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Portrait of a Man in a Turban (actually a chaperon), possibly a self-portrait, painted 1433
Portrait of a Man in a Turban (actually a chaperon), possibly a self-portrait, painted 1433

Jan van Eyck or Johannes de Eyck (IPA: [jɑn vɑn ɛik]) (before c. The Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?, also often known as Portrait of a Man in a Turban, or in a red turban etc is an Oil painting by the Chaperon (ˈʃæpəroʊn ˈʃæpərɒn Middle French: chaperon) was a form of hood or later highly versatile Hat worn in all parts of Western Europe 1395 – before July 9, 1441) was an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges and considered one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Early Netherlandish painting is the work of those painters who were active in the Low Countries during the 15th and early 16th century Northern renaissance Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

There is a common misconception, which dates back to the sixteenth-century Vite of the Tuscan artist and biographer Giorgio Vasari, that Jan van Eyck invented oil painting. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous Oil painting is the process of painting with Pigments that are bound with a medium of Drying oil — especially in early modern Europe Linseed oil It is however true that he achieved, or perfected, new and remarkable effects using this technique.

Jan van Eyck has often been linked as brother to painter and peer Hubert van Eyck, because both have been thought to originate from the same town, Maaseik in Limburg (Belgium). Hubert van Eyck (also Huybrecht van Eyck) (c 1366&ndash1426 was a Flemish painter and older brother of Jan van Eyck. Maaseik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg. Another brother, Lambert van Eyck is mentioned in Burgundian court documents, and there is a conjecture that he too was a painter, and that he may have overseen the closing of Jan van Eyck's Bruges workshop. In the history of the Low Countries, the Burgundian Netherlands refers to the period when the dukes of Burgundy ruled the area as well as Luxembourg and parts of Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. [1] Another significant, and rather younger, painter who worked in Southern France, Barthélemy van Eyck, is presumed to be a relation. Barthélemy d'Eyck, van Eyck or d' Eyck,; (ca1420&ndashafter 1470 was an Early Netherlandish artist who worked in France and probably in

Contents

Life

Youth

The date of van Eyck's birth is not known. The first extant record of van Eyck is from the court of John of Bavaria at The Hague. It dates to 1422 and mentions a payment to Jan van Eyck as court painter, which indicates he had to have been born no later than 1395, and indeed probably earlier. His apparent age in his probable self-portrait (right) suggests to most scholars an earlier date than 1395. [1][2]

Worldly success

Following the death of John of Bavaria, in 1425 van Eyck entered the service of the powerful and influential Valois prince, Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy. Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon also Philip III Duke of Burgundy ( July 31, 1396 &ndash June 15, 1467) was Duke of Burgundy Van Eyck resided in Lille for a year and then moved to Bruges, where he lived until his death in 1441. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. A number of documents published in the twentieth century record his activities in Philip's service. He was sent on several missions on behalf of the Duke, and worked on several projects which likely entailed more than painting. With the exception of two portraits of Isabella of Portugal, which van Eyck painted on Philip's behest as a member of a 1428-9 delegation to seek her hand, the precise nature of these works is obscure.

As a painter and "valet de chambre" to the Duke, Jan van Eyck was exceptionally well paid. Valet de chambre, or varlet de chambre, was a court appointment introduced in the late Middle Ages, common from the 14th century onwards His annual salary was quite high when he was first engaged, but it doubled twice in the first few years, and was often supplemented by special bonuses. His salary alone makes Jan van Eyck an exceptional figure among early Netherlandish painters, since most of them depended on individual commissions for their livelihoods. An indication that Van Eyck's art and person were held in extraordinarily high regard is a document from 1435 in which the Duke scolded his treasurers for not paying the painter his salary, arguing that Van Eyck would leave and that he would nowhere be able to find his equal in his "art and science. " The Duke also served as godfather to one of Van Eyck's children, supported his widow upon the painter's death, and years later helped one of his daughters with the funds required to enter a convent.

Masterworks

The Arnolfini Portrait (1434).
The Arnolfini Portrait (1434). The Arnolfini Portrait is a Painting in oils on Oak Panel executed by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van

Jan van Eyck produced paintings for private clients in addition to his work at the court. Foremost among these is the Ghent Altarpiece painted for Jodocus Vijdts and his wife Elisabeth Borluut. The Ghent Altarpiece or Adoration of the Mystic Lamb ( Dutch: Het Lam Gods or The Lamb of God; completed 1432 Started sometime before 1426 and completed, at least partially, by 1432, this polyptych has been seen to represent "the final conquest of reality in the North", differing from the great works of the Early Renaissance in Italy by virtue of its willingness to forgo classical idealization in favor of the faithful observation of nature. A polyptych (from the Greek polu- "many" + ptychē "fold" generally refers to a Painting (usually Panel painting The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere [2] It is housed in its original location, the Cathedral of St. Bavo in Ghent, Belgium. Ghent (ˈɡɛnt Gent ʝɛnt in Dutch, Gand in French, and formerly Gaunt in English) is a City and a It has had a turbulent history, surviving the 16th-century iconoclastic riots, the French Revolution, changing tastes which led to its dissemination, and most recently Nazi looting. When World War II ended it was recovered in a salt mine, and the story of its restoration drew considerable interest from the general public and greatly advanced the discipline of the scientific study of paintings. No less turbulent was the history of the interpretation of this work. Since an inscription states that Hubert van Eyck maior quo nemo repertus (greater than anyone) started the altarpiece, but that Jan van Eyck - calling himself arte secundus (second best in the art) - finished it identifies it as a collaborative effort of Jan van Eyck and his brother Hubert. The question of who painted what, or "Jan or Hubert?" has become a mythical one among art historians. Some even question the validity of the inscription, and thus Hubert van Eyck's involvement. In the 1930s, Emil Renders even argued that "Hubert van Eyck" was a complete fiction invented by Ghent humanists in the 16th century. More recently, Lotte Brand Philip (1971) has proposed that the Ghent Altarpiece's inscription has been misread, and that Hubert was (in Latin) the "fictor", not the "pictor", of the work. She interprets this as meaning that Jan van Eyck painted the entire altarpiece, while his brother Hubert created its sculptural framework.

Exceptionally for his time, van Eyck often signed and dated his paintings on their frames, then considered an integral part of the work (the two were often painted together). However, in the celebrated Arnolfini Portrait (London, National Gallery) reproduced at left, van Eyck inscribed on the (pictorial) back wall above the convex mirror "Johannes de Eyck fuit hic 1434" (Jan van Eyck was here, 1434). The Arnolfini Portrait is a Painting in oils on Oak Panel executed by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van The painting is one of the most frequently analyzed by art historians, but in recent years a number of popular interpretations have been questioned. This is probably not a painted marriage certificate, or the record of a betrothal, as originally suggested by Erwin Panofsky. The woman is probably also not pregnant, as the hand-gesture of lifting the dress recurs in contemporary renditions of virgin saints (including Jan van Eyck's own Dresden Triptych and a workshop piece, the Frick Madonna).

Annunciation, National Gallery of Art.
Annunciation, National Gallery of Art. The Annunciation is an Oil painting by the Early Netherlandish master Jan van Eyck, from around 1434-1436 This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery.

Other works

Other works include two remarkable commemorative panels, the Madonna with Chancellor Rolin (Paris, Louvre), and the Madonna of Canon Georg van der Paele (Bruges, Groeninge Museum), some other religious paintings, notably the Annunciation (Washington, National Gallery of Art), and a number of exceptionally haunting portraits, including that of his wife, Margareta (Bruges, Groeningemuseum), and what is believed to be his self-portrait, Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?), often mistitled Portrait of a Man in a Red Turban, as in fact he wears a chaperon. The Madonna of Chancellor Rolin is an Oil painting by the Early Netherlandish master Jan van Eyck, dating from around 1435 The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France The Annunciation is an Oil painting by the Early Netherlandish master Jan van Eyck, from around 1434-1436 This article is about the National Gallery of the United States for other National Galleries see National Gallery. The Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?, also often known as Portrait of a Man in a Turban, or in a red turban etc is an Oil painting by the Chaperon (ˈʃæpəroʊn ˈʃæpərɒn Middle French: chaperon) was a form of hood or later highly versatile Hat worn in all parts of Western Europe [3]. Many more works are disputed, or believed to be by his assistants or followers.

Reputation

In the most substantial early source on him, a 1454 biography by the Genoese humanist Bartolomeo Facio (De viris illustribus), Jan van Eyck was named "the leading painter" of his day. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Bartolomeo Facio (c 1400 &ndash 1457 was an Italian historian writer and Humanist. Facio places him among the best artists of the early 15th century, along with Rogier van der Weyden, Gentile da Fabriano, and Pisanello. Rogier van der Weyden, also known as Rogier de le Pasture (1399/1400 &ndash June 18, 1464) is with Jan van Eyck, considered one of the Gentile da Fabriano (c 1370 &ndash c 1427 was an Italian painter known for his participation in the International Gothic style Pisanello (c 1395 &ndash probably 1455 known professionally as Antonio di Puccio Pisano or Antonio di Puccio da Cereto, also erroneously called Vittore It is particularly interesting that Facio shows as much enthusiasm for Netherlandish painters as he does for Italian painters. This text also sheds light on aspects of Jan van Eyck's production now lost, citing a bathing scene as well as a world map which van Eyck painted for Philip the Good. Facio also recorded that van Eyck was a learned man, and that he was versed in the classics, particularly the writings of Pliny the Elder about painting. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author This is supported by records of an inscription from Ovid's Ars Amatoria, which was on the now-lost original frame of the Arnolfini Double Portrait, and by the many Latin inscriptions on his paintings, using the Roman alphabet, then reserved for educated men. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Jan van Eyck likely had some knowledge of Latin for his many missions abroad on behalf of the Duke.

Jan van Eyck died in Bruges in 1441 and was buried there in the Church of St Donatian (destroyed during the French Revolution). Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

Main works

References

The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432.
The Ghent Altarpiece: The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (interior view), painted 1432. The Detroit Institute of Arts ( DIA) originally named the Detroit Museum of Art, has one of the largest most significant art collections in the United States
The Ghent Altarpiece: Knights of Christ
The Ghent Altarpiece: Knights of Christ
General
Source documents
Ghent Altarpiece
Technical Analysis
The Undocumented Early Years
Relation to Contemporery European Art
General Information about the 15th-Century Burgundian Court

Footnotes

  1. ^ Jan van Eyck, Metropolitan Museum of Art
  2. ^ Gombrich, E. H. , The Story of Art, pages 236-9. Phaidon, 1995.
  3. ^ National Gallery Catalogues: The Fifteenth Century Netherlandish Paintings by Lorne Cambell, 1998, ISBN 185709171

External links

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