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For other persons named James Madison, see James Madison (disambiguation). James Madison (1751&ndash1836 was the fourth President of the United States
James Madison
James Madison
In office
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Vice President George Clinton (1809-1812),
None (1812-1813),
Elbridge Gerry (1813-1814)
None (1814-1817)
Preceded by Thomas Jefferson
Succeeded by James Monroe
In office
May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809
President Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by John Marshall
Succeeded by Robert Smith
Born March 16, 1751(1751-03-16)
Port Conway, Virginia
Died June 28, 1836 (aged 85)
Montpelier, Virginia
Nationality American
Political party Democratic-Republican
Spouse Dolley Todd Madison
Alma mater Princeton University
Occupation Lawyer
Religion Episcopal
Signature James Madison's signature

James Madison, Jr. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This page is for the US Vice President For others of that name see George Clinton. Elbridge Thomas Gerry (ˈgɛri (July 17 1744 November 23 1814 was an American statesman and diplomat Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence John Marshall (September 24 1755 – July 6 1835 was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power Robert Smith ( November 3, 1757 &ndash November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Port Conway is an unincorporated community on the north side of the Rappahannock River in King George County, in the Northern Neck of Virginia The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Montpelier was the estate of James Madison, fourth President of the United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Dorothea Payne Todd "Dolley" Madison (May 20 1768 &ndash July 12 1849 was the wife of the 4th President of the United States, James Madison, and was Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. [1] (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Madison was the last founding father to die. [2] Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". The First United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and the The Virginia Declaration of Rights is a document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent Natural rights of men including the right to rebel against "inadequate" government A Bill of Rights is a list or summary of rights that are considered important and essential by a group of people [3] As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called factions. [4] He believed very strongly that the new nation should fight against aristocracy and corruption and was deeply committed to creating mechanisms that would ensure republicanism in the United States. Republicanism is the Value system of Governance that has been a major part of American civic thought since the American Revolution [5]

As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the Breaking with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the republican party (later called the Democratic-Republican Party)[6] in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s The Jay Treaty, also known as the Treaty of London of 1794, between the United States and Great Britain averted war solved many issues left over from He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were important political statements in favor of States' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the United States Congress —who were waging an undeclared naval war with France

As Jefferson's Secretary of State (1801-1809), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807. For the film see Louisiana Purchase (film. The Louisiana Purchase (French Vente de la Louisiane "Louisiana Sale" The Embargo Act " was a series of laws passed by the Congress of the United States between the years 1806-1808 during the second term of President Thomas As president, he led the nation into the War of 1812 against Great Britain in order to protect the United States' economic rights. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands That conflict began poorly as Americans suffered defeat after defeat by smaller forces, but ended on a high note in 1815, with the Treaty of Ghent, after which a new spirit of nationalism swept the country. The Treaty of Ghent ( signed on December 24 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 The Era of Good Feelings (1815–24 describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated During and after the war, Madison reversed many of his positions. By 1815, he supported the creation of the second National Bank, a strong military, and a high tariff to protect the new factories opened during the war. The Second Bank of the United States was a bank chartered in 1816 five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. Tariffs in American history have played different roles in trade policy and the Economic history of the United States.

Contents

Personal life

Presidential Dollar of James Madison
Presidential Dollar of James Madison

Madison was born in Port Conway, Virginia, on March 16, 1751 (March 5 according to the Old Style or Julian calendar). The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with Port Conway is an unincorporated community on the north side of the Rappahannock River in King George County, in the Northern Neck of Virginia Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita He was the oldest of twelve children, seven of whom reached adulthood. [7] His parents, Colonel James Madison, Sr. (March 27, 1723 – February 27, 1801) and Eleanor Rose "Nellie" Conway (January 9, 1731 – February 11, 1829), were slave owners and the prosperous owners of a tobacco plantation in Orange County, Virginia, where Madison spent most of his childhood years. James Madison Sr ( Orange County, Virginia, March 27, 1723 &ndash Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia, Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1723 ( MDCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1731 ( MDCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Orange County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He was raised in the Church of England, the state religion of Virginia at the time. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially Madison's plantation life was made possible by his paternal grandfather, Ambrose Madison, who utilized Virginia's headright system to import many indentured servants, thereby allowing him to accumulate a large tract of land. Ambrose Madison married Frances Taylor and he was the father of James Madison Sr A headright is a legal grant of land of settlers moving into an area uninhabited by settlers Madison, like his forebears, owned slaves.

Madison is noted for being the shortest president ever, at 5' 4" tall. [8] He is also the lightest president ever, weighing only about 100 Lbs. It should be noted that the average American was shorter than today, and most presidents were of above average height.

Madison attended the College of New Jersey, (later to become Princeton University) with roommate poet/satirist Phillip Freneau, finishing its four-year course in two years, 1769-1771; and continued to study with John Witherspoon, the College's president at that time, for a year after graduating. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. John Witherspoon ( February 15, 1723 &ndash November 15, 1794) was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence Madison has been called America's first graduate student, perhaps more accurately "Princeton's first graduate student. "[9][10]

Marriage and family life

On September 14, 1794, Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, almost seventeen years his junior, who cut as attractive and vivacious a figure as he did a sickly and asocial one. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Dorothea Payne Todd "Dolley" Madison (May 20 1768 &ndash July 12 1849 was the wife of the 4th President of the United States, James Madison, and was Dolley is largely credited with inventing the role of First Lady as political ally and adviser to the president. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. Dolley and James did not have any children of their own.

Political career

Madison served in the Virginia state legislature (1776-79) and became known as a protégé of Thomas Jefferson, attaining prominence in Virginia politics, helping to draft the Declaration of Religious Freedom. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was written in 1779 by Thomas Jefferson. It disestablished the Church of England, and disclaimed any power of state compulsion in religious matters (including Patrick Henry's plan to compel citizens to pay for a congregation of their own choice). Patrick Henry ( May 29, 1736 June 6, 1799) was a prominent figure in the American Revolution, known and remembered for his "

His cousin, Reverend James Madison (1749-1812), became president of the College of William and Mary in 1777. The Right Reverend James Madison ( August 27, 1749 &ndash March 6, 1812) was the first Bishop of the Diocese of Virginia The College of William and Mary (officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia, also known as William & Mary or W&M) is a Public university Working closely with Madison and Jefferson, Reverend James Madison helped lead the College through the difficult changes involving separation from both England and the Church of England, as well as those which resulted in the formation of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia after the War. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Diocese of Virginia is a Diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America encompassing 38 counties in the northern and central parts of the state Reverend Madison became the first Episcopal Bishop of Virginia in 1790, and although becoming known henceforth as Bishop Madison, also served in a distinctively separate capacity as President of the College of William and Mary until his death in 1812.

James Madison also persuaded Virginia to give up its claims to northwestern territories (consisting of most of modern-day Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) to the Continental Congress, forming the Northwest Territory in 1783. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the For the Canadian territory see Northwest Territories. For the northwestern corner of the Lower 48 see Northwestern United States. As delegate to the Continental Congress (1780-83), Madison was considered a legislative workhorse and a master of parliamentary detail.

Father of the Constitution

Back in the Virginia state legislature, Madison welcomed peace, but soon grew alarmed at the fragility of the Articles of Confederation, and especially at the divisiveness of state governments. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, also the Articles of Confederation was the governing Constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and He strongly advocated a new constitution to overcome this divisiveness. At the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, Madison's draft of the Virginia Plan and his revolutionary three-branch federal system became the basis for the American Constitution of today. The Philadelphia Convention (now also known as the Constitutional Convention, the Federal Convention, or the " Grand Convention at Philadelphia Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor or Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates drafted by Though Madison was a shy man, he was one of the more outspoken members of the Continental Congress. He envisioned a strong federal government that could overrule actions of the states when they were deemed mistaken; later in life he came to admire the Supreme Court as it started filling that role. [11]

The Federalist Papers

To aid the push for ratification in 1787 and 1788, Madison joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to write the The Federalist Papers. John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. [12] Among other contributions, Madison wrote paper #10, in which he explained how a large country with many different interests and factions could support republican values better than a small country dominated by a few special interests. His interpretation was largely ignored at the time, but in the 20th century became a central part of the pluralist interpretation of American politics. The political theory of pluralism holds that Political power in society does not lie with the Electorate, nor with a small concentrated Elite, but is distributed [13]

In Virginia in 1788, after the Revolutionary War, Madison led the fight for ratification of the Constitution at the state's convention, oratorically dueling with Patrick Henry and others who sought revisions (such as the United States Bill of Rights) before its ratification. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Virginia Ratifying Convention was a convention of 168 delegates from Virginia who met in 1788 to ratify or reject the United States Constitution, which In the United States the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known Madison is often referred to as the "Father of the Constitution" for his role in its drafting and ratification. However, he protested the title as being "a credit to which I have no claim. . . [The Constitution] was not, like the fabled Goddess of Wisdom, the offspring of a single brain. It ought to be regarded as the work of many heads and many hands". [14]

He wrote Hamilton, at the New York ratifying convention, observing that his opinion was that "ratification was in toto and for ever". The Virginia convention had considered conditional ratification worse than a rejection. [15]

Author of Bill of Rights

Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia legislature not to elect Madison as one of their first Senators; but Madison was directly elected to the new United States House of Representatives and became an important leader from the First Congress (1789) through the Fourth Congress (1797). The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The First United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and the The Fourth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and the

Initially Madison "adamantly maintained . . . that a specific bill of rights remained unnecessary because the Constitution itself was a bill of rights. "[16] Madison had three main objections to a specific bill of rights: (a) it was unnecessary, since it purported to protect against powers that the federal government had not been granted; (b) it was dangerous, since enumeration of some rights might be taken to imply the absence of other rights; and (c) at the state level, bills of rights had proven to be useless paper barriers against government powers. [17] But the anti-Federalists demanded a bill of rights in exchange for their support for ratification. Over two hundred proposals were submitted from throughout the country. Madison ignored the proposals for structural change of the government, and synthesized the others into a list of proposals for the protection of civil rights, such as free speech, right of the people to bear arms, and habeas corpus. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief Still ambiguous as late as 1788 in his support for a bill of rights,[18] in June 1789 Madison offered a package of twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution. [19] Madison eventually completed the reversal of his original opposition and "hounded his colleagues relentlessly" to accept his proposed amendments. [20]

By 1791, the last ten of Madison's proposed amendments were ratified and became the Bill of Rights. Contrary to his wishes, the Bill of Rights was not integrated into the main body of the Constitution, and it did not apply to the states until the passages of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments restricted the powers of the states. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first The Fifteenth Amendment ( Amendment XV) of the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that The second of the proposed twelve was ratified in 1992 as the Constitution's Twenty-seventh Amendment. The Twenty-seventh Amendment ( Amendment XXVII) is the most recent Amendment to the United States Constitution, having been ratified in 1992, The remaining proposal was intended to accommodate future increase in members of the House of Representatives. Article the First (also referred to as the Congressional Apportionment Amendment) is the first proposed amendment to the United States Constitution though

Opposition to Hamilton

The chief characteristic of Madison's time in Congress was his work to limit the power of the federal government. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Wood (2006a) argued that Madison never wanted a national government that took an active role. He was horrified to discover that Hamilton and Washington were creating "a real modern European type of government with a bureaucracy, a standing army, and a powerful independent executive". [21]

When Britain and France went to war in 1793 the U. S. was caught in the middle. The 1778 treaty of alliance with France was still in effect, yet most of the new country's trade was with Britain. War with Britain seemed imminent in 1794, as the British seized hundreds of American ships that were trading with French colonies. Madison (in collaboration with Jefferson, who had returned to private life), believed that Britain was weak and America strong, and that a trade war with Britain, although it threatened retaliation by Britain, probably would succeed, and would allow Americans to assert their independence fully. Great Britain, he charged, "has bound us in commercial manacles, and very nearly defeated the object of our independence". As Varg explains, Madison had no fear of British recriminations for "her interests can be wounded almost mortally, while ours are invulnerable. " The British West Indies, he maintained, could not live without American foodstuffs, but Americans could easily do without British manufactures. This same faith led him to the conclusion "that it is in our power, in a very short time, to supply all the tonnage necessary for our own commerce". [22] However, George Washington avoided a trade war and instead secured friendly trade relations with Britain through the Jay Treaty of 1794, a treaty that Madison tried but failed to defeat. All across the country, voters divided for and against the Treaty and other key issues, and thus became Federalists or Democratic-Republicans.

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton built a nationwide network of supporters that became the Federalist Party and promoted a strong central government with a national bank. The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s To oppose the Federalists, Madison and Jefferson organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Madison led the unsuccessful attempt to block Hamilton's proposed Bank of the United States, arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal government to form a bank. The First Bank of the United States was a Bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. [23]

Most historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally-oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787-88 to a states'-rights-oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795. Madison started with opposing Hamilton;[24] by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well. Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually achieved passage of his legislation, including the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the Jay Treaty. (Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs. ) Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the War of 1812 caused Madison to appreciate the need for a strong central government to aid national defense. He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy, and a standing army. However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and Gordon S. Wood, see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792. Gordon S Wood (born November 27, 1933) is Alva O Way University Professor and Professor of History at Brown University and the recipient of the 1993

United States Secretary of State

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, made possible when Napoleon realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to negotiate for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval. Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U. S. under international law. Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. Madison and Jefferson decided on an embargo to punish Britain and France, forbidding Americans to trade with any foreign nation. The embargo failed as foreign policy, and instead caused massive hardships in the southern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.

During his term as Secretary of State he was a party to the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, in which the doctrine of judicial review was asserted by the high Court. Marbury v Madison, is a Landmark case in United States law. It formed the basis for the exercise of Judicial review in the United States under Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm

The party's Congressional Caucus chose presidential candidates, and Madison was selected in the election of 1808, easily defeating Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, riding on the coattails of Jefferson's popularity. In the United States presidential election of 1808, the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Charles Cotesworth (CC Pinckney ( February 25, 1746 August 16, 1825) was an early American Statesman and a constitutional delegate Congress repealed the failed embargo as Madison took office. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses In international Commerce and politics, an embargo is the prohibition of commerce

Presidency 1809–1817

James Madison
James Madison

The Bank of the United States

The twenty year charter of the first Bank of the United States was scheduled to expire in 1811, the second year of Madison's administration. The First Bank of the United States was a Bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. Madison failed to block the Bank in 1791, and waited for its charter to expire. Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin wanted the bank rechartered, and when the War of 1812 broke out discovered how difficult it was to finance the war without the Bank. Gallatin's successor as Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas proposed a replacement in 1814, but Madison vetoed the bill in 1815. Alexander James Dallas ( June 21, 1759 &ndash January 16, 1817) was an American statesman who served as the U By late 1815, however, Madison asked Congress for a new bank, which had strong support from the younger, nationalistic republicans such as John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, as well as Federalist Daniel Webster. John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18 1782 &ndash March 31 1850 was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during Henry Clay Sr ( April 12, 1777 &ndash June 29, 1852) was a nineteenth-century American statesman and Orator who Daniel Webster (January 18 1782 &ndash October 24 1852 was a leading American Statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. Madison signed it into law in 1816 and appointed William Jones as its president. William Jones (1760 &ndash September 6, 1831) was an American politician

War of 1812

Main article: War of 1812

British insults continued, especially the practice of using the Royal Navy to intercept unarmed American merchant ships and "impress" (conscript) all sailors who might be British subjects for service in the British navy. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Impressment (colloquially " the Press " or " press-ganging " is the act of conscripting people to serve in the military or navy usually Madison's protests were ignored, so he helped stir up public opinion in the west and south for war. One argument was that an American invasion of Canada would be easy and would provide a good bargaining chip. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Madison carefully prepared public opinion for what everyone at the time called "Mr. Madison's War", but much less time and money was spent building up the army, navy, forts, and state militias. After he convinced Congress to declare war, Madison was re-elected President over DeWitt Clinton but by a smaller margin than in 1808 (see U.S. presidential election, 1812). DeWitt Clinton ( March 2, 1769 Little Britain New York February 11, 1828 Albany New York) was an early American politician The United States presidential election of 1812 took place in the shadow of the War of 1812. Some historians in 2006 ranked Madison's failure to avoid war as the sixth worst presidential mistake ever made. [25]

In the ensuing War of 1812, the British, Canadians, and First Nations allies won numerous victories, including the capture of Detroit after the American general there surrendered to a smaller force without a fight, and the occupation of Washington, D.C. which forced Madison to flee the city and watch as the White House was set on fire by British troops. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people The Burning of Washington took place in 1814 during the Anglo-American War of 1812. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The attack was in retaliation for a U. S. invasion of York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario), in which U. York was the name of Toronto, Ontario, between 1793 and 1834 and second capital of Upper Canada. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario S. forces twice occupied the city, burning the Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada. first Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada after the move from Newark Upper Canada were built at the foot of Parliament and Front Streets in York Upper Canada (now The British also armed American Indians in the West, most notably followers of Tecumseh. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813) also Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a famous Native American leader of the Shawnee Finally the Indians were defeated and a standoff was reached on the Canadian border. The Americans built warships on the Great Lakes faster than the British and defeated the British fleet to avert a major invasion of New York in 1814. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. At sea, the British blockaded the entire coastline, cutting off both foreign trade and domestic trade between ports. Economic hardship was severe in New England, but entrepreneurs built factories that soon became the basis of the industrial revolution in America.

Madison faced formidable obstacles--a divided cabinet, a factious party, a recalcitrant Congress, obstructionist governors, and amazingly incompetent generals, together with militia who refused to fight outside their states. Most serious was lack of unified popular support. There were serious threats of disunion from New England, which engaged in massive smuggling to Canada and refused to provide financial support or soldiers. [26] However Andrew Jackson in the South and William Henry Harrison in the West destroyed the main Indian threats by 1813. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 This article is about the general and president For his great-great-grandson see William H

After the apparent defeat of Napoleon in 1814, both the British and Americans were exhausted, the causes of the war had been forgotten, the Indian issue was resolved, and it was time for peace. New England Federalists, however, set up a defeatist Hartford Convention that discussed secession. The Hartford Convention was an event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England 's opposition to the war reached The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1815. The Treaty of Ghent ( signed on December 24 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 There were no territorial gains on either side as both sides returned to status quo ante bellum, that is, the previous boundaries. The term status quo ante bellum comes from Latin meaning literally as things were before the war. The Battle of New Orleans, in which Andrew Jackson defeated the British regulars, was fought fifteen days after the treaty was signed but before the news of the signing reached New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812.

With peace finally established, the U. S. was swept by a sense of euphoria and national achievement in finally securing solid independence from Britain. In Canada, the war and its conclusion represented a successful defense of the country, and a defining era in the formation of an independent national identity. This, coupled with ongoing suspicion of a U. S. desire to again invade the country, would culminate in creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting In the U. S. , the Federalist Party collapsed and eventually disappeared from politics, as an Era of Good Feeling emerged with a much lower level of political fear and vituperation, although political contention certainly continued. The Era of Good Feelings (1815–24 describes a period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated

Postwar

Although Madison had accepted the necessity of a Hamiltonian national bank, an effective taxation system based on tariffs, a standing professional army and a strong navy, he drew the line at internal improvements as advocated by his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin. Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29 1761 &ndash August 12 1849 was a Swiss-American Ethnologist, linguist, politician, Diplomat In his last act before leaving office, Madison vetoed on states' rights grounds a bill for "internal improvements", including roads, bridges, and canals:

“ Having considered the bill . . . I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling this bill with the Constitution of the United States. . . . The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified . . . in the . . . Constitution, and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers. [27] ”

Madison rejected the view of Congress that the General Welfare provision of the Taxing and Spending Clause justified the bill, stating:

“ Such a view of the Constitution would have the effect of giving to Congress a general power of legislation instead of the defined and limited one hitherto understood to belong to them, the terms "common defense and general welfare" embracing every object and act within the purview of a legislative trust. Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, is known as the Taxing and Spending Clause. ”

Madison urged a variety of measures that he felt were "best executed under the national authority", including federal support for roads and canals that would "bind more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy".

Administration and Cabinet

The Madison Cabinet
OFFICE NAME TERM
President James Madison 1809 – 1817
Vice President George Clinton 1809 – 1812
Elbridge Gerry 1813 – 1814
Secretary of State Robert Smith 1809 – 1811
James Monroe 1811 – 1814
  1815 – 1817
Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin 1809 – 1814
George W. Campbell 1814
Alexander J. Dallas 1814 – 1816
William H. Crawford 1816 – 1817
Secretary of War William Eustis 1809 – 1813
John Armstrong, Jr. 1813 – 1814
James Monroe 1814 – 1815
William H. Crawford 1815 – 1816
Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney 1809 – 1811
William Pinkney 1811 – 1814
Richard Rush 1814 – 1817
Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton 1809 – 1813
William Jones 1813 – 1814
Benjamin W. Crowninshield 1814 – 1817


Supreme Court appointments

Madison appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

States admitted to the Union

Later life

When Madison left office in 1817, he retired to Montpelier, his tobacco plantation in Virginia; not far from Jefferson's Monticello. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death This page is for the US Vice President For others of that name see George Clinton. Elbridge Thomas Gerry (ˈgɛri (July 17 1744 November 23 1814 was an American statesman and diplomat The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Robert Smith ( November 3, 1757 &ndash November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin (January 29 1761 &ndash August 12 1849 was a Swiss-American Ethnologist, linguist, politician, Diplomat George Washington Campbell ( February 9, 1769 &ndash February 17, 1848) was an American statesman Alexander James Dallas ( June 21, 1759 &ndash January 16, 1817) was an American statesman who served as the U William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration William Eustis ( June 21, 1753 – February 6, 1825) was an early American Statesman. John Armstrong Jr ( November 25, 1758 – April 1, 1843) was an American soldier and statesman who was a delegate to the James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 William Harris Crawford ( February 24, 1772 &ndash September 15, 1834) was an important American politician The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Caesar Augustus Rodney ( January 4 1772 &ndash June 10 1824) was an American Lawyer and Politician from William Pinkney ( March 17, 1764 &ndash February 25, 1822) was an American statesman and diplomat and the seventh U Richard Rush ( August 29, 1780 &ndash July 30, 1859) was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. For the footballer of the same name see Paul Hamilton (Australian footballer. William Jones (1760 &ndash September 6, 1831) was an American politician Benjamin Williams Crowninshield ( December 27, 1772 &ndash February 3, 1851) served as the United States Secretary of the Navy The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Gabriel Duvall ( December 6, 1752 - March 6, 1844) was a US jurist Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Joseph Story ( September 18, 1779 &ndash September 10, 1845) was an American Lawyer and Jurist who served on Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Montpelier was the estate of James Madison, fourth President of the United States. Monticello (mɒntəˈtʃɛloʊ located near Charlottesville, Virginia, was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the United States Madison was then 65 years old. Dolley, who thought they would finally have a chance to travel to Paris, was 49. But as with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when he entered, due to the steady financial collapse of his plantation. Some historians speculate that his mounting debt was one of the chief reasons why he refused to allow his notes on the Constitution Convention, or its official records which he possessed, to be published in his lifetime "He knew the value of his notes, and wanted them to bring money to his estate for Dolley's use as his plantation failed -- he was hoping for one hundred thousand dollars from the sale of his papers, of which the notes were the gem. "[28] Madison's financial troubles and deteriorating mental and physical health would continue to consume him.

In his later years Madison also became extremely concerned about his legacy. He took to modifying letters and other documents in his possessions: changing days and dates, adding and deleting words and sentences, and shifting characters. By the time he had reached his late seventies, this "straightening out" had become almost an obsession. This can be seen by his editing of a letter he had written to Jefferson criticizing Lafayette: Madison not only inked out original passages, but went so far as to imitate Jefferson's handwriting as well. [29] In Madison's mind, this may have represented an effort to make himself clear, to justify his actions both to history and to himself.

“ During the final six years of his life, amid a sea of personal [financial] troubles that were threatening to engulf him. . . At times mental agitation issued in physical collapse. For the better part of a year in 1831 and 1832 he was bedridden, if not silenced. . . Literally sick with anxiety, he began to despair of his ability to make himself understood by his fellow citizens. [30] ”

In 1829, at the age of seventy-eight, Madison was chosen as a representative to the constitutional convention in Richmond for the revising of the Virginia state constitution; this was to be Madison's last appearance as a legislator and constitutional draftsman.

The issue of greatest importance at this convention was apportionment. The western districts of Virginia complained that they were under-represented because the state constitution apportioned voting districts by population, and the count included slaves even though slaves could not vote. Westerners had few slaves, while the Eastern planters had many, and thus the vote of a white easterner outweighed the vote of a white westerner.

Madison, who in his prime was known as "the Great Legislator", tried to effect a compromise, such as the 3/5 ratio for a slave then used by the U. S. Constitution, but to no avail. Eventually, the eastern planters prevailed. Slaves would continue to be counted toward their masters' districts. Madison was crushed at the failure of Virginians to resolve the issue more equably. "The Convention of 1829, we might say, pushed Madison steadily to the brink of self-delusion, if not despair. The dilemma of slavery undid him. "[31]

Although his health had now almost failed, he managed to produce several memoranda on political subjects, including an essay against the appointment of chaplains for Congress and the armed forces, on the grounds that this produced religious exclusion, but not political harmony. A chaplain is typically a Priest, Pastor, ordained Deacon, Rabbi, Imam or other member of the Clergy serving a group of [32]

Madison lived on until 1836, increasingly ignored by the new leaders of the American polity. He died at Montpellier on June 28, the last remaining signatory of the United States Constitution. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.

As historian Garry Wills wrote:

“ Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues. . . . As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer. . . . The finest part of Madison's performance as president was his concern for the preserving of the Constitution. . . . No man could do everything for the country – not even Washington. Madison did more than most, and did some things better than any. That was quite enough. [33] ”

Legacy

See also

Notes

  1. ^ http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000043 http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/delegates/madison.html http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/madison_james.html http://www.adherents.com/people/pm/James_Madison.html http://www.dkrause.com/americana/presidents/madison-james/
  2. ^ The Founding Fathers: A Brief Overview. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Football See also James Madison Dukes football Men's basketball The men's Basketball team at JMU was founded in 1945 This article is about the public-policy college at Michigan State University. Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 was James Madison's record of the daily debates held by delegates at the Philadelphia Convention, which resulted The Report of 1800 was a resolution drafted by James Madison arguing for the Sovereignty of the individual states under the The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved on 2008-02-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the
  3. ^ Wood, 2006b.
  4. ^ Robert Alan Dahl, "Madisonian Democracy," in Dahl, et al. , eds. The Democracy Sourcebook (MIT Press, 2003), pp. 207-16.
  5. ^ Banning, 1995; Kernell, 2003; Riemer, 1954.
  6. ^ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 2, 1794. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a ) "I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place, at the instance of the Republican Party, and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose. "
    *Thomas Jefferson to President Washington, May 23, 1792 "The republican party, who wish to preserve the government in its present form, are fewer in number. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year They are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half dozen anti-federalists,. . . "
    *Thomas Jefferson to John Melish, January 13, 1813. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common "The party called republican is steadily for the support of the present constitution"
  7. ^ . According to the Library of Congress, [1]
  8. ^ Shepard, Timothy (2007). The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress PresidentialHeights - Every US president by height.
  9. ^ Adair, Douglass G. (2000), The Intellectual Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy, Lexington Books, pp. 25, ISBN 0739101250, <http://books.google.com/books?id=XYCQ7NrjK1kC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=%22america's+first+graduate+student%22&source=web&ots=5U4wbI27rU&sig=S9ZrJFV01xNfnIXrQSFAbz5BVII>. Retrieved on 21 December 2007 
  10. ^ Dennis F. Thompson, "The Education of a Founding Father: The Reading List for John Witherspoon's Course in Political Theory, as Taken by James Madison," Political Theory 4(1976), 523-29; Alexander Leitch: Princeton Companion, "Graduate School". Even Leitch distinguishes that Madison was doing the first non-theological post-graduate work.
  11. ^ Wood, 2006, pp. 163-64.
  12. ^ Selected summaries of The Federalist Papers
  13. ^ Larry D. Kramer, "Madison's Audience," Harvard Law Review 112,3 (1999), pp. 611+ online version.
  14. ^ Lance Banning, "James Madison: Federalist," note 1, [2].
  15. ^ Letter of July 20, 1788. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1788 ( MDCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap
  16. ^ Matthews, 1995, p. 130.
  17. ^ Wood, 2006b.
  18. ^ Matthews, 1995, p. 142.
  19. ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_documents&docid=f:sd011.105
  20. ^ Wood, 2006b.
  21. ^ Wood, 2006a, p. 165.
  22. ^ Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (Michigan State Univ. Press, 1963), p. 74.
  23. ^ As early as May 26, 1792, Hamilton complained, "Mr. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration. " Hamilton, Writings (Library of America, 2001), p. 738. On May 5, 1792, Madison told Washington, "with respect to the spirit of party that was taking place . Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year . . I was sensible of its existence". Madison Letters 1 (1865), p. 554.
  24. ^ definition of Madison, James. Free Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  25. ^ U.S. historians pick top 10 presidential errors. Associated Press article in CTV (February 18, 2006). Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  26. ^ Stagg, 1983.
  27. ^ Tax Foundation
  28. ^ Garry Wills, James Madison (Times Books, 2002), p. 163.
  29. ^ Ibid. , p. 162.
  30. ^ Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989), p. 151.
  31. ^ Ibid. , p. 252.
  32. ^ He was tempted to admit chaplains for the navy, which might well have no other opportunity for worship. The text of the memoranda
  33. ^ Wills, James Madison (Times Books, 2002), p. 164.
  34. ^ Madison County of Ohio – Community Information. Madison County Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  35. ^ Allan H. Keith, Historical Stories: About Greenville and Bond County, IL. Consulted on August 15, 2007.
  36. ^ Five Thousand Green Seal. The United States Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved on 2007-06-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire.

Secondary sources

Biographies

Analytic studies

Primary sources

External links

United States House of Representatives
New district Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 5th congressional district
March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793		 Succeeded by
George Hancock
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Virginia's 15th congressional district
March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1797		 Succeeded by
John Dawson
Political offices
Preceded by
John Marshall		 United States Secretary of State
May 2, 1801 – March 4, 1809		 Succeeded by
Robert Smith
Preceded by
Thomas Jefferson		 President of the United States
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817		 Succeeded by
James Monroe
Party political offices
Preceded by
Thomas Jefferson		 Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate
1808, 1812		 Succeeded by
James Monroe
Honorary titles
Preceded by
John Adams		 Oldest U.S. President still living
July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836		 Succeeded by
Andrew Jackson


Persondata
NAME Madison, James
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION fourth President of the United States of America (1809–1817)
DATE OF BIRTH March 16, 1751(1751-03-16)
PLACE OF BIRTH Port Conway, Virginia
DATE OF DEATH 1836-06-28
PLACE OF DEATH Montpelier, Virginia

The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. These are tables of congressional delegations from Virginia to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Virginia's fifth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the commonwealth of Virginia. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common George Hancock ( June 13, 1754 &ndash July 18, 1820) was an American planter and lawyer from Virginia. These are tables of congressional delegations from Virginia to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. Representatives Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common John Dawson (1762 &ndash March 31, 1814) was an eighteenth century and nineteenth century politician and lawyer from Virginia. John Marshall (September 24 1755 – July 6 1835 was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter. Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Robert Smith ( November 3, 1757 &ndash November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 Thomas Jefferson (April 13 1743 – July 4 1826 was the third President of the United States (1801–1809 the principal author of the Declaration of Independence The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by In the United States presidential election of 1808, the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth The United States presidential election of 1812 took place in the shadow of the War of 1812. James Monroe (April 28 1758 – July 4 1831 was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825 John Adams (October 30 1735 July 4 1826 was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. List of United States Presidents by ageThis is a chronology of who was the oldest living President of the United States, former or current at any given time Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Port Conway is an unincorporated community on the north side of the Rappahannock River in King George County, in the Northern Neck of Virginia Montpelier was the estate of James Madison, fourth President of the United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state
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