Japan Railways Group

Map showing the approximate areas covered by each regional company in the JR Group. JR Freight operates nationwide.

The Japan Railways Group, more commonly known as JR Group (JRグループ, Jeiāru Gurūpu^?), consists of seven for-profit companies that took over most of the assets and operations of the government-owned Japanese National Railways on April 1, 1987. In Business and Accounting, assets are everything owned by a person or company (all tangible and intangible property that can be converted into cash. abbreviated or "JNR" was the national Railway network of Japan from 1949 to 1987 Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Most of the liability of the JNR was assumed by the JNR Settlement Corporation. was a Corporation formed to handle long-term debts and redundancies following the Privatization and breakup of Japanese National Railways on April 1,

The JR Group lies at the heart of Japan's railway network, operating a large proportion of intercity rail service (including the Shinkansen high-speed rail lines) and commuter rail service. "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. The is a Network of High-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies A strong distinction is still made between JR and other private railway companies; for instance, the two are generally denoted differently on maps.

1 Companies
2 Network
3 Ownership
4 Background
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Companies

The group consists of seven operating companies and two other companies that do not provide rail service. The operating companies are organized into six passenger operators and a nationwide freight operator. Unlike some other groups of companies, the JR Group is made up of independent companies, and it does not have group headquarters or a holding company to set the overall business policy. A holding company is a company that owns part all or a majority of other companies' outstanding Stock.

The six passenger railways of the JR Group are separated by region. Nearly all their services are within the prescribed geographic area. However, some long-distance operations extend beyond the boundaries. The Shirasagi train service between Nagoya and Toyama, for instance, uses JR West rolling stock but the segment of track between Nagoya and Maibara is owned by JR Central, whose crew manage the train on that section. is a Limited express train in Japan that runs between Nagoya and Toyama or between Maibara and Kanazawa. is a train station in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. is a JR West railway station located in the city of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan. is a Train station in Maibara, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It is the southern terminus of the West Japan Railway Company (JR West Hokuriku

Japan Freight Railway Company operates all freight service on the network previously owned by JNR. Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train,

In addition, the group includes two non-operating companies. These are the Railway Technical Research Institute and Railway Information Systems Co. or, is the technical research company under the Japan Railways group of companies , Ltd.

To cover various non-railway business areas, each regional operator in the JR Group has its own group of subsidiary companies with names like "JR East Group" and "JR Shikoku Group. "

Business	Company	Logo / Symbol color	Stock	Regions of operation	Note
Passenger	Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaidō)	Light green	Not listed	Hokkaidō
	East Japan Railway Company (JR East)	Green	TYO: 9020	Tōhoku, Kantō, Kōshin'etsu
	Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)	Orange	TYO: 9022	Tōkai	operates Tōkaidō Shinkansen in Kantō and Kansai
	West Japan Railway Company (JR West)	Blue	TYO: 9021	Hokuriku, Kansai, Chūgoku	operates Sanyō Shinkansen in Kyūshū
	Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku)	Light blue	Not listed	Shikoku
	Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyūshū)	Red	Not listed	Kyūshū
Freight	Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight)	Grey	Not listed	Nationwide

Network

JR maintains a nation-wide railway network as well as common ticketing rules that it inherited from JNR. The is one of the constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group and thus often known as. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's is the largest passenger railway company in the world and one of the seven JR companies The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock The is a geographical area of Japan. Tōhoku is Japanese for "northeast" and the Tōhoku region occupies the northeastern portion of Honshū The is a Geographical area of Honshū, the largest Island of Japan. is a subregion of the Chūbu region in Japan consisting of Yamanashi, Nagano and Niigata prefectures It is the abbreviation of the old The ( is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu ( Nagoya) region of central Japan. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock The is a sub-region of the Chūbu region in Japan that runs along the Pacific Ocean. is a Japanese high-speed Shinkansen line opened in 1964 between Tokyo and Shin-Ōsaka. ( also referred to as, is one of the Japan Railways Group (JR Group companies and operates in western Honshū. The, or TSE, located in Tokyo, Japan, is the second largest Stock exchange market in the world by market value second only to the New York Stock is the (subregion along the Sea of Japan within the Chūbu region, the central region of Honshū, the main island The or the lies in the southern-central region of Japan 's main island Honshū. The or is the westernmost region of Honshū, the largest Island of Japan. The is one of the lines of the Shinkansen High speed rail network in Japan. commonly known as, is one of the constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group is the smallest (225 km long and between 50 and 150 km wide and least populous (4141955 as of 2005 of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshū The, also referred to as, is one of the constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. or, is one of the constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group Passengers may travel across several JR companies without changing trains and without purchasing separate tickets. However, trains running across the boundaries of JR companies have been reduced.

JR maintains the same ticketing rules based on the JNR rules and has an integrated reservation system known as MARS. which stands for MA gnetic electronic seat R eservation S ystem or more recently M ulti A ccess seat R eservation Some types of tickets (passes), such as Japan Rail Pass and Seishun 18 Ticket, are issued as "valid for all JR lines" and accepted by all passenger JR companies. The is a railpass sold by the Japan Railways Group, and is good for travel on all major forms of transportation provided by the JR Group with a few exceptions The is a special discount ticket issued in Japan that allows holders one-day unlimited rides on the local Trains of Japan Railways Group during limited

Ownership

In 1987, the government of Japan took steps to divide and privatize JNR. While division of operations began in April of that year, privatization was not immediate: initially, the government retained ownership of the companies. Privatization of some of the companies began in the early 1990s. By 2006, all of the shares of JR East, JR Central and JR West had been offered to the market and they are now publicly traded. On the other hand, all of the shares of JR Hokkaido, JR Shikoku, JR Kyushu and JR Freight are still owned by Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency, an independent administrative institution of the state. The, or JRTT, is an Independent Administrative Institution created by an act of the Diet of Japan effective October 1, 2003. An Independent Administrative Institution (独立行政法人 Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin, IAI is a newly designed type of legal body for Japanese governmental organizations

Background

The demise of the government-owned system came after charges of serious management inefficiencies, profit losses, and fraud. In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual By the early 1980s, passenger and freight business had declined, and fare increases had failed to keep up with higher labor costs.

What remained of the debt-ridden Japanese National Railways after its 1987 breakup was named the Japanese National Railways Settlement Corporation. was a Corporation formed to handle long-term debts and redundancies following the Privatization and breakup of Japanese National Railways on April 1, Its purpose was to dispose of assets and debts not absorbed by the successor companies and to execute other activities relating to the breakup, such as outplacement of former personnel.

The new companies introduced competition, cut their staffing, and made reform efforts. Initial public reaction to these moves was good: the combined passenger travel on the Japan Railways Group passenger companies in 1987 was 204. 7 billion passenger-kilometers, up 3. The units of transportation measurement describes the units of measure to measure the quantity and traffic of Transportation used in transportation statistics 2% from 1986, while the passenger sector previously had been stagnant since 1975. The growth in passenger transport of private railways in 1987 was 2. 6%, which meant that the Japan Railways Group's rate of increase was above that of the private-sector railroads for the first time since 1974. In Economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private Profit and is not controlled by the State. Demand for rail transport improved, although it still accounted for only 28% of passenger transportation and only 5% of cargo transportation in 1990. Rail passenger transportation was superior to automobiles in terms of energy efficiency and of speed in long distance transportation.

The six companies had 18,800 km of routes (mostly 1. 1 m gauge) in use in the late 1980s. About 25% of the routes were in double-track and multitrack sections, and the rest were single-track. In 1988 about 51% of the six companies' 1,000 locomotives were diesel, and the rest were electric. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr

Japan Freight Railway Company owns its locomotives (295 diesel and 569 electric locomotives in 1988), rolling stock and stations, but hires track from the six passenger companies. or, is one of the constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group Rolling Stock was a Newspaper of ideas and a chronicle of the 1980s published in Boulder, Colorado It runs fewer trains on less track than Japanese National Railways freight service did before its demise, but at increased revenues and higher productivity. Productivity in Economics refers to measures of output from production processes per unit of input

The Shinkansen Property Corporation (新幹線保有機構, Shinkansen Hoyū Kikō^?) leased Shinkansen railway facilities, including 2,100 m of 1. The is a Network of High-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies 4 m gauge high-speed track, to the passenger companies on Honshū. In 1991, the SPC was reorganized into the Railway Development Fund (鉄道整備基金, Tetsudō Seibi Kikin^?) and the three operators bought their lines on 60-year loans. ^[1] Some of the Shinkansen electric-powered trains operate at speeds up to 300 km/hr.

Another nearly 3,400 km of routes, mostly 1. 1 m gauge, are operated by major private railways and by what are known in Japan as third sector railroads—new companies, financed with private and local government funds—which absorbed some of Japanese National Railways' rural lines. The voluntary sector (also non-profit sector) is the sphere of social activity undertaken by Organizations that are non-profit and non-governmental There were twenty-seven private and third-sector companies in 1989.

References

^ ja:新幹線#JR発足から現在までの流れ as of 2007-07-16T11:18:58

This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain. abbreviated or "JNR" was the national Railway network of Japan from 1949 to 1987 Rail transport in Japan is a major means of passenger Transport, especially for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in Metropolitan List of railway companies in Japan lists Japanese Railway operators A private railroad is a railroad run by a private corporation as opposed to a railroad run by a Public sector. The is a Network of High-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies This page explains the numbering and classification schemes for Locomotives employed by the Japanese Government Railways, the Japanese National Railways and the The is a Network of High-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone - Japan

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
network: | |

Contents