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Jan Hus burned at the stake.
Jan Hus burned at the stake. Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft

Jan Hus (listen (help·info)) (IPA: [ˈjan ˈɦus], alternative spellings John Hus, Jan Huss, John Huss) (c. 1369 Husinec, Bohemia – July 6, 1415 Konstanz, HRE) was a Czech religious thinker, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague. See other places named Husinec. Husinec is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake Constance The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic Charles University in Prague (also simply Charles University; Univerzita Karlova v Praze Universitas Carolina Karls-Universität zu Prag is the oldest and largest Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. He was greatly influenced by the teachings of John Wycliffe. John Wycliffe (ˈwɪklɪf also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (mid-1320s – 31 December After the King of England, Richard II, married Anne of Bohemia, they traveled back to Bohemia where they carried Wycliffe's ideas with them. Richard II (6 January 1367 &ndash ca 14 February 1400 was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399 Once Hus adopted Wycliffe's ideas, he proposed to reform the church in Bohemia just as Wycliffe had. While some of his followers became known as Hussites, his more radical followers were called Taborites. The Hussites were a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus or John Huss (c The Taborites rejected any ideas the Roman church had that were not Biblically founded. Later, in about 1450, some of the Taborites founded a group known as the Bohemian Brethren. The Moravian church further developed this group in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church considered the teachings of John Hus heretical; consequently Hus was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake in 1415. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft

Hus was a key contributor to the Protestant movement whose teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europe and on Martin Luther himself. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer The Hussite Wars resulted in the Basel Compacts which allowed for a reformed church in the Kingdom of Bohemia - almost a century before such developments would take place in the Lutheran Reformation. The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars involved the military actions against and amongst the followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia in the period 1420 Hus's extensive writings earn him a prominent place in Czech literary history. He is also responsible for introducing the use of diacritics (especially the háček) into Czech spelling in order to represent each sound by a single symbol. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU In Typography, a grapheme is the fundamental unit in written language. Today, the Jan Hus Memorial can be seen at the Prague Old Town Square (Czech Staroměstské náměstí). The Jan Hus Memorial stands at one end of Old Town Square, Prague in the Czech Republic. Old Town Square ( Czech:) is a historic square in the Old Town quarter of Prague in the Czech Republic at. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the

Jan Hus Day (Den upálení mistra Jana Husa) on July 6, the anniversary of the execution of Jan Hus, is one of the public holidays in the Czech Republic. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. Public holidays in the Czech Republic DateEnglish He is also commemorated as martyr in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on that day. The Lutheran Calendar of Saints is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by the Lutheran Church The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ( ELCA) is a mainline Protestant denomination headquartered in Chicago Illinois. Today most Czechs describe themselves as non-religious, and among Christians more are Roman Catholics than Hussites [1], nonetheless Jan Hus is a national hero.

Contents

Birth

Hus was born in Husinec (120 km SSW of Prague); different sources give the year of his birth as anywhere from 1369 to 1374. See other places named Husinec. Husinec is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic.

Papal schism

The University of Prague around 1408 was being torn apart by the ongoing papal schism, in which Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII both laid claim to the papacy. Charles University in Prague (also simply Charles University; Univerzita Karlova v Praze Universitas Carolina Karls-Universität zu Prag is the oldest and largest The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 Pope Gregory XII (died October 18, 1417) born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415 succeeded Pope

King Wenceslaus felt Pope Gregory XII might interfere with his plans to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor; thus, he renounced Gregory and ordered his prelates to observe a strict neutrality toward both popes, and said he expected the same of the university. Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states A prelate is a high-ranking member of the Clergy who either is an Ordinary or ranks in precedence with ordinaries History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc remained faithful to Gregory. Zbyněk Zajíc of Hasenburg (Házmburk (c 1376 Bohemia &ndash September 28, 1411 in Bratislava, Hungaria today Slovakia At the university, only the "Bohemian nation" (one of four voting blocs), with Hus as its leader and spokesman, avowed neutrality.

Kutná Hora

At the instigation of Hus and other Bohemian leaders, Wenceslaus issued a decree (while in the city of Kutná Hora) that the Bohemian nation should now have three votes (instead of one) in all affairs of the university, while the foreign nations (Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish) should have only one vote. Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was Kutná Hora ( pronounced; medieval Czech: Hory Kutné; Kuttenberg is a City in the Czech Republic in the Central Bohemian Region A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered As a consequence somewhere between five thousand and twenty thousand foreign doctors, masters, and students left the university in 1409. This exodus resulted in the founding of the University of Leipzig, among others. The University of Leipzig (Universität Leipzig located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities Thus, Prague university lost its international importance and became a Czech school. The emigrants also spread news of the Bohemian heresies throughout the rest of Europe.

The Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc became isolated and Hus was at the height of his fame. Zbyněk Zajíc of Hasenburg (Házmburk (c 1376 Bohemia &ndash September 28, 1411 in Bratislava, Hungaria today Slovakia He became a rector of the Czech university, and enjoyed the favor of the court. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its At around this time the doctrinal views of the English theologian John Wycliffe, (1320s-1384), were becoming widely influential. John Wycliffe (ˈwɪklɪf also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (mid-1320s – 31 December

Alexander V becomes Pope

In 1409, in an attempt to end the papal schism, the Council of Pisa met to elect a new pope. The Council of Pisa was an unrecognized Ecumenical conference of the Roman Catholic Church held in 1409 that attempted to end the Western Schism This did not succeed, and the pope they elected, Alexander V, did not end loyalty to the other two popes. Alexander V (also Peter of Candia or Peter Phillarges, ca 1339 &ndash May 3, 1410) was Antipope during the Western Schism The Roman Catholic Church now considers Alexander V an antipope. Alexander V (also Peter of Candia or Peter Phillarges, ca 1339 &ndash May 3, 1410) was Antipope during the Western Schism An antipope ( Latin: antipapa) is a person who makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope, in opposition to the pope recognised by the Roman Hus, his followers, and Wenceslaus transferred their allegiance to Alexander V. Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was Under pressure from Wenceslaus, Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc eventually did the same. Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was Zbyněk Zajíc of Hasenburg (Házmburk (c 1376 Bohemia &ndash September 28, 1411 in Bratislava, Hungaria today Slovakia Zajíc then brought his complaints before Alexander V's Papal See, accusing the Wycliffites of ecclesiastical disturbances. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic John Wycliffe (ˈwɪklɪf also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (mid-1320s – 31 December

Excommunication of Hus

Alexander V issued his papal bull of December 20, 1409, which empowered the Archbishop to proceed against Wycliffism. Alexander V (also Peter of Candia or Peter Phillarges, ca 1339 &ndash May 3, 1410) was Antipope during the Western Schism A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. John Wycliffe (ˈwɪklɪf also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (mid-1320s – 31 December All books of Wycliffe were to be given up, his doctrines revoked, and free preaching discontinued. After the publication of the bull in 1410, Hus appealed before Alexander V, but in vain. All books and valuable manuscripts of Wycliffe were burned, and Alexander V excommunicated Hus and his adherents. Riots ensued in parts of Bohemia.

The government took the side of Hus, and the power of his adherents increased from day to day. He continued to preach in the Bethlehem Chapel (a church building in Prague), and became bolder and bolder in his accusations against the Church. The Bethlehem Chapel ( Betlémská kaple) is a medieval religious building in Prague, Czech Republic notable for its connection with the famous Czech reformer The churches of the city were put under the ban, and the interdict was pronounced against Prague, but without result. In the Roman Catholic Church, the word interdict (in’tér-dikt usually refers to an Ecclesiastical penalty Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic.

Indulgences

Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc died in 1411, and with his death the religious movement in Bohemia entered a new phase, where the disputes concerning indulgences assumed great importance. Zbyněk Zajíc of Hasenburg (Házmburk (c 1376 Bohemia &ndash September 28, 1411 in Bratislava, Hungaria today Slovakia An indulgence, in Roman Catholic Theology, is the full or partial Remission of temporal punishment due for Sins which have already been forgiven

Crusade against Naples

Antipope John XXIII succeeded Pope Alexander V after his death in 1410. Pope John XXIIIPope John (numbering Baldassarre Cossa (c 1370 &ndash November 22 1419 also known as John XXIII, was Pope or Antipope during Alexander V (also Peter of Candia or Peter Phillarges, ca 1339 &ndash May 3, 1410) was Antipope during the Western Schism In 1411, John issued a crusade against King Ladislaus of Naples, the protector of Gregory XII. Pope John XXIIIPope John (numbering Baldassarre Cossa (c 1370 &ndash November 22 1419 also known as John XXIII, was Pope or Antipope during The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Ladislas the Magnanimous (also spelled Ladislaus; July 14, 1376 / February 11, 1377 &ndash August 6 Pope Gregory XII (died October 18, 1417) born Angelo Correr or Corraro, Pope from 1406 to 1415 succeeded Pope This crusade was preached in Prague as well, and preachers of indulgences urged people to crowd the churches and give their offerings. An indulgence, in Roman Catholic Theology, is the full or partial Remission of temporal punishment due for Sins which have already been forgiven This developed a traffic in indulgences that to some were a sign of the corruption of the church.

Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade

Hus spoke out against indulgences, but he could not carry with him the men of the university. In 1412 a dispute took place, on which occasion Hus delivered his address Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de indulgentiis. It was taken literally from the last chapter of Wycliffe's book, De ecclesia, and his treatise, De absolutione a pena et culpa. The pamphlet stated that no pope or bishop had the right to take up the sword in the name of the Church; he should pray for his enemies and bless those that curse him; man obtains forgiveness of sins by real repentance, not through money. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation Repentance is a change of thought and action to correct a wrong and gain Forgiveness from the one wronged Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts.

The doctors of the theological faculty replied, but without success. A few days afterward some of Hus's followers, led by Vok Voksa z Valdštejna, burnt the Papal bulls. A Papal bull is a particular type of Letters patent or charter issued by a Pope. Hus, they said, should be obeyed rather than the Church, which they considered a fraudulent mob of adulterers and Simonists. Simony is the Ecclesiastical crime of paying for Holy offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church named after Simon Magus, who appears in the

Response

In response, three men from the lower classes who openly called the indulgences a fraud were beheaded. They were later considered the first martyrs of the Hussite Church. The Hussites were a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus or John Huss (c

In the meantime, the faculty had condemned the forty-five articles anew and added several other heretical theses which had originated with Hus. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature The king forbade the teaching of these articles, but neither Hus nor the university complied with the ruling, requesting that the articles should be first proven to be un-scriptural.

Further dissensions

The tumults at Prague had stirred up a sensation, unpleasant for the Roman party; papal legates and Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus to give up his opposition to the papal bulls, and the king made an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the two parties.

Call for arrest of Hus

In the meantime the clergy of Prague, through Michael de Causis, had brought their complaints before the Pope, and he ordered the Cardinal of St. Angelo to proceed against Hus without mercy. The cardinal put Hus under the great church ban. He was to be seized and delivered to the archbishop, and his chapel was to be destroyed. This was followed by stricter measures against Hus and his adherents, and in turn counter-measures of the Hussites, including an appeal by Hus that Jesus Christ, and not the Pope, was the supreme judge. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) This intensified the excitement among the people, and Wenceslaus forced Hus to leave Prague, but his departure did little to quell the ongoing excitement. Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was

Attempted reconciliation

The king made great efforts to harmonize the opposing parties. In 1412 he convoked the heads of his kingdom for a consultation, and at their suggestion ordered a synod to be held at Český Brod on February 2, 1412. A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church convened to decide an issue of doctrine administration or application Český Brod (ˈtʃɛski ˈbrot is a Town in Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor It did not take place there, but in the palace of the archbishops at Prague, in order to exclude Hus from participation.

Propositions were made to restore peace in the Church, with Hus requiring that Bohemia should have the same freedom in regard to ecclesiastical affairs as other countries and that approbation and condemnation should therefore be announced only with the permission of the state power. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the This is wholly the doctrine of Wycliffe (Sermones, iii. 519, etc. ). There followed treatises from both parties, but no harmony was obtained. "Even if I should stand before the stake which has been prepared for me," Hus wrote at the time, "I would never accept the recommendation of the theological faculty. " The synod did not produce any results, but the King ordered a commission to continue the work of reconciliation.

The doctors of the university required from Hus and his adherents an approval of their conception of the Church, according to which the Pope is the head, the Cardinals are the body of the Church, and all regulations of the Church must be obeyed. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official usually a bishop, of the Catholic Church.

Hus protested vigorously against this conception since it made the Pope and cardinals solely the Church. Nevertheless the Hussite party seems to have made a great effort toward reconciliation. To the article that the Roman Church must be obeyed, they added only "so far as every pious Christian is bound. " Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán Páleč protested against this addition and left the convention. In Politics, a political convention is a meeting of a Political party, typically to select party candidates The king exiled them, along with two other spokesmen.

Writings of Hus and Wycliffe

Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those of Hus on the Church, entitled De Ecclesia, were written in 1413 and have been most frequently quoted and admired or criticized, and yet their first ten chapters are but an epitome of Wycliffe's work of the same title, and the following chapters are but an abstract of another of Wycliffe's works (De potentate papae) on the power of the pope. Wycliffe had written his book to oppose the common view that the Church consisted only of the clergy, and Hus now found himself making the same point. He wrote his work at the castle of one of his protectors in Kozí Hrádek, and sent it to Prague, where it was publicly read in the Bethlehem chapel. It was answered by Stanislav ze Znojma and Páleč with treatises of the same title.

After the most vehement opponents of Hus had left Prague, his adherents occupied the whole ground. Hus wrote his treatises and preached in the neighborhood of Kozí Hrádek. Bohemian Wyclifism was carried into Poland, Hungary, Croatia, and Austria; but at the same time the papal court was not inactive. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In January of 1413, a general council assembled in Rome which condemned the writings of Wycliffe and ordered them to be burned. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

Council of Constance

To put an end to the papal schism and to take up the long desired reform of the Church, a general council was convened for November 1, 1414, at Constance. For other uses see Reform (disambiguation Reform means beneficial change or sometimes more specifically reversion to a pure original Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake Constance The Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg, brother of Wenceslaus, and heir to the Bohemian crown, was anxious to put an end to religious dissension within the church; Hus likewise was willing to make an end of all dissensions, and followed the request of Sigismund to go to Constance. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund ( February 14, 1368 – December 9,

From the sermons which he took along, it is evident that he purposed to convert the assembled fathers to his own principal doctrines. Sigismund promised him safe conduct, guaranteeing his safety for the duration of his journey; as a secular ruler he would not have been able to make any guarantees for the safety of Hus in a Papal court, a fact that Hus would have been aware of. However Hus was probably reckoning that a guarantee of safe conduct was also a sign of patronage by the king and that therefore he could rely on royal support during the proceedings. Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization

Imprisonment and preparations for trial

It is unknown whether Hus knew what his fate would be; he assembled testimonials of his orthodoxy to show the council, but nevertheless made his will before setting out. He started on his journey on October 11, 1414; on November 3, 1414, he arrived at Constance, and on the following day the bulletins on the church doors announced that Michal z Německého Brodu would be the opponent of Hus, "the heretic. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. " In the meantime Hus' opponents were persuading Sigismund that a promise of safe conduct to a heretic was not legally binding.

In the beginning Hus was at liberty, living at the house of a widow, but after a few weeks his opponents succeeded in imprisoning him, on the strength of a rumor -- more than likely spread by themselves --that he intended to flee. He was first brought into the residence of a canon, and then, on December 8, 1414, into the dungeon of the Dominican monastery. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. This is about European castles For other uses see Dungeon (disambiguation A dungeon is a place where Prisoners are kept Sigismund was greatly angered, as the guarantor of Hus' safety, and threatened the prelates with dismissal, but when it was hinted that in such a case the council would be dissolved, he gave in. Even though Sigismund had given Hus safe conduct, the prelates and bishops convinced him that he could not be bound by promises to a heretic.

On December 4, 1414, John XXIII had entrusted a committee of three bishops with a preliminary investigation against Hus. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Pope John XXIIIPope John (numbering Baldassarre Cossa (c 1370 &ndash November 22 1419 also known as John XXIII, was Pope or Antipope during As was common practice, witnesses for the prosecution were heard, but Hus was not allowed an advocate for his defense. In most Litigation under the Common law Adversarial system the Defendant, perhaps with the assistance of counsel, may allege or present His situation became worse after the downfall of the antipope, who had left Constance to evade the necessity of abdicating. Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one Up to that time, Hus had been the captive of John XXIII and in constant communication with his friends, but now he was delivered to the Archbishop of Constance and brought to his castle, Gottlieben on the Rhine. Here he remained for seventy-three days, separated from his friends, chained day and night, poorly fed, and tortured by disease. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly

Trial

On June 5, 1415, he was tried for the first time, and for that purpose was transferred to a Franciscan monastery, where he spent the last weeks of his life. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism.

He acknowledged the writings on the Church against Znojma, Páleč, as well as Stanislaus of Znaim as his own, and declared himself willing to recant if his errors should be proven to him from the Bible. Znojmo (ˈznojmo Znaim is a city in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, near the border with Lower Austria.

Hus conceded his veneration of Wycliffe, and said that he could only wish his soul might some time attain unto that place where Wycliffe's was. On the other hand, he denied having defended Wycliffe's doctrine of The Lord's Supper or the forty-five articles; he had only opposed their summary condemnation. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those

King Wenceslaus admonished him to deliver himself up to the mercy of the Council, as he did not desire to protect a heretic. Wenceslaus (also Wenceslas, Wenzel Václav Venceslao February 26, 1361 – August 16 1419) called the Drunkard, was At the last trial, on June 8, 1415, there were read to him thirty-nine sentences, twenty-six of which had been excerpted from his book on the Church, seven from his treatise against Páleč, and six from that against Stanislav ze Znojma. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable The danger of some of these doctrines to worldly power was explained to the emperor to incite him against Hus. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of

Hus again declared himself willing to submit if he could be convinced of errors. He desired only a fair trial and more time to explain the reasons for his views. If his reasons and Bible texts did not suffice, he would be glad to be instructed. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, and he was asked to confess:

  1. that he had erred in the theses which he had hitherto maintained;
  2. that he renounced them for the future;
  3. that he recanted them; and
  4. that he declared the opposite of these sentences.

He asked to be exempted from recanting doctrines which he had never taught; others, which the assembly considered erroneous, he was willing to revoke; to act differently would be against his conscience. Conscience is a hypothesized Ability or faculty that distinguishes whether our actions are right or wrong These words found no favorable reception. After the trial on June 8, several other attempts were made to induce him to recant, but he resisted all of them.

The attitude of Sigismund was due to political considerations — he looked upon the return of Hus to his country as dangerous, and thought the terror of execution might improve the situation.

Condemnation and execution

The condemnation took place on July 6, 1415, in the presence of the assembly of the Council in the Cathedral. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Each voting member stood up and delivered his own, often moving speech which ended with a vote as to whether Hus should live or die. A sizable minority voted to save Hus's life, but the majority ruled, and Jan Hus was to be burnt to death.

If the beginning of the day could be called solemn, the scene after the voting was one of scuffles and chairs being thrown. (For an eye-witness account and text of speeches, read Pogius; or Matthew Spinka, John Hus at the Council of Constance).

After the performance of High Mass and Liturgy, Hus was led into the church. A liturgy is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group according to their particular traditions The Bishop of Lodi delivered an oration on the duty of eradicating heresy; then some theses of Hus and Wycliffe and a report of his trial were read.

Refusals to recant

Map of the area where Hus was burnt at the stake
Map of the area where Hus was burnt at the stake

An Italian prelate pronounced the sentence of condemnation upon Hus and his writings. Again he protested loudly, saying that even at this hour he did not wish anything but to be convinced from Holy Scripture. He fell upon his knees and asked God with a low voice to forgive all his enemies.

Then followed his degradation — he was enrobed in priestly vestments and again asked to recant; again he refused. With curses his ornaments were taken from him, his priestly tonsure was destroyed, and the sentence was pronounced that the Church had deprived him of all rights and delivered him to the secular powers. Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches mystics Buddhist novices and Monks and some Hindu temples of cutting the Hair from the Then a high paper hat was put upon his head, with the inscription "Haeresiarcha" (meaning the leader of a heretical movement). Hus was led away to the stake under a strong guard of armed men.

At the place of execution he knelt down, spread out his hands, and prayed aloud. Some of the people asked that a confessor should be given him, but one priest exclaimed that a heretic should neither be heard nor given a confessor. The title confessor is used in the Christian Church in several ways The executioners undressed Hus and tied his hands behind his back with ropes, and his neck with a chain to a stake around which wood and straw had been piled up so that it covered him to the neck.

At the last moment, the imperial marshal, Von Pappenheim, in the presence of the Count Palatine, asked him to recant and thus save his life, but Hus declined with the words "God is my witness that I have never taught that of which I have by false witnesses been accused. This article gives details on the history of the Count Palatine in Mediaeval European Palatinate regions and social structure In the truth of the Gospel which I have written, taught, and preached, I will die today with gladness. "

Spiezer Chronik, 1485
Spiezer Chronik, 1485

He was then burnt to death.

Dying prophecy

Amongst Hus' last words are allegedly that, "in a hundred years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed. " Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses of Contention to a church door in Wittenberg 102 years later. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, were written by Martin Luther in 1517 Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a Town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the Elbe [1]

Hus' scholarship and teachings

The Czechs, who in his lifetime had loved Hus as their prophet and apostle, now adore him as their saint and martyr, national hero. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom

He left only a few reformatory writings in the proper sense of the word, most of his works being polemical treatises against Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán Páleč. He translated the Trialogus, and was very familiar with his works on the body of the Lord, on the Church, on the power of the pope, and especially with his sermons.

There are reasons to suppose that Wycliffe's doctrine of the Lord's Supper had spread to Prague as early as 1399, with strong evidence that students returning from England had brought the work back with them. It gained an even wider circulation after it had been prohibited in 1403, and Hus preached and taught it, although it is possible that he simply repeated it without advocating it. But the doctrine was seized eagerly by the radical party, the Taborites, who made it the central point of their system.

The book on the Church and on the power of the pope contains the essence of the doctrine of Hus. According to it, the Church is not that hierarchy which is generally designated as Church; the Church is the entire body of those who from eternity have been predestined for salvation. Christ, not the pope, is its head. It is no article of faith that one must obey the pope to be saved. Neither external membership in the Church nor churchly offices and dignities are a surety that the persons in question are members of the true Church.

But it seems clear that Hus’s efforts were predominantly designed to rid the Church of its ethical abuses, rather than a campaign of sweeping theological change. In explaining the plight of the average Christian in Bohemia, Hus wrote, “One pays for confession, for mass, for the sacrament, for indulgences, for churching a woman, for a blessing, for burials, for funeral services and prayers. The very last penny which an old woman has hidden in her bundle for fear of thieves or robbery will not be saved. The villainous priest will grab it. ” (Macek, 16)

After Hus's death, his followers, then known as Hussites, split off into several groups including the Utraquists, Taborites and Orphans. The Hussites were a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus or John Huss (c See " Utraquist school " for a kind of Bilingual schools Utraquism (from the Latin sub utraque specie, meaning The Taborites (Czech Táborité, singular Táborita) were members of a religious community considered heretical by the Catholic Church

Nearly six centuries later in 1999, Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for the cruel death inflicted" on Hus. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Pope The pope then went on to suggest an inquiry as to whether Hus might be cleared of heresy.

A church and a theatre in Manhattan, located at 351 East 74th Street, are named for Hus: respectively the Jan Hus Presbyterian Church and the Jan Hus Playhouse. Although the church and theatre share a single building and management, the Playhouse's productions are usually non-religious or non-denominational.

Iconography

Painting of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance by Václav Brožík (1883). Václav Brožík ( 5 March 1851 – 15 April 1901) was the greatest Czech Academic painter. Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Preparing the execution of Jan Hus.

Alfons Mucha: Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Bethlehem Chapel: Truth prevails, 1916

Monument of Jan Hus, erected in 1915

Although Hus was a Catholic priest, he is pictured bearded, without tonsure. Alphonse Maria Mucha ( 24 July, 1860 &ndash 14 July, 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative Tonsure is the practice of some Christian churches mystics Buddhist novices and Monks and some Hindu temples of cutting the Hair from the Although he described himself as small and fat, he is pictured tall and slender. Meyers Lexikon[2] used this convention, which was echoed by Czech academic painter Václav Brožík. Václav Brožík ( 5 March 1851 – 15 April 1901) was the greatest Czech Academic painter.

Famous followers of Jan Hus

Notes

  1. ^ The Bible Museum. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Knin ( Croatian: Knin Latin and medieval Hungarian: Tinin, Italian Tenin, Serbian: Книн is a historical town in the Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. John Hus. Greatsite Marketing. Retrieved on 12, 2007. Retrieved on April 2007.

References

External links

Persondata
NAME Hus, Jan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hus, John; Huss, Jan; Huss, John
SHORT DESCRIPTION Czech religious thinker, philosopher, reformer
DATE OF BIRTH c. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic 1369
PLACE OF BIRTH Bohemia
DATE OF DEATH July 6, 1415
PLACE OF DEATH Konstanz, Germany

Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake Constance Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
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