| James Monroe | |
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| In office March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
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| Vice President | Daniel D. Tompkins |
| Preceded by | James Madison |
| Succeeded by | John Quincy Adams |
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| In office April 2, 1811 – September 30, 1814 February 28, 1815 – March 4, 1817 |
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| President | James Madison |
| Preceded by | Robert Smith |
| Succeeded by | John Quincy Adams |
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| In office September 27, 1814 – March 2, 1815 |
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| President | James Madison |
| Preceded by | John Armstrong, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | William H. Crawford |
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16th Governor of Virginia
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| In office January 16, 1811 – April 5, 1811 |
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| Preceded by | George William Smith |
| Succeeded by | George William Smith |
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12th Governor of Virginia
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| In office December 19, 1799 – December 1, 1802 |
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| Preceded by | James Wood |
| Succeeded by | John Page |
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| Born | April 28, 1758 Westmoreland County, Virginia |
| Died | July 4, 1831 (aged 73) New York City, New York |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic-Republican |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Kortright Monroe |
| Alma mater | The College of William and Mary |
| Occupation | Farmer (Planter) |
| Religion | nominal Episcopal [1] |
| Signature |  |
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Daniel D Tompkins (June 21 1774 June 11 1825 was an entrepreneur jurist Congressman, Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding Robert Smith ( November 3, 1757 &ndash November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding John Armstrong Jr ( November 25, 1758 – April 1, 1843) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year For other people with the same name see George William Smith. For other people with the same name see George William Smith. The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the James Wood (1747 - 1813 was an officer of the US Continental Army and Governor of Virginia. John Page can refer to Johannes Pagus, medieval philosopher John Page (UK politician, (born 1919 British Conservative Member of Parliament Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Westmoreland County is a County located in the Northern Neck of the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state in the United States. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The City of New York Elizabeth Kortright Monroe ( June 30 1768 &ndash September 23 1830) was the wife of James Monroe, fifth President of the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university A farmer is a person who raises living organisms for food or raw materials Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1758 ( MDCCLVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America
Contents |
Early years
The president’s parents, father Spence Monroe (ca. 1727–1774), a woodworker and tobacco farmer, and mother Elizabeth Jones Monroe had significant land holdings but little money. Like his parents, he was a slaveholder. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe went to school at Campbelltown Academy and then the College of William and Mary, both in Virginia. Westmoreland County is a County located in the Northern Neck of the Commonwealth of Virginia, a state in the United States. The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state After graduating from William and Mary in 1776, Monroe fought in the Continental Army, serving with distinction at the Battle of Trenton, where he was shot in his left shoulder. The American Continental Army was an Army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America Background In the time before the battle American morale was low He is depicted holding the flag in the famous painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware. Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas Painting by German American Artist Emanuel Leutze. Following his war service, he practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Fredericksburg is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia and is located 50 miles south of Washington D James Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright on February 16, 1786 at the Trinity Church in New York. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1786 ( MDCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Trinity Church, at 79 Broadway in New York City, is a historic full service Parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York.
Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and served in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786. Virginia House of Delegates is the Lower house of the Virginia General Assembly. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, was elected United States Senator. The Virginia Conventions were a series of five political meetings in the Colony of Virginia during the American Revolution. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives [1]
After his term in the Senate, Monroe was appointed Minister to France from 1794 to 1796. The United States has sent Ambassadors to France since the American Revolution. His appointment there was made difficult as he had strong sympathies for the French Revolution, but dutifully maintained President Washington's strict policy of neutrality between Britain and France. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an
Out of office, Monroe returned to practicing law in Virginia until elected governor there, serving from 1799 to 1802. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term
Under the first Jefferson administration, Monroe was dispatched to France to assist Robert R. Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence For the film see Louisiana Purchase (film. The Louisiana Purchase (French Vente de la Louisiane "Louisiana Sale" Monroe was then appointed Minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) from 1803 to 1807. The office of United States Ambassador (or Minister to the United Kingdom (known formally as Ambassador to the Court of St In 1806 he negotiated a treaty with Britain to replace the Jay Treaty of 1794, but Jefferson rejected it as unsatisfactory, as the treaty contained no ban on the British practice of impressment of American sailors. The Jay Treaty, also known as the Treaty of London of 1794, between the United States and Great Britain averted war solved many issues left over from Impressment (colloquially " the Press " or " press-ganging " is the act of conscripting people to serve in the military or navy usually As a result, the two nations moved closer toward the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies
Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor of Virginia in 1811, but he resigned a few months into the term. He then served as Secretary of State from 1811 to 1814. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. When he was appointed to Secretary of War in 1814, he stayed on as the Secretary of State ad interim. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. At the war's end in 1815, he was again commissioned as the permanent Secretary of State, and left his position as Secretary of War. Thus from October 1, 1814 to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held the two cabinet posts. Monroe stayed on as Secretary of State until the end of the James Madison Presidency, and the following day Monroe began his term as the new President of the United States. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding
Presidency 1817-1825: The Era of Good Feelings
Policies
In both those elections Monroe ran nearly uncontested. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence To detail, well prepared on most issues, non-partisan in spirit, and above all pragmatic, Monroe managed his presidential duties well. He made strong Cabinet choices, naming a southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Only Henry Clay's refusal to accept a position kept Monroe from adding an outstanding westerner. Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Most appointments went to deserving Democratic-Republicans, but he did not try to use them to build the party's base. Indeed, he allowed the base to decay, which reduced anxiety and led to the naming of his period as the "Era of Good Feelings". The Era of Good Feelings (1815–24 describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated To build good will, he made two long tours in 1817. Frequent stops allowed innumerable ceremonies of welcome and good will. The Federalist Party dwindled and eventually died out, starting with the Hartford Convention. The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s The Hartford Convention was an event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England 's opposition to the war reached Practically every politician belonged to the Democratic-Republican Party, but the party lost its vitality and organizational integrity. The party's Congressional caucus stopped meeting, and there were no national conventions.
These "good feelings" endured until 1824, when John Quincy Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives in what Andrew Jackson alleged was a "corrupt bargain. " Monroe's popularity, however, was undiminished. Monroe followed nationalist policies. Across the commitment to nationalism, sectional cracks appeared. The Panic of 1819 caused a painful economic depression. The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States, after the depression of the late 1780s (which led directly to the establishment of the The application for statehood by the Missouri Territory, in 1819, as a slave state failed. The Missouri Territory was a historic Organized territory in the United States. A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean [decades later, the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court].
Monroe began to formally recognize the young sister republics (the former Spanish colonies) in 1822. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams had wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas to the U. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the S. , which was done in 1821.
Monroe is probably best known for the Monroe Doctrine, which he delivered in his message to Congress on December 2, 1823. The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with In it, he proclaimed the Americas should be free from future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars and wars between European powers and their colonies, but to consider any new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts toward the United States.
Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off. " Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, "It would be more candid . . . to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war. " Monroe accepted Adams' advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. ". . . the American continents," he stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power. " Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831 this became known as the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with
Administration and Cabinet
| The Monroe Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
| President | James Monroe | 1817 – 1825 |
| Vice President | Daniel D. Tompkins | 1817 – 1825 |
| Secretary of State | John Quincy Adams | 1817 – 1825 |
| Secretary of Treasury | William H. Crawford | 1817 – 1825 |
| Secretary of War | John C. Calhoun | 1817 – 1825 |
| Attorney General | Richard Rush | 1817 |
| William Wirt | 1817 – 1825 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Benjamin W. Crowninshield | 1817 – 1818 |
| Smith Thompson | 1819 – 1823 | |
| Samuel L. Southard | 1823 – 1825 | |
Supreme Court appointments
Monroe appointed Smith Thompson to the Supreme Court of the United States. Ash Lawn-Highland, located near Charlottesville Virginia, USA, and adjacent to Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello, was the estate of James The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Daniel D Tompkins (June 21 1774 June 11 1825 was an entrepreneur jurist Congressman, Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Richard Rush ( August 29, 1780 &ndash July 30, 1859) was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania. William Wirt ( November 8, 1772 &ndash February 18, 1834) was an American author and statesman who is credited with turning the The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. Benjamin Williams Crowninshield ( December 27, 1772 &ndash February 3, 1851) served as the United States Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson ( January 17, 1768 New York City - December 18, 1843) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and Samuel Lewis Southard ( June 9, 1787 June 26, 1842) was a prominent U Smith Thompson ( January 17, 1768 New York City - December 18, 1843) was a United States Secretary of the Navy and The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.
States admitted to the Union
- Mississippi – December 10, 1817
- Illinois – December 3, 1818
- Alabama – December 14, 1819
- Maine – March 15, 1820
- Missouri – August 11, 1821
When his presidency was over on March 4, 1825, James Monroe lived at Monroe Hill on the grounds of the University of Virginia. Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Brown College at Monroe Hill is a residential college at the University of Virginia, United States The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research This university's modern campus was Monroe's family farm from 1788 to 1817, but he had sold it in the first year of his presidency to the new college. He served on the college's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and then under the second rector and another former President James Madison, until his death. James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding
Monroe had racked up many debts during his years of public life. As a result, he was forced to sell off his Highland Plantation (now called Ash Lawn-Highland; it is owned by his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public). Ash Lawn-Highland, located near Charlottesville Virginia, USA, and adjacent to Thomas Jefferson 's Monticello, was the estate of James The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university Throughout his life, he was not financially solvent, and his wife's poor health made matters worse. [2] For these reasons, he and his wife lived in Oak Hill, Virginia, until Elizabeth's death on 23 September 1830. Oak Hill Plantation is a National Historic Landmark in Loudoun County, Virginia, approximately nine miles south of Leesburg.
Death
Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur in the first White House wedding. The City of New York Samuel Laurence Gouverneur (born 1799 in New York City; d 1867 was the son of Nicholas Gouverneur and Hester Kortright (the sister of U Monroe died there from heart failure and tuberculosis on 4 July 1831, becoming the third president to die on the 4th of July. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common His death came 55 years after the U.S. Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and 5 years after the death of the Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence He was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. The New York City Marble Cemetery, created in 1831 was the second " Marble " non-sectarian cemetery in New York City. Twenty-seven years later in 1858 he was re-interred to the President's Circle at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. This article is about the cemetery in Richmond Virginia for the cemetery in Hollywood California see Hollywood Forever Cemetery. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Religious beliefs
"When it comes to Monroe's . . . thoughts on religion", Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of any other President. " He burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he might have discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates write about his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written on the occasion of the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.
Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia, and as an adult frequently attended Episcopalian churches, though there is no record he ever took communion. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. He has been classified by some historians as a Deist, and he did use deistic language to refer to God. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Jefferson had been attacked as an atheist and infidel for his deistic views, but never Monroe. Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was not anticlerical. [Holmes 2003]
Famous Quotes by James Monroe
"It is only when the people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate into a populace, that they are incapable of exercising their sovereignty. Usurpation is then an easy attainment, and an usurper soon found. The people themselves become the willing instruments of their own debasement and ruin. "
"The best form of government is that which is most likely to prevent the greatest sum of evil. "
"Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy. "
"In this great nation there is but one order, that of the people, whose power, by a peculiarly happy improvement of the representative principle, is transferred from them, without impairing in the slightest degree their sovereignty, to bodies of their own creation, and to persons elected by themselves, in the full extent necessary for the purposes of free, enlightened, and efficient government. "
See also
- Monroe Doctrine
- Era of Good Feelings
- Missouri Compromise
- Adams-Onís Treaty
- Battle of Monmouth
- List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines
Bibliography
- Harry Ammon. The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with The Era of Good Feelings (1815–24 describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated The Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. Prelude In May of 1778 The British commander General Clinton in Philadelphia faced with a war with France decided it was prudent to protect New York City and Florida This is an incomplete list of Political appointees in the United States Government whose party was different from that of the President who made the appointment. James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (1990) (ISBN 0-8139-1266-0), full length biography
- Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (1949), is a standard study of Monroe's foreign policy.
- Noble E. Cunningham, Jr. The Presidency of James Monroe (American Presidency Series. ) University Press of Kansas. (1996)
- George Dangerfield. The Era of Good Feelings (1952).
- George Dangerfield. The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815 - 1828 (1965)
- Heidler, David S. "The Politics of National Aggression: Congress and the First Seminole War. " Journal of the Early Republic 1993 13(4): 501-530. ISSN 0275-1275 Fulltext: in Jstor. Abstract: Monroe sparked a constitutional controversy when, in 1817, he sent General Andrew Jackson to move against Spanish Florida in order to pursue hostile Seminoles and punish the Spanish for aiding them. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 News of Jackson's exploits ignited a congressional investigation of the 1st Seminole War. Dominated by Democratic-Republicans, the 15th Congress was generally expansionist and more likely to support the popular Jackson. Ulterior political agendas of many congressmen dismantled partisan and sectional coalitions, so that Jackson's opponents argued weakly and became easily discredited. After much debate, the House of Representatives voted down all resolutions that condemned Jackson in any way, thus implicitly endorsing Monroe's actions and leaving the issue surrounding the role of the executive with respect to war powers unanswered.
- David L. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, May 2006, online version
- Ernest R. May, The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (1975), argues it was issued to influence the outcome of the presidential election of 1824.
- Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812-1823 (1964)
- Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1826 (1927), the standard monograph about the origins of the doctrine.
- Scherr, Arthur. "James Monroe on the Presidency and 'Foreign Influence;: from the Virginia Ratifying Convention (1788) to Jefferson's Election (1801). " Mid-America 2002 84(1-3): 145-206. ISSN 0026-2927. Abstract: Analyzes Monroe's concern over untoward foreign influence on the presidency. He was alarmed at Spanish diplomat Diego María de Gardoqui, involving a US attempt to secure the opening of the Mississippi River to American commerce. Gardoqui Family of Bilbao Spain Wealthy Basque proprietors of the 18th-Century House of José Gardoqui and Sons ( la Casa de José Gardoqui e hijos) of Here Monroe saw Spain overinfluencing the republic, which could have risked the loss of the Southwest or dominance of the Northeast. Monroe placed faith in a strong presidency and the system of checks and balances. In the 1790s he fretted over an aging George Washington being too heavily influenced by close advisers like Hamilton who was too close to Britain. Monroe opposed the Jay Treaty and was humiliated when Washington criticized for his support of revolutionary France while he was minister to France. He saw foreign and Federalist elements in the genesis of the Quasi War of 1798-1800 and in efforts to keep Thomas Jefferson away from the presidency in 1801. As governor he considered using the Virginia militia to force the outcome in favor of Jefferson. Federalists responded in kind, some seeing Monroe as at best a French dupe and at worst a traitor. Monroe thus contributed to a paranoid style of politics.
- Scherr, Arthur. "Governor James Monroe and the Southampton Slave Resistance of 1799. " Historian 1999 61(3): 557-578. ISSN 0018-2370 Fulltext online in SwetsWise and Ebsco. Abstract: Assesses Monroe's views on slavery as governor of Virginia from 1799 to 1802, emphasizing Monroe's moderate view of slaveholding during a slave uprising in Southampton County in October 1799. Monroe took pains to see that the charged rebels received proper legal treatment, demonstrating a marked concern for their civil rights. He conducted an exhaustive investigation into the incident and saw to it the slaves involved received a fair trial. Although he opposed abolition, Monroe supported African colonization proposals and gradual, compensated emancipation. When the occasion warranted, as in Gabriel Prosser's rebellion of 1800, Monroe took an unpopular position in supporting fair trials and attempting to explain and justify slave actions. In the final analysis, Monroe believed in the eventual demise of slavery.
- Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (1951)
- Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America (1941)
Additional sources
- ^ Biography of James Monroe. The White House. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Retrieved on 2006-10-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC -
External links
- Extensive essay on James Monroe and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- James Monroe: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- White House Biography
- James Monroe Biography and Fact File
- James Monroe at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Works by James Monroe at Project Gutenberg
- The Presidential Home of James Monroe (College of William and Mary)
- James Monroe Memorial Foundation
- James Monroe Birthplace
- James Monroe Scholarship Award
- The Papers of James Monroe at the Avalon Project
- Monroe Doctrine and related resources at the Library of Congress
- James Monroe's Health and Medical History
- James Monroe Birthplace Commission
- InfoPlease- James Monroe
- The Religion of James Monroe
"James Monroe". The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a Biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress as Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Catholic Encyclopedia. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company.
| United States Senate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Walker |
Senator from Virginia (Class 1) November 9, 1790 – March 29, 1794 Served alongside: Richard H. Lee, John Taylor |
Succeeded by Stevens T. Mason |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by Gouverneur Morris |
Minister Plenipotentiary to France 1794 – 1796 |
Succeeded by Charles C. Pinckney |
| Preceded by Rufus King |
Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain 1803 – 1807 |
Succeeded by William Pinkney |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by James Wood |
Governor of Virginia December 9, 1799 – December 1, 1802 |
Succeeded by John Page |
| Preceded by John Tyler, Sr. |
Governor of Virginia January 16, 1811 – April 5, 1811 |
Succeeded by George W. Smith |
| Preceded by Robert Smith |
United States Secretary of State April 2, 1811 – September 30, 1814 |
Succeeded by Himself (Acting) |
| Preceded by John Armstrong, Jr. |
United States Secretary of War September 27, 1814 – March 2, 1815 |
Succeeded by William H. Crawford |
| Preceded by Himself (Resigned) |
Acting United States Secretary of State September 30, 1814 – February 28, 1815 |
Succeeded by Himself (appointed and confirmed by the Senate) |
| Preceded by Himself (Acting) |
United States Secretary of State February 28, 1815 – March 4, 1817 |
Succeeded by John Quincy Adams |
| Preceded by James Madison |
President of the United States March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
|
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by James Madison |
Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate 1816, 1820 |
Succeeded by John Quincy Adams Henry Clay William H. Crawford Andrew Jackson¹ |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives John Walker ( February 13, 1744 &ndash December 2, 1809) was a public official from Virginia. Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25 1788. Its Senate seats were declared vacant in March 1861 due to its Secession from the Union Richard Henry Lee (January 20 1732 June 19 1794 was an American statesman from Virginia best known for proposing the motion in the Second Continental John Taylor ( December 19, 1753 &ndash August 21, 1824) of Caroline County Virginia was a politician and writer Stevens Thomson Mason ( December 29, 1760 &ndash May 9, 1803) was a Colonel in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary Gouverneur Morris ( January 31, 1752 November 6, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the The United States has sent Ambassadors to France since the American Revolution. Charles Cotesworth (CC Pinckney ( February 25, 1746 August 16, 1825) was an early American Statesman and a constitutional delegate Rufus King ( March 24[[ 755]] - April 29[[ 827]] was an American lawyer politician and diplomat The office of United States Ambassador (or Minister to the United Kingdom (known formally as Ambassador to the Court of St William Pinkney ( March 17, 1764 &ndash February 25, 1822) was an American statesman and diplomat and the seventh U James Wood (1747 - 1813 was an officer of the US Continental Army and Governor of Virginia. The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term John Page ( April 17 1744 October 11 1808) was a figure in early United States history John Tyler ( February 28, 1747 January 6, 1813) was a Virginia planter judge Governor of Virginia (1808-1811 and the The Governor of Virginia serves as the chief executive of the Commonwealth of Virginia for a four-year term For other people with the same name see George William Smith. Robert Smith ( November 3, 1757 &ndash November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs John Armstrong Jr ( November 25, 1758 – April 1, 1843) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Madison Jr (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836 was an American Politician, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817 and one of the Founding The United States presidential election of 1816 came at the end of the two-term presidency of Democratic-Republican James Madison. The United States presidential election of 1820 was the third and last presidential election in United States history in which a candidate ran effectively unopposed John Quincy Adams (July 11 1767 &ndash February 23 1848 was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 The Democratic-Republican Party split in 1824, fielding four separate candidates. In the United States presidential election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9 1825 after the election was decided by the House | ||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Monroe, James |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | fifth President of the United States |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 28, 1758 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Westmoreland County, Virginia |
| DATE OF DEATH | July 4, 1831 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | New York City |
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