?Jammu and Kashmir India
Coordinates: 33°27′N 76°14′E / 33.45, 76.24
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)
Area	222,236 km² (85,806 sq mi)
Capital	• Jammu (winter) • Srinagar (summer)
Largest city	Jammu
District(s)	22
Population • Density	10,069,917 (18th) • 45. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Indian Standard Time ( IST) is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a Time offset of UTC+530. UTC+530 is the Timezone for Indian Standard Time Sri Lanka Time The geography of India is diverse with landscape ranging from snow-capped mountain ranges to deserts plains rainforests hills and plateaus To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Indian state History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. Srinagar ( Dogri: श्रीनगर Urdu: سرینگر Kashmiri: سِرېنَگَر श्रीनगर is the capital of the disputed state History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. A district is an administrative division of a state in India India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven Union territories (UT In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the States of India in order of population 31 /km² (117 /sq mi)
Language(s)	Urdu, Dogri, Kashmiri
Governor	S.K. Sinha
Chief Minister	Ghulam Nabi Azad
Established	1947-10-26
Legislature (seats)	Bicameral (89 + 36)
ISO abbreviation	IN-JK
Website: jammukashmir.nic.in
Seal of Jammu and Kashmir

Coordinates: 33°27′N 76°14′E / 33.45, 76.24

Jammu and Kashmir  (help·info) (Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर; Urdu: جموں و کشمیر) is the northernmost state of India. The Constitution of India envisages Hindi as the primary official language to be used by the Union Government, with English as the subsidiary official language Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Lieutenant General (Retd Srinivas Kumar Sinha, PVSM (born 1926 is an Indian soldier Prime Ministers of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir Prime Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir Ghulam Nabi Azad (born March 7, 1949 in Jammu and Kashmir, India) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress. The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India 's states and territories. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death In Government, bicameralism (bi + Latin la ''camera'' chamber is the practice of having two legislative or Parliamentary chambers Thus a bicameral ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO ISO 3166-2IN is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to India. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains, Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, Pakistan-administered Kashmir to the west and the People's Republic of China to the north and east. India is a union of states comprising twenty-eight states and seven union territories. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The territory of Jammu and Kashmir is disputed between India and Pakistan and it is referred to by Pakistan as Indian-occupied Kashmir. The Kashmir conflict refers to the Territorial dispute between Conversely, India refers to Pakistan-administered Kashmir as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. Ladakh ( Ladakhi lad̪ɑks लदाख لدّاخ "land of high passes" is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir between Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu its winter capital. Srinagar ( Dogri: श्रीनगर Urdu: سرینگر Kashmiri: سِرېنَگَر श्रीनगर is the capital of the disputed state History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. While the Kashmir valley, often known as paradise on Earth,^[1] is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous holy shrines attracts tens of thousands of Hindu and Muslim pilgrims every year. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture. Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

History

Main article: History of Kashmir

The Valley of Kashmir was once the great lake Satisar. This article covers the history of Jammu & Kashmir from earliest recorded times to the present day According to Hindu texts, the Hindu sage Kashyapa drained a lake lying north of the Pir Panjal range by cutting the mountain near Varamulla. Hindu mythology is the large body of Mythology related to Hinduism, notably as contained in Sanskrit literature, such as the Sanskrit epics and This article is about the Hindu sage Kashyapa or Kasyapa See also Kassapa Buddha for information on the ancient buddha and Mahakasyapa information on the disciple The Pir Panjal Range is a range of mountains that form a part of the Middle Himalayas across the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in the The sage then encouraged people from India to settle in the valley that was formed after the lake was drained. The locals named the valley Kashyap-Mar and Kashyap-Pura in honour of the sage. The name Kashmir is derived from ka (the water) and shimeera (to desiccate). In other words, the word Kashmir implies land desiccated from water. And also the lake was very holy to the people until drained

Kashmir was one of the major centres of Sanskrit scholars in ancient times. According to Mahabharata evidence,^[2] Kambojas had ruled over Kashmir during epic times and it was a Republican system of government under the Kamboj. The Kambojas were a Kshatriya Tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in ( post-Vedic) Sanskrit and Pali literature Indian epic poetry is the Epic poetry written in the Indian subcontinent. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Kambojs (कम्बोज kamboj, کمبوہ kamboh, ਕਮ੍ਬੋਜ kamboj) are an Ethnic community of the Punjab region ^[3] The capital city of Kashmir (Kamboj) during epic times was Rajapura^[4] e. g. Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava. ^[5] Epic Rajapura is the same as Ho-lo-she-pu-lo of Yuan Chawang and has been identified with modern Rajauri. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Rajouri is a town and a notified area committee in Rajouri district in the Indian state ^[6] Later, the Panchalas are stated to have established their sway. For the Genus of Gossamer-winged butterflies, see Panchala (butterfly. The name Peer Panjal, which is a part of modern Kashmir, is a witness to this fact. Panjal is simply a distorted form of the Sanskritic tribal term Panchala. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The Muslims had prefixed the word " peer " to it in memory of one Siddha Faqir and the name thence-after is said to have changed into Peer Panjal. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[7]

The Kashmir valley was first incorporated into the Maurya Empire and then into the Kushan Empire. The Maurya Empire ( 322 – 185 BCE) ruled by the Mauryan dynasty was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military The Kushan Empire (c 1st &ndash 3rd centuries) was a Bactrian state that at its cultural zenith Circa 105 &ndash 250 In the early 8th century, Kashmir became the center of Hindu warrior Lalitaditya Muktapida's empire spanning much of northern India and Central Asia. Lalitaditya Muktapida was the emperor of Kashmir from 724 to 760 under the Karkota dynasty. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Kashmir was invaded in mid 12th century by the Muslim Turkish army but it was completely occupied by Turkish Zulkadur Khan in 1322. Later in 1394, another Turkish occupation took place by Sikandar who made Islam the state religion allegedly resulting in forced mass conversions. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Udayan Dev was the last free Kashmiri ruler but after his death in 1338, Kashmir was completely occupied by the Muslims Turks. Turkish rule ended when the Mughal Emperor Akbar invaded Kashmir in 1586, led by Hindu King Bhagawant Das and his aide Ramchandra I. The Mughal army easily defeated Yusuf Khan of Kashmir. After the battle, Akbar appointed Ramchandra I as the governor of the Himalayan kingdom. Ramchandra I founded the city of Jammu (named after Hindu goddess Jamwa Mata) south of the Pir Panjal range. Ramchandra was the ancestor of the last Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir Hari Singh whose kingdom was invaded by Pakistan on 20 October 1947. Hari Singh ( 30 September 1895, Jammu &ndash 26 April 1961, Mumbai) was the last ruling Maharaja of the Princely Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

1909 Map of the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir The names of different regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red.

Portrait of Maharaja Gulab Singh, former Governor of Jammu of the Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh, in 1847, after signing the Treaty of Amritsar with the British, when he became Maharaja for the territories of Kashmir east of the Indus and west of the Ravi. The Ravi River (रवि ਰਾਵੀ راوی is a River in Pakistan and India. (Artist: James Duffield Harding).

In 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, a descendant of Ramchandra I, Jammu and Kashmir was captured by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Lahore and afterwards, until 1846, became a tributary to the Sikh power. The Sikh Confederacy was a nation that existed from 1716 to 1799 Maharaja Ranjit Singh (ਮਹਾਰਾਜਾ ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ also called "Sher-e-Punjab" ("The Lion of the Punjab" (1780-1839 was a ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ^[8] Ranjit Deo's grand-nephew, Gulab Singh, subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later wars, and was appointed as the Governor or Raja of Jammu in 1820. Gulab Singh (1792-1857 was the founder and first Maharaja of the Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir during the British Raj in India With the help of his able officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh soon captured Ladakh and Baltistan, regions to the east and north-east of Kashmir. Zorawar Singh Kahluria (1786-1841 was born in a village of Kahlur State (also called Bilaspur from its capital in modern Himachal Pradesh, India Ladakh ( Ladakhi lad̪ɑks लदाख لدّاخ "land of high passes" is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir between Baltistan (بلتستان, also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan,bordering Xinjiang ^[8] In 1845, the First Anglo-Sikh War broke out, and Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof till the battle of Sobraon (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir Henry Lawrence. The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company between 1845 and 1846 The Battle of Sobraon was fought on February 10, 1846 between the forces of the British East India Company and the Khalsa, the army of the Henry Lawrence may refer to Henry Lawrence (1600 - 1664 President of the English Council of State during the Protectorate Henry Montgomery Two treaties were concluded. By the first the State of Lahore (i. e. West Punjab) was handed over to the British, as equivalent for (rupees) one crore of indemnity, the hill countries between Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for (Rupees) 75 lakhs all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of Indus and west of Ravi" (i. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system and was formerly a unit in the Persian numbering system still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Maldives The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd A lakh (also written lac, and lackh in an Indian english language news source India PR Wire 8 Oct '08 is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd e. the Vale of Kashmir). ^[8] Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar to the kingdom. General Shriman Rajrajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Sri Sir Ranbir Singhji Indar Mahindar Bahadur Sipar-i-Sultanat Mushir-i-Khas-i-Kaiser-i-Hind Gilgit ( Urdu: گلگت) is the capital city of the Northern Areas, Pakistan and a Tehsil (headquarters of Gilgit District Nagar can refer to Nagar Syria, an ancient city Nagar Pakistan, a town in Pakistan Nagar Valley, a valley

Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule in the subcontinent. Hari Singh ( 30 September 1895, Jammu &ndash 26 April 1961, Mumbai) was the last ruling Maharaja of the Princely As a part of the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be given the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or—in special cases—to remain independent. The Partition of India was the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation on August 14, 1947 and August 15, In 1947, Kashmir's population "was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. On 20 October Pakistan violating the Stand-Still agreement invaded Jammu & Kashmir. Initially the Maharaja fought back but on 27 October appealed to Mountbatten^[9] for assistance, and the Governor-General agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and "^[10] Once the papers of accession to India were signed, "Indian soldiers entered Kashmir but they got the order just to stop any further occupation but they were not allowed to drive out the invaders from the state. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked Pakistan to vacate the areas it has occupied and asked India to assist the U. N. Plebiscite Commission to organize a plebiscite to determine the will of the people. Pakistan has refused to vacate the occupied areas. In course of time relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons,^[10] and eventually led to three more wars in Kashmir in 1965, Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and 1999. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of Skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major military conflict between India and Pakistan. The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July India has control of 60 percent of the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls 30 percent of the region, the Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir and China has occupied 10 percent of the state in 1962. The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Vale of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked. "^[11]

The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Tibet, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist takeover in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh:^[11] "By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the Aksai Chin area to provide better communication between Xinjiang and western Tibet. Aksai Chin ( Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦 Traditional chinese: 阿克賽欽 Hanyu pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn Hindi: अकसाई Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Definitions of Tibet See also Definitions of Tibet Name In English The English word Tibet, like the word for Tibet in most European India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962. "^[11] China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the Trans-Karakoram Tract was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963. The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area of nearly 5800 km² that India claims was transferred by a border agreement from the Pakistani administered Northern Areas

For intermittent periods between 1957, when the state approved its own Constitution ^[12] to the death of Sheikh Abdullah in 1982, the state had alternating spells of stability and discontent. Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah (شيخ محمد عبدالله known as Sher-e-Kashmir (the Lion of Kashmir ( Dec 5 1905, Soura Kashmir &ndash Sept 8 In the late 1980s however, simmering discontent over the high-handed policies of the Union Government^[13] and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 assembly elections^[14] triggered a violent uprising which was backed by Pakistan^[15] . Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Since then, the region has seen has a prolonged, bloody conflict between militants and the Indian army. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based Both the militants and the army have been accused of widespread human rights abuses ^[16][17], including abductions, massacres^[18][19], rape ^[20]and looting.

Politics and government

Main article: Politics of Jammu and Kashmir

Flag of the State of Jammu and Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has historically consisted of four political regions. The state of Jammu and Kashmir has historically consisted of four political regions Ladakh towards the east bordering China, Jammu towards the south bordering India and Pakistan, Kashmir Valley towards the east bordering Pakistan and Baltistan areas towards the North bordering China and Pakistan. Ladakh ( Ladakhi lad̪ɑks लदाख لدّاخ "land of high passes" is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir between China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Baltistan (بلتستان, also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan,bordering Xinjiang Baltistan and a part of Kashmir Valley are under Pakistan control. Aksai Chin, claimed by India to be a part of Ladakh, is under Chinese control. Aksai Chin ( Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦 Traditional chinese: 阿克賽欽 Hanyu pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn Hindi: अकसाई While the rest is under Indian control. Pakistan and Indian controlled parts are separated by Line of Control (LOC). Names Specifically the term "Line of Control" (LOC refers to the military control line between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state

Like all the states of India, Indian controlled parts of Jammu and Kashmir have a multi-party democratic system of governance. Main political parties include the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference, the Indian National Congress and the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP). The Jammu & Kashmir National Conference is a political party in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. The Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party is a Political party in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Presently, the Indian National Congress and its ally PDP hold the maximum number of seats in the Jammu and Kashmir state assembly. Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. Congress leader Ghulam Nabi Azad replaced PDP's Mufti Mohammed Sayeed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in late 2005. Ghulam Nabi Azad (born March 7, 1949 in Jammu and Kashmir, India) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress. Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (born January 12, 1936) is a politician in Jammu and Kashmir who was the Chief minister from 2002 until A Chief Minister is the elected Head of government of a sub-national (e

The Constitution of India grants Jammu and Kashmir special autonomous status as a temporary provision through Article 370. The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which is of a temporary nature grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir. However, some Muslim Kashmiris demand greater autonomy and sovereignty and some even demand independence from India, while some non-Muslims would like to see the state fully integrated into India. A part of Kashmiri Muslims also have inclination towards Pakistan since a large part of Kashmir is under Pakistan Control. The Kashmiri people ( Kashmiri: कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) are a Dardic ethnic group living in the central valley of Kashmir in There has also been a number of separatist movements, both political and militant, mostly led by hardline Muslim leaders. However, in recent years Kashmiri Muslims have been leaning towards being in India due to economic reasons. The Kashmiri people ( Kashmiri: कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) are a Dardic ethnic group living in the central valley of Kashmir in India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ^[21]

Jammu and Kashmir is the only Indian state that has its own flag. Designed by the Government of India, the state flag of Jammu and Kashmir is the native plough on a red background which is a symbol of labour. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece Workforce (Voyager episode The workforce is the labour pool in Employment. The three stripes represent the three administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Vale of Kashmir, and Ladakh. ^[22]

Geography and climate

Landscape in Ladakh

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley and Lidder Valley. The main Kashmir valley is 100 km wide and 15,520. 3 km² in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the Valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of northern India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and beautiful valley has an average height of 1,850 meters above sea-level but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5,000 meters.

The Jhelum River is the only major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley. "Hydaspes" redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes. The Indus, Tawi, Ravi and Chenab are the major rivers flowing through the state. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Tawi is a River that flows through the city of Jammu. Tawi river is also considered sacred and holy as is generally the case with most rivers in India The Ravi River (रवि ਰਾਵੀ راوی is a River in Pakistan and India. HeadMarala3jpg|200px|right|thumb|A View of Marala Headworks on Chenab near Sialkot]] The Chenab River (ਚਨਾਬ, चनाब چناب literally 'Moon( Jammu and Kashmir is home to several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5753 meters above sea-level, the Siachen Glacier is 70 km long making it the longest Himalayan glacier. see Siachen conflict for the military conflict over this area The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya

Manasbal Lake in Kashmir.

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu, the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1. 6 to 2 inches) of rain per months between January and March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40°C (104°F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (25. 5 inches). In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29°C (84°F).

Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea, Srinagar receives as much as 25 inches (635 millimetres) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres (3. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: 3 inches) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest cloudbands break up and the climate of Ladakh and Zanskar is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (4 inches) per year and humidity is very low. This region, almost all above 3,000 metres (9,750 feet) above sea level and winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is -20°C (-4°F) with extremes as low as -40°C (-40°F). All the rivers freeze over and locals actually do river crossings during this period because their high levels from glacier melt in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh and Zanskar, days are typically a warm 20°C (68°F) but with the low humidity and thin air nights can still be cold.

Economy

Jammu and Kashmir's mountainous landscape and extreme weather conditions have made construction of highways across the state extremely difficult.

Road-side truck stop in Ladakh.

Tourism forms an integral part of the state's economy. Shown here is the Shalimar Gardens. The Shalimar Gardens ( Hindi: शालीमार बाग़ Urdu: شالیمار باغ is an example of Mughal gardens built by the Mughal emperor In a famous incident, a Persian Emperor claimed it to be a paradise on Earth. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia

Jammu and Kashmir's economy is mostly dependent on farming, animal husbandry and tourism. ^[23] The Kashmir valley is known for its sericulture, cold water fisheries as well as agricultural produce like apples, pears and many temperate fruits as well as nuts. Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of Silkworms for the production of raw Silk. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Kashmiri saffron is also very famous and brings the state a handsome amount of foreign exchange. Saffron ( Kurdish/Persian زَعْفَرَان is a Spice derived from the dried Stigma of the Flower of the saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath which has had significant impact on the state's economy. A pilgrim is one who undertakes a Pilgrimage, literally 'far afield' Vaishno Devi Mandir (वैष्णोदेबी मन्दिर is one of the holiest Hindu temples dedicated to Shakti, located in the hill of ^[24] Though small, the manufacturing and services sector is growing rapidly, especially in the Jammu division. In recent years, several consumer goods companies have opened manufacturing units in the region. The union and state government have planned several industrial parks and special economic zones in Jammu and Kashmir. A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws ^[25][26] However, industrial development in the state faces several major constraints including extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage. ^[27] In an attempt to improve the infrastructure in the state, the Indian government has commenced work on the ambitious Kashmir Railway project which is expected to cost more than US$4 billion. The Kashmir Railway is a railway line being built in India to connect the state of Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of the country The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been The Jammu & Kashmir Bank, which is listed as a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate, is based in the state. Jammu & Kashmir Bank was founded on October 11938 and it commenced business from July 4 1939 The S&P CNX 500 is India ’s first broad-based Stock market index of the Indian stock market It reported a gross income of INR 18,394 million for 2005. Before insurgency intensified in 1989, tourism formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The tourism economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. However, the holy shrines of Jammu and the Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh continue to remain popular pilgrimage and tourism destinations. Tourism in the Kashmir valley has rebounded somewhat in recent years, with Gulmarg emerging as one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Gulmarg (or "Meadow of Flowers" is a town a Hill station and a Notified area committee A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services Gulmarg is also home to the world's highest green golf course. A golf course consists of a series of holes each consisting of a Teeing ground, Fairway, rough and other hazards and a green with a pin and cup all designed for ^[28]

Demographics

Muslims praying in a mosque in Srinagar. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Srinagar ( Dogri: श्रीनगर Urdu: سرینگر Kashmiri: سِرېنَگَر श्रीनगर is the capital of the disputed state

Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India that has a Muslim majority population. Though Islam is practiced by about 65% of the population of the state and by 95% of the population of the Kashmir valley,^[29] the state has large and vibrant communities of Buddhists, Hindus and Sikhs. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. In Jammu, Hindus constitute 67% of the population and Muslims 27% and Sikhs, 5%; In Ladakh, Buddhists constitute about 51% of the population, the remaining being Muslims. History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The people of Ladakh are of Indo-Tibetan origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of Haryana and Punjab, as well as the city of Delhi. The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper Haryana (हरियाणा Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ hərɪjaːɳaː is a state in northern India. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population In totality, the Muslims constitute 65% of the population, the Hindus, about 30%, the Buddhists, 3% and the Sikhs, 2% of the population. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A number of noted individuals have been Buddhists. Historical Buddhist thinkers and founders of schools Individuals are grouped by nationality except in cases where the Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. ^[30]

In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims, 689,073 Hindus, 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists. The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 50% of the population. ^[31] In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "only 524 in every 10,000 of the population (i. e. 5. 24%), and in the frontier wazarats of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0. 94%). "^[31] In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93. 6% of the population. ^[31] These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years. ^[32] In the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93. 6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus constituted 4%. ^[32] In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95%^[29] and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 67% and those of Muslims 27%. ^[29]

Sacred Buddhist festival (Tsechu) at Lamayuru monastery

In the same Census of 1901, four divisions were recorded among the Muslims of the princely state: Shaikhs, Saiyids, Mughals, and Pathans. Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Cheikh, Shaikh, and other variants ( Arabic:, shaykh For the Lost character please see Sayid Jarrah Sayyid ( ar سيد) (plural Saadah is an Honorific title Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called The Shaikhs were the most numerous, with clan names (known as krams) including "Tantre," "Shaikh," "Mantu," "Ganai," "Dar," "Damar," "Lon" etc. ^[31] The Saiyids, it was recorded "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Their kram name is "Mir. " While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name. "^[31] The Mughals who were not numerous were recorded to have kram names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg," "Bandi," "Bach," and "Ashaye. " Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, . . . are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where Pathan colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashtu. "^[31]

The Hindu population of Kashmir Valley in 1901 was recorded to be 60,641. ^[31] Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90. 87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "Brahmans (186,000), the Rajputs (167,000), the Khattris (48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000). Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India Khatri ( Punjabi: ਖੱਤਰੀ Hindi: खत्री is the Punjabi language adaptation or pronunciation of Sanskrit word Kshatriya "^[31] According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 95% of the total population of 160,000-170,000 of Kashmiri Brahmins, also called Kashmiri Pandits, (i. Brahmin ( Brāhmaṇa, sa ब्राह्मणः is the class of educators scholars and preachers in Brahminical Hinduism. Original Kashmiri Pandit ( Hindi: hi कश्मीरी पण्डित refers to a person who belongs to a sect of Hindu Pandits who originate e. approximately 150,000 to 160,000) left the Kashmir Valley in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state. ^[33] According to an estimate by the Central Intelligence Agency, about 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir have been internally displaced due to the ongoing violence. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all ^[34]

In Jammu and Kashmir, the principal spoken languages are Kashmiri, Urdu, Dogri, Pahari, Balti, Ladakhi, Punjabi, Gojri and Dadri, Kishtwari. Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range not limited to a single country in the subcontinent Punjabi may refer to The Punjabi language of Pakistan and India Punjabi grammar List of Punjabi Gojri, also known as Gujari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Gujjars of Northern Pakistan India and Afghanistan. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Dadri is a city and a Municipal board in Gautam Buddha Nagar District in the state of Uttar However, Kashmiri written in the Sharada script is the official language of the state. The Śāradā, or Sharada, script (sa शारदा is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts developed from ca Many speakers of these languages use Hindi or English as a second language. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[35]

Culture

Chorten in Ladakh

Ladakh is famous for its unique Indo-Tibetan culture. A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist The culture of India has been shaped by the long History of India, its unique geography and the absorption of customs traditions and ideas from some of its neighbors Tibetan civilization boasts a rich culture Tibetan culture is greatly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism which is reflected through arts and ritual practices Tibetan Buddhist Chanting in Sanskrit and Tibetan language forms an integral part of Ladakh's Buddhist lifestyle. Chant (from Old French chanter) is the Rhythmic speaking or Singing of Words or Sounds often primarily on one or two Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Tibetan refers to a group of languages spoken primarily by Tibetan peoples who live across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering South Asia as well as by overseas Annual masked dance festivals, weaving and archery are an important part of traditional life in Ladakh. This article describes textile weaving For other senses of this word see Weaving (disambiguation. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has Ladakhi food has much in common with Tibetan food, the most prominent foods being thukpa, noodle soup; and tsampa, known in Ladakhi as Ngampe, roasted barley flour. The cuisine of Tibet is quite distinct from that of its neighbours since only a few crops (not including Rice) grow at such high altitude Thukpa ( is a Tibetan noodle soup usually served with meat It is popular in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and also in the state of Tsampa ( is a Tibetan staple foodstuff, particularly prominent in the central part of the country Typical garb includes gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots, and gonads or hats. People, adorned with gold and silver ornaments and turquoise headgears throng the streets during various Ladakhi festivals.

Shikaras are a common feature in lakes and rivers across the Kashmir valley. Shikaras are a type of wooden boat found on Dal Lake, and other water bodies of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.

The Dumhal is a famous dance in the Kashmir valley, performed by men of the Wattal region. The women perform the Rouff, another traditional folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. Shikaras, traditional small wooden boats, and houseboats are a common feature in various lakes and rivers across the Valley. Shikaras are a type of wooden boat found on Dal Lake, and other water bodies of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India. A houseboat is a Boat that has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a Human Dwelling. The Indian Constitution does not allow people from regions other than Jammu and Kashmir to purchase land in the state. The Constitution of India ( Hindi: भारतीय़ संविधान see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. As a consequence, houseboats became popular among those who were unable to purchase land in the Valley and has now become an integral part of the Kashmiri lifestyle. Kawa, traditional green tea with spices and almond, is consumed all through the day in the chilled winter climate of Kashmir. Most of the buildings in the Valley and Ladakh are made from softwood and is influenced by Indian, Tibetan, and Islamic architecture. Tibetan civilization boasts a rich culture Tibetan culture is greatly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism which is reflected through arts and ritual practices Tibetan Buddhist Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction

Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition is much similar to that of neighbouring Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. Himachal Pradesh ( Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश Punjabi: ਹਿਮਾਚਲ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ pronounced) is a state in the Traditional Punjabi festivals such as Lohri and Vaisakhi are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region. Lohri is the Indian version of an annual thanksgiving day and an extremely popular harvest festival in India, especially Northern India Vaisakhi (ਵਸਾਖੀ vaisākhī, also known as Baisakhi) is an ancient Harvest festival in Punjab, which also marks beginning of After Dogras, Gujjars form the second-largest ethnic group in Jammu. The Gujjar ( Hindi: गुज्जर Urdu: گجر or Gurjar (Hindi गुर्जर Urdu گُرجر are an ethnic group in India and Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, Gujjars are also found in large numbers in the Kashmir valley. Similar to Gujjars, Gaddis are primarily herdsmen who hail from the Chamba region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis are generally associated with emotive music played on the flute. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The Bakkarwalas found both in Jammu and the Vale of Kashmir are wholly nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in search for pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep.

Divisions

River rafting in the Zanskar subdistrict of Kargil. Rafting or whitewater rafting is a challenging recreational activity utilizing a Raft to navigate a River or other bodies of water Zanskar is a subdistrict or Tehsil of the Kargil district which lies in the eastern half of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Tso Moriri

Indian Army convoy near Poonch. Tsomoriri (Official name Tsomoriri Wetland Conservation Reserve is a High Altitude Lake (HAL in Ladakh, India. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into 22 districts:^[36]

Jammu region

• Kathua
• Jammu
• Samba
• Udhampur
• Reasi
• Rajouri
• Poonch
• Doda
• Ramban
• Kishtwar

Kashmir Valley region

• Anantnag
• Kulgam
• Pulwama
• Shopian
• Budgam
• Srinagar
• Ganderbal
• Bandipore
• Baramulla
• Kupwara

Ladakh region

• Kargil
• Leh

The Siachen Glacier, although under Indian military control, does not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. Kathua district is one of 14 administrative districts that comprise the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India Jammu District is a district in Jammu and Kashmir. Majority of the population of the district practise Hinduism See Samba (disambiguation for other meanings WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Samba is a district in the state of Jammu Udhampur is a district in Jammu and Kashmir. The town of Udhampur is the Headquarter of this district Reasi is one of the oldest towns of the J&K State It was the seat of the erstwhile Bhimgarh State said to have been established by Raja Bhim Dev somewhere in 8th century Rajouri is a District in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Since it borders Pakistan, it is the site of infiltration and militant activity Area 11691 km² WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ramban is a newly created district in Jammu and Kashmir. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Anantnag is a District in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in north-western India. Area 1398 km² WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Badgam is a town and a Notified area committee in Badgam district in the state of Jammu Area 141 km² Baramulla is a District in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in north India. Kupwara District is located in Jammu and Kashmir, India Administration Kupwara district has 3 Tehsils Handwara, Karnah and Ladakh ( Ladakhi lad̪ɑks लदाख لدّاخ "land of high passes" is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir between Kargil ( Hindi: कारगील; kərɡɪl is a district of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Leh is one of the two districts located in Ladakh, the other being the Kargil District to the west in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. see Siachen conflict for the military conflict over this area The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya

Education

Pupils of The Druk White Lotus School near Shey. The Druk White Lotus School is located in Shey, Ladakh, high in the Indian Himalaya.

In 1970, the State Government of Jammu and Kashmir established its own education board and university. Education in the state is divided into primary, middle, high secondary, college and university level. Jammu and Kashmir follows 10+2 pattern for education of children. This is handled by Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education (abbreviated as JKBOSE). Various private and public schools are recognized by the board to impart education to students. Board examinations are conducted for students in class VIII, X and XII. In addition there are various Kendriya Vidyalayas (run by the Government of India) and Indian Army schools that also impart secondary school education. The Indian Army (Bharatiya Thalsena भारतीय थाल्सेना is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based These schools follow the Central Board of Secondary Education pattern. Notable higher education or research institutes in Jammu and Kashmir include National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Govt. National Institutes of Technology (NITs are premier colleges of engineering and technology education in India. College of Engineering and Technology of Jammu, and the Government Medical College of Jammu. University-level education is provided by University of Jammu, University of Kashmir, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Islamic University of Science & Technology, and Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University. The University of Jammu was established in 1969 beside the Tawi River. Awarded grade "A" by the NAAC, the University of Kashmir is located on the western side of the beautiful Dal Lake in the city of Srinagar Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu is an agricultural University at Jammu in the Indian state of Jammu Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir is an agricultural university in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Introduction Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University ( SMVDU) is a Public university near the town of Katra in the Udhampur District The Islamic University of Science & Technology is a public university located at Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Named after the saint Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah, the Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University came into existence by the Act of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

Notes

External links

• The Weekly Chattan - Urdu Daily since last 27 Years
• Go2Kashmir.com - Your travel Partner in Jammu and Kashmir
• More about Dogra Culture,Dogra History,Dogra Literature
• Jammu and Kashmir travel guide from Wikitravel
• Jammu and Kashmir at the Open Directory Project
• Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India