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Sir James Mackintosh.
Sir James Mackintosh.

Sir James Mackintosh (October 24, 1765 - May 30, 1832) was Scottish jurist, politician and historian. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. He is said to have been one of the most cultured and catholic-minded men of his time. His studies and sympathies embraced many interests. He was trained as a doctor and barrister, and worked also as a journalist, judge, administrator, professor, philosopher and politician. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A barrister is a Lawyer found in many Common law Jurisdictions that employ a split profession (as opposed to a Fused profession) in relation A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person

His Vindiciae Gallicae was the verdict of a philosophic Liberal on the development of the French Revolution up to the spring of 1791. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The excesses of the revolutionaries compelled him a few years later to oppose them and agree with Burke, but his earlier defence of the rights of man is a valuable statement of the cultured Whig's point of view at the time. Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to The width of his intellectual sympathies, joined to a constitutional indecision and vis inertiae, prevented him from doing more enduring work. His History of the Revolution in England, breaking off at the point where William of Orange is preparing to intervene in the affairs of England, is chiefly interesting because of Macaulay's admiring essay on it and its author. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy"

Contents

Biography

Early life

Mackintosh was born at Aldourie, 7 miles from Inverness. Inverness (Inbhir Nis iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ is a city in northern Scotland. Both his parents were from old Highland families. His mother died while he was a child, and his father was frequently abroad, so he was brought up by his grandmother, and then schooled at Fortrose Seminary academy. He went in 1780 to King's College, University of Aberdeen, where he made a lifelong friend of Robert Hall, later a famous preacher. Year 1780 ( MDCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a King's College in Old Aberdeen, Scotland, is a formerly independent university founded in 1495 and an integral part of the University of Aberdeen. The University of Aberdeen is an Ancient university founded in 1495, in Old Aberdeen, Scotland. The Rev Robert Hall ( 2 May, 1764 - 21 February, 1831) was an English Baptist minister In 1784 he began to study medicine at Edinburgh University. Year 1784 ( MDCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The University of Edinburgh (Oilthigh Dhùn Èideann founded in 1582 is a renowned centre for teaching and research in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. He participated to the full in the intellectual ferment, but did not quite neglect his medical studies, and took his degree in 1787. Year 1787 ( MDCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In 1788 Mackintosh moved to London, then agitated by the trial of Warren Hastings and the first lapse into insanity of George III. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Warren Hastings ( December 6 1732 - August 22 1818) was the first Governor-General of Bengal, from 1773 to 1785 George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places He was much more interested in these and other political events than in his professional prospects; and specially interested in the events and tendencies which caused or preceded the Revolution in France. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an

Marriages and children

In 1789 he married Catherine Stuart, whose brother Daniel later edited the Morning Post. The Morning Post, as the paper was named on its Masthead, was a conservative daily Newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937 when it was His wife's prudence counteracted Mackintosh's own unpractical temperament, and his efforts in journalism became fairly profitable. Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating formally employed by publications and broadcasters for the benefit of a particular Community of people They had a son, who died in infancy, and three daughters:

In 1797 his wife died, and next year he married Catherine Allen, sister-in-law of Josiah II and John Wedgwood, through whom he introduced Coleridge to the Morning Post. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Josiah Wedgwood II ( 3 April, 1769 &ndash 12 July, 1843) the son of the English potter Josiah Wedgwood, continued his father's firm Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher They had two sons, one of whom died in infancy, and two daughters:

His second wife died on May 6, 1830. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display

Later life

Meanwhile, Mackintosh was soon absorbed in the question of the time; and in April 1791, after long meditation, he published his Vindiciae Gallicae, a reply to Edmund Burke's Reflections on the French Revolution. Edmund Burke ( 12 January, 1729 9 July, 1797) was an Irish statesman author orator Political theorist, and It was the only worthy answer to Burke that appeared in Burke's estimation. It placed the author in the front rank of European publicists, and won him the friendship of some of the most distinguished men of the time, including Burke himself. The success of the Vindiciae finally decided him to give up the medical for the legal profession. He was called to the bar in 1795 and gained a considerable reputation there as well as a tolerable practice.

As a lawyer his greatest public efforts were his lectures (1799) at Lincoln's Inn on the law of nature and nations, of which the introductory discourse was published and ran to several editions; the resulting fame helped open doors for him later in life. A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn is one of four Inns of Court in London to which Barristers of England and Wales belong and where Mackintosh was also famed for his speech in 1803 defending Jean Gabriel Peltier, a French refugee, against a libel suit instigated by Napoleon - then First Consul (military dictator) of France. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Peltier had argued that Napoleon should be killed at time when Britain and France were at peace. The speech was widely published in English and also across Europe in a French translation by Madame de Staël, who became a friend of Mackintosh's. Baronne Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein ( née Necker ( April 22, 1766 &ndash July 14, 1817) (stal commonly known as In 1803 he was knighted.

He was appointed Recorder (chief judge) of Bombay, taking up the post in 1804. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a He was not at home in India, where he became ill, was disappointed by his literary progress with the mooted History of England, and he was glad to leave for England in November, 1811. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Year 1811 ( MDCCCXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

He courteously declined the offer of Perceval to resume political life under the auspices of the dominant Tory party, though tempting prospects of office in connection with India were opened up. Spencer Perceval, KC (1 November 1762 &ndash 11 May 1812 was a British statesman and Prime Minister. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was He entered Parliament in July 1813 as a Whig. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to He was the member for Nairn until 1818, and afterwards for Knaresborough, till his death. Cromartyshire and Nairnshire were alternating constituencies of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from Knaresborough was a parliamentary constituency which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United In London society, and in Paris during his occasional visits, he was a recognized favourite for his genial wisdom and his great conversational power. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city On Mme de Staël's visit to London he was the only Englishman capable of representing his country in talk with her. His parliamentary career was marked by the same wide and candid liberalism as his private life. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal He opposed the reactionary measures of the Tory government, supported and afterwards succeeded Samuel Romilly in his efforts for reforming the criminal code, and took a leading part both in Catholic emancipation and in the Reform Bill. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was Sir Samuel Romilly ( March 1, 1757 – November 2, 1818) was an English legal reformer The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system But he was too little of a partisan, too widely sympathetic and candid, as well as too elaborate, to be a telling speaker in parliament, and was surpassed there by more practical men whose powers were incomparably inferior. From 1818 to 1824 he was professor of law and general politics in the East India Company's College at Haileybury. Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The East India Company College was from 1805 to 1858 the college of the British East India Company (EIC While there, on August 12, 1823, Mackintosh wrote a two-sheet letter from Cadogan Place, London (England) to James Savage asking for source material for Savage's edition of The History of Taunton by Joshua Toulmin. Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Joshua Toulmin ( &ndash 23 July 1815) of Taunton, England was a noted theologian and a serial Dissenting minister [1]

In the midst of the attractions of London society and of his parliamentary avocations Mackintosh felt that the real work of his life was being neglected. His great ambition was to write a history of England; he also cherished the idea of making some worthy contribution to philosophy. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language It was not till 1828 that he set about the first task of his literary ambition. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap This was his Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, prefixed to the seventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc The dissertation, written mostly in ill-health and in snatches of time taken from his parliamentary engagements, was published in 1831. It was severely attacked in 1835 by James Mill in his Fragment on Mackintosh. Year 1835 ( MDCCCXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common James Mill (6 April 1773 &ndash 23 June 1836 was a Scottish Historian, Economist, Political theorist, and Philosopher. About the same time he wrote for the Cabinet Cyclopaedia a History of England from the Earliest Times to the Final Establishment of the Reformation. His more elaborate History of the Revolution, for which he had made great researches and collections, was not published till after his death. A privy councillor since 1828, Mackintosh was appointed Commissioner for the affairs of India under the Whig administration of 1830. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display

A Life, by his son RJ Mackintosh, was published in 1836. An edition of his works, in three volumes, (apart from the History of England) was published in 1846, containing his ethical and historical dissertations, a number of essays on political and literary topics, reviews, and other contributions to periodical publications, and speeches on a variety of subjects delivered at the bar and in parliament.

Notes

  1. ^ Harvard College Library (2005) Hill, George Birkbeck Norman, 1835-1903. Johnsonian Miscellanies, extra-illustrated: Guide. Obtained Oct. 21, 2006.

Quotations

Books

Academic offices
Preceded by
Lord Jeffrey		 Rector of the University of Glasgow
1822—1824		 Succeeded by
Baron Brougham and Vaux

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Francis Jeffrey Lord Jeffrey ( October 23, 1773 - January 26, 1850) was a Scottish Judge and Literary critic The position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow is elected every three years by the students at the University of Glasgow. Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778 - 1868 was a British Statesman who became Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Mackintosh, James

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