ^ Varley, p. 227; Titsingh, pp. 242-245.
  61. ^ Varley, pp. 228-231; Titsingh, pp. 245-247.
  62. ^ Varley, pp. 231-232; Titsingh, pp. 248-253.
  63. ^ Varley, pp. 232-233; Titsingh, pp. 253-261.
  64. ^ Varley, pp. 233-237; Titsingh, pp. 262-269.
  65. ^ Varley, pp. 237-238; Titsingh, pp. 269-274.
  66. ^ Varley, pp. 238-239; Titsingh, pp. 274-275.
  67. ^ Varley, p. 239; Titsingh, pp. 275-278.
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References

See also

External Timeline
A graphical timeline is available here:
Timeline of Japanese era names

External links

Since January 1, 1873, Japan has used the Gregorian calendar, with local names for the months and mostly fixed holidays The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān The Chinese sexagenary cycle ( is a cyclic numeral system of 60 combinations of the two basic cycles the ten Heavenly Stems (天干 tiāngān
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