James VI and I
King of Scotland, England, and Ireland (more...)
James I of England from the period 1603–1613, by Paul van Somer I (1576–1621)
Reign	In Scotland: 24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625 In England and Ireland: 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625
Predecessor	Mary I of Scotland Elizabeth I of England
Regent	James, Earl of Moray (1567–70) Matthew, Earl of Lennox (1570–71) John, Earl of Mar (1571–72) James, Earl of Morton (1572–81)
Successor	Charles I
Consort	Anne of Denmark
among others... Issue
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales Elizabeth of Bohemia Charles I Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre
Detail Titles and styles
HM The King of England His Grace The King of Scots The Duke of Rothesay The Duke of Albany
Royal house	House of Stuart
Father	Lord Darnley
Mother	Mary, Queen of Scots
Born	19 June 1566(1566-06-19) Edinburgh Castle
Died	27 March 1625 (aged 58) Theobalds House
Burial	Westminster Abbey

James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Paul van Somer (c 1577 – 1621 also known as Paulus van Somer was a Flemish artist who arrived in England from Antwerp during the reign of King James I of England Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates James Stewart 1st Earl of Moray (c 1531 &ndash January 23, 1570) was Regent of Scotland from 1567 until his Assassination in 1570 Matthew Stuart ( September 21, 1516 &ndash September 4, 1571) was the 4th Earl of Lennox, and leader of the Catholic John Erskine 17th Earl of Mar (died 29 October, 1572) Regent of Scotland, was a son of John 5th Lord Erskine (d James Douglas jure uxoris 4th Earl of Morton (c 1525 &ndash June 2, 1581) was the last of the four Regents of Scotland during Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Robert Bruce Stuart Duke of Kintyre ( 18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Henry Stuart 1st Duke of Albany ( 7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567) commonly known as Lord Darnley, was a King Consort Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Theobalds House (also known as Theobalds Palace) located in Theobalds Park just outside Cheshunt in the English county of Hertfordshire, was The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary, Queen of Scots. The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1581. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor ^[1] On 24 March 1603, as James I, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland The Tudor dynasty or House of Tudor was an English royal Dynasty that lasted 118 years from 1485 to 1603 a period known as the Tudor period England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world ^[2] He then ruled England, Scotland and Ireland for 22 years, until his death at the age of 58. ^[3]

James achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England,^[4] including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the English Parliament. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. According to a tradition originating with historians of the mid-seventeenth-century, James's taste for political absolutism, his financial irresponsibility, and his cultivation of unpopular favourites established the foundation for the English Civil War. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler In historical writings when used in reference to a person favourite ( British English and the English of Commonwealth Countries or favorite ( American The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. ^[5] Recent historians, however, have revised James's reputation and treated him as a serious and thoughtful monarch. ^[6]

Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture. Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era William Shakespeare ( baptised John Donne (pronounced like done, dʌn 1572 – 31 March 1631 was a Jacobean poet preacher and a major representative of the Metaphysical poets Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author ^[7] James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie (1597)^[8] and Basilikon Doron (1599). Scholarly method &mdash or as it is more commonly called scholarship &mdash is the body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as The Basilikon Doron is a treatise on government written by King James VI of Scotland, later King James I of England, in 1599. ^[9] Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom", an epithet associated with his character ever since. Sir Anthony Weldon (1583-1648 was an English 17th Century courtier and politician ^[10]

Contents 1 Childhood as King James VI of Scotland 1.1 Birth 1.2 Regencies 2 Personal rule in Scotland 2.1 Marriage 2.2 Theory of monarchy 3 English Throne 3.1 Proclaimed King of England 4 Early reign in England 4.1 James's perspective of Elizabeth I of England and Mary, Queen of Scots 4.2 Gunpowder plot 5 King and Parliament 5.1 Spanish match 6 Religious challenges 7 Favourites 8 Personal relationships 9 Final year 10 Legacy 11 Titles, styles, honours and arms 11.1 Titles and styles 12 Children 13 Ancestry 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links

Childhood as King James VI of Scotland

Birth

James Charles Stuart was the only child of Mary, Queen of Scots and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Duke of Albany, commonly known as Lord Darnley. Henry Stuart 1st Duke of Albany ( 7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567) commonly known as Lord Darnley, was a King Consort He was a descendant of Henry VII through his great-grandmother Margaret Tudor, elder sister of Henry VIII. Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of ^[11] Mary's rule over Scotland was insecure, for both she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. The Catholic Church in Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Caitligeach) describes the organisation of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church in Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Their marriage was a particularly difficult one. ^[12] While Mary was pregnant with James, Lord Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and murdered the Queen's private secretary, David Rizzio. David Rizzio, sometimes written as David Riccio or David Rizzo (c ^[13]

James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son of the monarch and heir-apparent, automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the The position of Lord High Steward of England is the first of the Great Officers of State. Elizabeth I of England, as godmother in absentia, sent a magnificent gold font as a christening gift. A godparent, in many denominations of Christianity, is someone who sponsors a child's Baptism. A baptismal font is an article of church Furniture or a Fixture used for the Baptism of children and adults ^[14]

James's father Henry was murdered on 10 February 1567 at the Hamiltons' house, Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzio's death. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Kirk o' Field in Edinburgh, Scotland, is best known as the site of the murder of Lord Darnley, second husband of Mary Queen of Scots in Mary was already an unpopular queen, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Henry, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the James Hepburn 1st Duke of Orkney (c 1534 – 14 April 1578) better known by his inherited title as 4th Earl of Bothwell, was Hereditary Lord High ^[15] In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle; she never saw her son again. Loch Leven Castle is a ruined Castle on an island in Loch Leven, in the Perth and Kinross region of Scotland. She was forced to abdicate on 24 July in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. James Stewart 1st Earl of Moray (c 1531 &ndash January 23, 1570) was Regent of Scotland from 1567 until his Assassination in 1570 A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor ^[16]

Regencies

The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, "to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought"^[17] in the security of Stirling Castle. John Erskine 17th Earl of Mar (died 29 October, 1572) Regent of Scotland, was a son of John 5th Lord Erskine (d For ships named after the castle see Stirling Castle (disambiguation Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest ^[18] The boy was formally crowned at the age of thirteen months as King James VI of Scotland at the Church of the Holy Rude, Stirling, on 29 July 1567. The Church of the Holy Rude is the second oldest building in Stirling, Scotland after the Castle. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat ^[14] The sermon was preached by the Geneva Calvinist John Knox. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian And, in accordance with the religious beliefs of most of the Scottish ruling class, James was brought up as a member of the Protestant national Church of Scotland, his education supervised by historian and poet George Buchanan, who subjected him to regular beatings but also instilled in him a lifelong passion for literature and learning. The term national church is usually a reference to a church organization in Christianity that claims pastoral jurisdiction over a Nation. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. George Buchanan (February 1506 - September 28, 1582) was a Scottish Historian and humanist scholar ^[19]

In 1568, Mary escaped from prison, leading to a brief period of violence. The Earl of Moray defeated Mary's troops at the Battle of Langside, forcing her to flee to England, where she was subsequently imprisoned by Elizabeth. James Stewart 1st Earl of Moray (c 1531 &ndash January 23, 1570) was Regent of Scotland from 1567 until his Assassination in 1570 The Battle of Langside, fought on May 13 1568, was one of the more unusual contests in Scottish history bearing a superficial resemblance to a grand family quarrel On 22 January 1570, Moray was assassinated by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, to be succeeded as regent by James's paternal grandfather, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, who a year later was carried fatally wounded into Stirling Castle after a raid by Mary's supporters. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Matthew Stuart ( September 21, 1516 &ndash September 4, 1571) was the 4th Earl of Lennox, and leader of the Catholic ^[20] The next regent, John Erskine, 1st Earl of Mar, died soon after banqueting at the estate of James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, where he "took a vehement sickness", dying on 28 October 1572 at Stirling. John Erskine 17th Earl of Mar (died 29 October, 1572) Regent of Scotland, was a son of John 5th Lord Erskine (d James Douglas jure uxoris 4th Earl of Morton (c 1525 &ndash June 2, 1581) was the last of the four Regents of Scotland during Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Morton, who now took Mar's office, proved in many ways the most effective of James's regents,^[21] but he made enemies by his rapacity. ^[22] He fell from favour when the Frenchman Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny, first cousin of James's father Lord Darnley, and future Earl of Lennox, arrived in Scotland and quickly established himself as the first of James's powerful male favourites. Esmé Stewart 1st Duke of Lennox 1st Earl of Lennox (1542&ndash May 26 1583) was the son of John Stewart 5th Lord of Aubigny. The Mormaer of Lennox or Earl of Lennox was the ruler of the long-lasting provincial Mormaerdom / Earldom of Lennox in the Medieval ^[23] Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, belatedly charged with complicity in Lord Darnley's murder. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks ^[24] On 8 August, James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland. ^[25] Then fifteen years old, the king was to remain under the influence of Lennox for about one more year. ^[26]

Personal rule in Scotland

Although a Protestant convert, Lennox was distrusted by Scottish Calvinists, who noticed the physical displays of affection between favourite and king and alleged that Lennox "went about to draw the King to carnal lust". ^[22] In August 1582, in what became known as the Ruthven Raid, the Protestant earls of Gowrie and Angus lured James into Ruthven Castle, imprisoned him,^[27] and forced Lennox to leave Scotland. On August 22 1582 the Raid of Ruthven conspiracy composed of several Presbyterian nobles led by William Ruthven 1st Earl of Gowrie, abducted King William Ruthven 4th Lord Ruthven 1st Earl of Gowrie (c 1541 &ndash 1584 was a son of Patrick Ruthven 3rd Lord Ruthven. Archibald Douglas 8th Earl of Angus and 5th Earl of Morton (1555-1588 was the son of David 7th earl. Huntingtower Castle once known as Ruthven Castle or the Place of Ruthven is located beside the A85 and near the A9 about 5km NW of the centre of After James was freed in June 1583, he assumed increasing control of his kingdom. He pushed through the Black Acts to assert royal authority over the Kirk and between 1584 and 1603 established effective royal government and relative peace among the lords, ably assisted by John Maitland of Thirlestane, who led the government until 1592. Kirk can mean " church " in general or the Church of Scotland in particular John Maitland 1st Lord Maitland of Thirlestane, ( 1537 - 3 October 1595) Knight (1581 was Lord Chancellor of Scotland. ^[28] One last Scottish attempt against the king's person occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently assaulted by Alexander Ruthven, the Earl of Gowrie's younger brother, at Gowrie House, the seat of the Ruthvens. Alexander Ruthven ( 12 January 1580 - 5 August 1600) was a Scottish nobleman John Ruthven 3rd Earl of Gowrie (c 1577 - 5 August 1600) was a Scottish nobleman the second son of William Ruthven 1st Earl of ^[29] Since Ruthven was run through by James's page John Ramsay and the Earl of Gowrie was himself killed in the ensuing fracas, James's account of the circumstances, given the lack of witnesses and his history with the Ruthvens, was not universally believed. John Ramsay 1st Earl of Holderness (c 1580 &ndash 28 February 1626) was an important Scottish aristocrat of the Jacobean era, best known in history as John Ruthven 3rd Earl of Gowrie (c 1577 - 5 August 1600) was a Scottish nobleman the second son of William Ruthven 1st Earl of ^[30]

In 1586, James signed the Treaty of Berwick with England. The Treaty of Berwick was a 'league of amity' or peace agreement made on July 6, 1586 between Queen Elizabeth I of England and King James VI of Scotland That and the execution of his mother in 1587, which he denounced as a "preposterous and strange procedure", helped clear the way for his succession south of the border. ^[31] During the Spanish Armada crisis of 1588, he assured Elizabeth of his support as "your natural son and compatriot of your country",^[32] and as time passed and Elizabeth remained unmarried, securing the English succession became a cornerstone of James's policy. The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible

Marriage

Main article: Anne of Denmark

Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, since he showed little interest in women; and after the loss of Lennox, he continued to prefer male company. ^[33] A suitable marriage, however, was necessary to reinforce his monarchy, and the choice fell on the fourteen-year-old Anne of Denmark (born December 1574), younger daughter of the Protestant Frederick II. Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619 was Queen consort of James VI of Scots I of England and Ireland. Frederick II ( 1 July 1534 &ndash 4 April 1588) King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death Shortly after a proxy marriage in August 1589, Anne sailed for Scotland but was forced by storms to the coast of Norway. On hearing the crossing had been abandoned, James, in what Willson calls "the one romantic episode of his life",^[34] sailed from Leith with a three-hundred-strong retinue to fetch Anne personally. ^[35] The couple were married formally at the Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo on 23 November and, after stays at Elsinore and Copenhagen, returned to Scotland in May 1590. The Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo was the residence of the Catholic bishops of Oslo. Elsinore redirects here For other places and things named Elsinore see Elsinore (disambiguation. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city By all accounts, James was at first infatuated with Anne, and in the early years of their marriage seems always to have showed her patience and affection. ^[36] But between 1593 and 1595, James was romantically linked with Anne Murray, later Lady Glamis, whom he addressed in verse as "my mistress and my love". The royal couple produced three surviving children: Henry, Prince of Wales, who was to die, probably of typhoid, in 1612, aged 18; Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia; and Charles, the future King Charles I of England. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 This is a list of the royal consorts of the rulers of Bohemia. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Anne predeceased her husband in March 1619.

Theory of monarchy

In 1597–8, James wrote two works, The Trew Law of Free Monarchies and Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), in which he established an ideological base for monarchy. The Trew Law of Free Monarchies The Reciprock and mutuall duetie betwixt a free King and his naturall Subiects is a book of Political theory by James VI of Scotland The Basilikon Doron is a treatise on government written by King James VI of Scotland, later King James I of England, in 1599. In the Trew Law, he sets out the divine right of kings, explaining that for Biblical reasons kings are higher beings than other men, though "the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon". The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and ^[37] The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by royal prerogative but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would "stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings". The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy ^[38] Basilikon Doron, written as a book of instruction for the four-year-old Prince Henry, provides a more practical guide to kingship. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. ^[39] Despite banalities and sanctimonious advice,^[40] the work is well-written, perhaps the best example of James's prose. ^[41] James's advice concerning parliaments, which he understood as merely the king's "head court", foreshadows his difficulties with the English Commons: "Hold no Parliaments," he tells Henry, "but for the necesitie of new Lawes, which would be but seldome". ^[42] In the Trew Law James states that the king owns his realm as a feudal lord owns his fief, because:

"[Kings arose] before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliaments were holden, or laws made, and by them was the land distributed, which at first was wholly theirs. And so it follows of necessity that kings were the authors and makers of the laws, and not the laws of the kings. "^[43]

English Throne

Proclaimed King of England

Main article: Union of the Crowns

Scottish and English Royalty
House of Stuart
James VI & I
Henry, Prince of Wales
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
Charles I
Robert, Duke of Kintyre

From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil,^[44] maintained a secret correspondence with James in order to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Robert Bruce Stuart Duke of Kintyre ( 18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark Robert Cecil 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG, PC ( 1 June 1563 &ndash 24 May 1612) son of William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley In March 1603, with the old Queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March; and James was proclaimed king in London later the same day. ^[45] As James headed south, his new subjects flocked to see him, relieved above all that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion;^[46] When he entered London, he was mobbed. ^[47] James's English coronation took place on 25 July, with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson, though an outbreak of the plague restricted festivities. Thomas Dekker is the name of Thomas Dekker (writer (1572&ndash1632 Elizabethan poet and dramatist Thomas Dekker (actor (born 1987 Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist ^[48]

Early reign in England

Despite the smoothness of the succession and the warmth of his welcome, James survived two conspiracies in the first year of his reign, the Bye Plot and Main Plot, which led to the arrest, among others, of Lord Cobham and Sir Walter Raleigh. The Bye Plot was a conspiracy by a Catholic priest William Watson, to kidnap King James I of England and force him to repeal Anti-Catholic The Main Plot (or "the treason at Maine" --referring to the traditional province of Maine, near the present Le Mans France was a Conspiracy See also Baron Cobham for other simultaneous creations of the title Sir Walter Raleigh or Ralegh (c 1552 – 29 October 1618 was a famed English writer Poet, Soldier, Courtier and Explorer ^[49] Those hoping for governmental change from James were at first disappointed when he maintained Elizabeth's Privy Councillors in office, as secretly planned with Cecil,^[49] but James shortly added long-time supporter Henry Howard and his nephew Thomas Howard to the Privy Council, as well as five Scottish nobles. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a Henry Howard 1st Earl of Northampton ( 1540 - June 15, 1614) was the second son of Henry Howard Earl of Surrey, the poet and of his wife Admiral Thomas Howard 1st Earl of Suffolk, KG, PC (24 August 1561 – 28 May 1626 was a son of Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk by his second wife ^[50] In the early years of James's reign, the day-to-day running of the government was tightly managed by the shrewd Robert Cecil, later Earl of Salisbury, ably assisted by the experienced Thomas Egerton, whom James made Baron Ellesmere and Lord Chancellor, and by Thomas Sackville, soon Earl of Dorset, who continued as Lord Treasurer. Earl of Salisbury is a title in the that has been created several times in British history Thomas Egerton 1st Viscount Brackley (1540 &ndash 15 March 1617) was an English Nobleman, Judge and Statesman who The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Sir Thomas Sackville 1st Earl of Dorset (1536 &ndash April 19, 1608) was an English Statesman and poet son of Richard Sackville The title Earl of Dorset has been created at least four times in the Peerage of England. The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer is an old English (after 1707, British) government position ^[49] As a consequence, James was free to concentrate on the bigger issues, such as a scheme for a closer union between England and Scotland and foreign-policy issues, as well as to enjoy his leisure pursuits, particularly the hunt. ^[49]

James was ambitious to build on the personal union of the crowns of Scotland and England to establish a permanent Union of the Crowns under one monarch, one parliament and one law, a plan which met opposition in both countries. The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England ^[51] "Hath He not made us all in one island," James told the English parliament, "compassed with one sea and of itself by nature indivisible?" In April 1604, however, the Commons refused on legal grounds his request to be titled "King of Great Britain". ^[52] In October 1604, he assumed the title "King of Great Britain" by proclamation rather than statute, though Sir Francis Bacon told him he could not use the style in "any legal proceeding, instrument or assurance". Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author ^[53]

In foreign policy, James achieved more success. Never having been at war with Spain, he devoted his efforts to bringing the long Armada war to an end, and in August 1604, thanks to skilled diplomacy on the part of Robert Cecil and Henry Howard, now earl of Northampton, a peace treaty was signed between the countries, which James celebrated by hosting a great banquet. The Anglo–Spanish War (1585–1604 was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England, which was never formally declared Earl of Northampton is a title that has been created five times ^[54] Freedom of worship for Catholics in England continued, however, to be a major objective of Spanish policy, causing constant dilemmas for James, distrusted abroad for repression of Catholics while at home being encouraged by the privy council to show even less tolerance towards them. ^[55]

James's perspective of Elizabeth I of England and Mary, Queen of Scots

The succession of James as King of England continues to pose some ironies. Elizabeth I, who consented to the succession before her death, had also refused to intervene when James's mother, Mary, Queen of Scots, was beheaded for treason. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. James's perspective can be seen in a letter which he wrote to Elizabeth I, which states:

What thing, madame, can greatlier touch me in honour that is a king and a son than that my nearest neighbor, being in straitest friendship with me, shall rigorously put to death a free sovereign prince and my natural mother, alike in estate and sex to her that so uses her, albeit subject (I grant) to a harder fortune, and touching her nearly in proximity of blood? What law of God can permit that justice shall strike upon them whom He has appointed supreme dispensators of the same under Him, whom He hath called gods and therefore subjected to the censure of none in earth, whose anointing by God cannot be defiled by man, . . . Honour were it to you to spare when it is least looked for; honour were it to you. . . to take me and all other princes in Europe eternally beholden unto you in granting this my so reasonable request, and not (appardon, I pray you, my free speaking) to put princes to straits of honour wherethrough your general reputation and the universal (almost) misliking of you may dangerously peril both in honor and utility your person and estate. ^[56]

Elizabeth referred to Mary's execution as a "miserable accident. " In another letter, Elizabeth reassured James of her positive intentions towards him, writing, "For your part, think you have not in the world a more loving kinswoman nor a more dear friend than myself, nor any that will watch more carefully to preserve you and your estate" ^[57] .

In another letter, James responded to Elizabeth:

Madame and dearest sister, Whereas by your letter . . . ye purge yourself of your unhappy fact, . . . together with your many and solemn attestations of your innocency -- I dare not wrong you so far as not to judge honourably of your unspotted part therein; so on the other side, I wish that your honourable behavior in all times hereafter may fully persuade the whole world of the same. And as for my part I look that ye will give me at this time such a full satisfaction in all respects as shall be a mean to strengthen and unite this isle, establish and maintain the true religion, and oblige me to be as of before I was, your most loving . . . " ^[58]

Some might question James's sincerity, but regardless of his true thoughts on Elizabeth, he became the undisputed monarch of both England and Scotland. In 1612, James had his mother's body exhumed from its original place of burial at Peterborough Cathedral and reinterred at Westminster Abbey. Peterborough Cathedral, or the Cathedral Church of St Peter St Paul and St Andrew, is the seat of the Bishop of Peterborough, is dedicated to Saint Peter

Gunpowder plot

Main article: Gunpowder Plot

On the eve of the state opening of the second session of James's first Parliament on 5 November 1605, a soldier named Guy Fawkes was discovered in the cellars of the parliament buildings guarding a pile of faggots, not far from thirty-six barrels of gunpowder with which he intended to blow up Parliament House the following day and cause the destruction, as James put it, "not only. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English In the United Kingdom, the State Opening of Parliament is an annual event held usually in October or November that marks the commencement of a session of the Parliament Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English . . of my person, nor of my wife and posterity also, but of the whole body of the State in general". ^[59] The sensational discovery of the Catholic Gunpowder Plot, as it quickly became known, aroused a mood of national relief at the delivery of the king and his sons which Salisbury exploited to extract higher subsidies from the ensuing Parliament than any but one granted to Elizabeth. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English ^[60]

King and Parliament

Main article: James I of England and the English Parliament

The moment of co-operation between monarch and Parliament following the Gunpowder plot represented a deviation from the norm. James VI and I (James Stuart ( June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625) King of Scots, King of England, and Instead, it was the previous session of 1604 that shaped the attitudes of both sides for the rest of the reign, though the initial difficulties owed more to mutual incomprehension than conscious enmity. ^[61] On 7 July 1604, James had angrily prorogued Parliament after failing to win its support either for full union of the crowns or financial subsidies. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death A parliamentary session is a period of time where the Legislature in a Parliamentary government is sitting The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England "I will not thank where I feel no thanks due," he had remarked in his closing speech. ". . . I am not of such a stock as to praise fools. . . You see how many things you did not well. . . I wish you would make use of your liberty with more modesty in time to come". ^[62]

As James's reign progressed, his government faced growing financial pressures, due partly to creeping inflation^[63] but also to the profligacy and financial incompetence of James's court. A spendthrift (also called profligate) is someone who spends money prodigiously and who is extravagant and recklessly wasteful In February 1610 Salisbury, a believer in parliamentary participation in government,^[64] proposed a scheme, known as the Great Contract, whereby Parliament, in return for ten royal concessions, would grant a lump sum of £600,000 to pay off the king's debts plus an annual grant of £200,000. The Great Contract was a plan submitted to James I and Parliament in 1610 by Robert Cecil. ^[65] The ensuing prickly negotiations became so protracted that James eventually lost patience and dismissed Parliament on 31 December 1610. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. "Your greatest error," he told Salisbury, "hath been that ye ever expected to draw honey out of gall". ^[66] The same pattern was repeated with the so-called "Addled Parliament" of 1614, which James dissolved after a mere eight weeks when Commons hesitated to grant him the money he required. The Addled Parliament was the second Parliament of the reign of James I of England (following his 1604-11 parliament which sat in 1614. ^[67] James then ruled without parliament until 1621, employing officials such as the businessman Lionel Cranfield, who were astute at raising and saving money for the crown, and sold earldoms and other dignities, many created for the purpose, as an alternative source of income. Lionel Cranfield 1st Earl of Middlesex (1575 &ndash 6 August 1645) was a successful merchant in London, England, who was introduced to ^[68]

Spanish match

Main article: Spanish Match

Another potential source of income was the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between Charles, Prince of Wales and the Spanish Infanta, Maria. The Spanish Match describes the policy and diplomatic negotiations towards a proposed marriage between Prince Charles, the son of King James I of England John de Critz or John Decritz (1551/2 Antwerp – buried 14 March 1642, London) was one of a number of painters of Flemish and Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Maria Anna ( 18 August, 1606 – 13 May, 1646) also known as Maria Anna of Austria Infanta of Spain Archduchess of Austria and ^[69] The policy of the Spanish Match, as it was called, also attracted James as a way to maintain peace with Spain and avoid the additional costs of a war. The Spanish Match describes the policy and diplomatic negotiations towards a proposed marriage between Prince Charles, the son of King James I of England ^[70] The peace benefits of the policy could be maintained as effectively by keeping the negotiations alive as by consummating the match—which may explain why James protracted the negotiations for almost a decade. ^[71] Supported by the Howards and other Catholic-leaning ministers and diplomats—together known as the Spanish Party—the policy was deeply distrusted in Protestant England.

The outbreak of the Thirty Years War, however, jeopardized James's peace policy, especially after his son-in-law, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, was ousted from Bohemia by Emperor Ferdinand II in 1620, and Spanish troops simultaneously invaded Frederick's Rhineland home territory. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Matters came to a head when James finally called a parliament in 1621 to fund a military expedition in support of his son-in-law. ^[72] The Commons on the one hand granted subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick,^[73] and on the other—remembering the profits gained under Elizabeth by naval attacks on gold shipments from the New World—called for a war directly against Spain. In November 1621, led by Sir Edward Coke, they framed a petition asking not only for war with Spain but also for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws. Sir Edward Coke (pronounced "Cook" ( 1 February 1552 &ndash 3 September 1634) was an early English colonial Entrepreneur ^[74] James flatly told them not to interfere in matters of royal prerogative or they would risk punishment,^[75] which provoked them into issuing a statement protesting their rights, including freedom of speech. The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority privilege and immunity recognised in Common law and sometimes in Civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy ^[76] James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament once again. ^[77]

In 1623, Prince Charles, now 23, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Spain incognito,^[78] to win the Infanta directly, but the mission proved a desperate mistake. ^[79] The Infanta detested Charles, and the Spanish confronted them with terms that included his conversion to Catholicism and a one-year stay in Spain as, in essence, a diplomatic hostage, the prince and duke returned to England in October without the Infanta and immediately renounced the treaty, much to the delight of the British people. ^[80] Their eyes opened by the visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James’s Spanish policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the Habsburg empire. ^[81] To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament, which met in February 1623. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy was shifting from James to Charles and Buckingham,^[82] who pressured the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment of the Lord Treasurer, Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost. The post of Lord High Treasurer or Lord Treasurer is an old English (after 1707, British) government position Lionel Cranfield 1st Earl of Middlesex (1575 &ndash 6 August 1645) was a successful merchant in London, England, who was introduced to The title of Earl of Middlesex has been created twice in the Peerage of England. ^[83] The outcome of the Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to financing a war against Spain, a stance which was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign. ^[84]

Religious challenges

Main article: James I of England and religious issues

The Gunpowder Plot reinforced James's oppression of non-conforming English Catholics; and he sanctioned harsh measures for controlling them. James VI and I (James Stuart ( June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625) King of Scots, King of England, and King In May 1606, Parliament passed an act which would require every citizen to take an Oath of Allegiance, incorporating a denial of the Pope's authority over the king. The English Protestant Reformation was imposed by the English Crown, and submission to its essential points was exacted by the State with post-Reformation oaths. ^[85] James was conciliatory towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance,^[86] and he tolerated crypto-Catholicism even at court. ^[87] However, in practice he enacted even harsher measures against Catholics than were laid upon them by Elizabeth. Towards the Puritan clergy, with whom he debated at the Hampton Court Conference of 1604,^[88] James was at first strict in enforcing conformity, inducing a sense of persecution amongst many Puritans;^[89] but ejections and suspensions from livings became fewer as the reign wore on. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, hampton court facts The Hampton Court Conference was a meeting in January 1604, convened at Hampton Court Palace between King James I of England A notable success of the Hampton Court Conference was the commissioning of a new translation of the Bible, completed in 1611, which became known as the King James Bible, considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin ^[90] In Scotland, James attempted to bring the Scottish kirk "so neir as can be" to the English church and reestablish the episcopacy, a policy which met with strong opposition. ^[91] In 1618, James's bishops forced his Five Articles of Perth through a General Assembly; but the rulings were widely resisted. The Five Articles of Perth were an attempt by King James VI of Scotland to impose practices on the Presbyterian Church of Scotland in an attempt to integrate ^[92] James was to leave the church in Scotland divided at his death, a source of future problems for his son. ^[93]

Favourites

See also: Thomas Overbury and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham

Salisbury died in 1612, little mourned by those who jostled to fill the power vacuum. Sir Thomas Overbury (1581 &ndash 15 September 1613) English Poet and essayist and the victim of one of the most sensational crimes in English history George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite ^[94] Until Salisbury's death, the Elizabethan administrative system over which he had presided continued to function with relative efficiency; from this time forward, however, James's government entered a period of decline and disrepute. ^[95] Salisbury's passing gave James the notion of governing in person as his own chief Minister of State, with his young Scottish favourite, Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester, carrying out many of Salisbury's former duties, but James's inability to attend closely to official business exposed the government to factionalism. ^[96]

The Howard party, consisting of Northampton, Suffolk, Suffolk's son-in-law Lord Knollys, and Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham, along with Sir Thomas Lake, soon took control of much of the government and its patronage. William Knollys 1st Earl of Banbury KG PC (1544 – 25 May 1632) was an English Earl at the court of Queen Elizabeth Charles Howard 1st Earl of Nottingham (1536 &ndash 14 December 1624) was an English statesman and admiral Even the powerful Carr, unfitted for the responsibilities thrust upon him and often dependent on his intimate friend Sir Thomas Overbury for assistance with government papers,^[97] fell into the Howard camp, after beginning an affair with the married Frances Howard, countess of Essex, daughter of the earl of Suffolk, whom James assisted in securing an annulment of her marriage to free her to marry Carr. Sir Thomas Overbury (1581 &ndash 15 September 1613) English Poet and essayist and the victim of one of the most sensational crimes in English history Frances Carr Countess of Somerset ( 31 May 1590 &ndash 1632 was an English noblewoman who was a central figure in a famous scandal and murder during the ^[98] In summer 1615, however, it emerged that Sir Thomas Overbury, who on 14 September 1613 had died in the Tower of London, where he had been placed at the king's request,^[99] had been poisoned. ^[100] Among those convicted of the murder were Frances Howard and Robert Carr, the latter having been replaced as the king's favourite in the meantime by a young man called George Villiers. George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite The implication of the king in such a scandal provoked much public and literary conjecture and irreparably tarnished James's court with an image of corruption and depravity. ^[101] The subsequent downfall of the Howards left George Villiers, now earl of Buckingham, unchallenged as the supreme figure in the government by 1618. George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite ^[102]

Personal relationships

Main article: Personal relationships of James I of England

Throughout his life James had close friendships with male courtiers, in particular Esmé Stewart, 6th Lord d'Aubigny (later 1st Duke of Lennox); Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset; and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. The personal relationships of James I of England included relationships with his male Courtiers and his marriage to Anne of Denmark, with whom he fathered A courtier is a person who attends the court of a Monarch or other powerful person. Esmé Stewart 1st Duke of Lennox 1st Earl of Lennox (1542&ndash May 26 1583) was the son of John Stewart 5th Lord of Aubigny. Robert Carr 1st Earl of Somerset, KG, PC (sometimes spelt Kerr) (c George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite There has been debate among historians about the nature of these relationships: "The evidence of his correspondence and contemporary accounts have led some historians to conclude that the king was homosexual or bisexual. In fact, the issue is murky. " (Bucholz, 2004)^[103] In Basilikon Doron, James lists sodomy among crimes "ye are bound in conscience never to forgive". At age twenty-three, James and three hundred of his men performed a dramatic rescue of Anne of Denmark when she was stranded on the coast of Norway. They married and bore seven children, some sources say nine children, only three of whom survived. James also had a documented two year affair with Anne Murray, later Lady Glamis, to whom he wrote poetry. However, restoration of Apethorpe Hall, undertaken 2004-2008, revealed a previously unknown passage linking the bedchambers of James and his favourite, George Villiers^[104].

Final year

During the last year of James's life, with Buckingham consolidating his control of Charles to ensure his own future, the king was often seriously ill, leaving him an increasingly peripheral figure, rarely able to visit London. ^[105] In early 1625, James was plagued by severe attacks of arthritis, gout and fainting fits, and in March fell seriously ill with tertian ague and then suffered a stroke. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain James finally died at Theobalds House on 27 March during a violent attack of dysentery, with Buckingham at his bedside. Theobalds House (also known as Theobalds Palace) located in Theobalds Park just outside Cheshunt in the English county of Hertfordshire, was Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood ^[106] James’s funeral, a magnificent but disorderly affair, took place on 7 May. Bishop John Williams of Lincoln preached the sermon, observing, "King Solomon died in Peace, when he had lived about sixty years. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" . . and so you know did King James". ^[107]

Legacy

The king was widely mourned. For all his flaws, James had never completely lost the affection of his people, who had enjoyed uninterrupted peace and comparatively low taxation during the Jacobean era. Highlights of the Jacobean Era The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was a development of the first order of importance for both "As he lived in peace," remarked the Earl of Kellie, "so did he die in peace, and I pray God our king [Charles] may follow him". The title Earl of Kellie is one of the Peerage titles of in the Peerage of Scotland, created in 1619 for Thomas Erskine ^[108] The earl prayed in vain: once in power, Charles and Buckingham sanctioned a series of reckless military expeditions that ended in humiliating failure. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. George Villiers 1st Duke of Buckingham ( 28 August 1592 &ndash 23 August 1628) (surname ˈvɪlɚz ("villers" was the Favourite ^[109] James bequeathed Charles a fatal belief in the divine right of kings, combined with a disdain for Parliament, which culminated in the English Civil War and the execution of Charles. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. James had often neglected the business of government for leisure pastimes, such as the hunt; and his later dependence on male favourites at a scandal-ridden court undermined the respected image of monarchy so carefully constructed by Elizabeth. ^[110] The stability of James’s government in Scotland, however, and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religious issues and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many recent historians, who have rescued his reputation from a tradition of criticism stemming back to the anti-Stuart historians of the mid-seventeenth century. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of ^[111]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

• 19 June 1566 – 24 July 1567: Prince James
• 19 June 1566 – 24 July 1567: The Duke of Rothesay (Earl of Carrick, Lord Renfrew)
• 10 February – 24 July 1567: The Duke of Albany (Earl of Ross, Lord Ardmannoch)
• 24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625: His Grace James VI, King of Scots
• 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625: His Majesty King James I of England

As King of England and Scots, James's full style was His Majesty, James VI, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates

Prior to his ascension in Scotland, his full style was Prince James Stuart, Duke of Rothesay, Duke of Albany, Earl of Carrick, Earl of Ross, Lord Renfrew, Lord Ardmannoch, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland

Children

Further information: Descendants of James I of England

James's wife, Anne of Denmark, gave birth to seven children who survived beyond birth:^[112]

1. Henry, Prince of Wales (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612). James VI and I (James Stuart ( June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625) was King of Scots, King of England, and King of Ireland For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Died, probably of typhoid fever, aged 18. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium ^[113]
2. Elizabeth of Bohemia (19 August 1596 – 13 February 1662). Elisabeth Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia (born Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Scotland; 19 August 1596 &ndash 13 February 1662 Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Married 1613, Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Died aged 65.
3. Margaret Stuart (24 December 1598 – March 1600). Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes Died aged 1.
4. Charles I of England (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649). Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Married 1625, Henrietta Maria. Henrietta Maria ( 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Princess of France and Queen Consort of England, Scotland Executed aged 48.
5. Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre (18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602). Robert Bruce Stuart Duke of Kintyre ( 18 January 1602 – 27 May 1602) was the fifth child of James VI of Scots and Anne of Denmark Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Died aged 4 months. ^[114]
6. Mary Stuart (8 April 1605 – 16 December 1607). Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Died aged 2.
7. Sophia Stuart. (Died in June 1607 within 48 hours of birth. )^[115]

Ancestry

See also

• Cultural depictions of James I of England

Notes

References

• Atherton, Ian; and David Como (2005). The Burning of Edward Wightman: Puritanism, Prelacy and the Politics of Heresy in Early Modern England. English Historical Review, Volume 120, December 2005, Number 489, 1215–1250. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Barroll, J. Leeds (2001). Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 0812235746.
• Barroll, J. Leeds and Susan P. Cerasano (1996). Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England: An Annual Gathering of Research, Criticism and Reviews. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0838636411.
• Bucholz, Robert and Newton Key (2004). Early Modern England, 1485–1714: A Narrative History. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631213937.
• Croft, Pauline (2003). King James. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-61395-3.
• Davies, Godfrey ([1937] 1959). The Early Stuarts. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198217048.
• Guy, John (2004). John Guy (born 1949 in Warragul, Australia) is a leading British Historian and biographer. My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots. London and New York: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-752-X.
• Krugler, John D. (2004). English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801879639.
• Lindley, David (1993). The Trials of Frances Howard: Fact and Fiction at the Court of King James. Routledge. ISBN 0415052068.
• Milling, Jane (2004). "The Development of a Professional Theatre", in The Cambridge History of British Theatre. Jane Milling, Peter Thomson, Joseph W. Donohue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521650402.
• Noble, Mark (1795). An Historical Genealogy of the Royal House of Stuarts, from the Reign of King Robert II to that of King James VI. London: R. Faulder. Read complete digitized copy at Google Books. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
• Perry, Curtis (2006). Literature and Favoritism in Early Modern England. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521854059.
• Rhodes, Neil; Jennifer Richards; and Joseph Marshall (2003). King James VI and I: Selected Writings. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754604829.
• Sharpe, Kevin M. (2000). Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521664098.
• Smith, David L (2003). "Politics in Early Stuart Britain," in A Companion to Stuart Britain. Ed. Barry Coward. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631218742.
• Solt, Leo Frank (1990). Church and State in Early Modern England: 1509–1640. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195059794.
• Stewart, Alan (2003). The Cradle King: A Life of James VI & I. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0-7011-6984-2.
• Stroud, Angus (1999). Stuart England. Routledge ISBN 0415206529.
• Watts, Michael R (1985). The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198229569.
• Williams, Ethel Carleton (1970). Anne of Denmark. London: Longman. ISBN 0 582 12783 1.
• Willson, David Harris ([1956] 1963 ed). King James VI & I. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd. ISBN 0-224-60572-0.

Further reading

• Akrigg, G. P. V (1978). Jacobean Pageant: The Court of King James I. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70003-2.
• Chambers, Robert (1856). Robert Chambers ( 10 July 1802 &ndash 17 March 1871) was a Scottish Author and Publisher, who in partnership "James VI", Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. London: Blackie and Son.  
• Fraser, Antonia (1974). Lady Antonia Fraser, CBE (born 27 August 1932 née Pakenham, is an English author of history and novels best known as Antonia Fraser for writing King James VI of Scotland, I of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76775-5.  
• Lee, Maurice (1990). Great Britain's Solomon: James VI and I in his Three Kingdoms. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01686-6.  
• Lynch, Michael (historian) (1991). Michael Lynch or Mike Lynch may mean or refer to Michael Lynch (arts manager Michael Lynch (geneticist Michael Scotland: A New History. Ebury Press. ISBN 0712634134.
• "Preaching to the Converted? Perspectives on the Scottish Reformation," in The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History and Culture. - AA MacDonald, M. Lynch and IB Cowan (Leiden, 1994)
• Peck, Linda Levy (1982). Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I. Harper Collins. ISBN 0049421778.
• Williamson, David (1998). The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England. London: National Portrait Gallery. ISBN 1-85514-228-7.  

External links

• Proclamation styling James I King of Great Britain on October 20, 1604
• James I, illustrated biography by Jenny Wormald, C. E. Hodge Fellow & Tutor in Modern History, St Hilda's College, Oxford
• Works by James I of England at Project Gutenberg
• James I, print and digital communication

James VI of Scotland & I of England House of Stuart Born: 19 June 1566 Died: 27 March 1625
Regnal titles
Preceded by Mary I	King of Scotland 29 July 1567 – 27 March 1625	Succeeded by Charles I
	Lord of the Isles 29 July 1567 – 27 March 1625
Preceded by Elizabeth I	King of England King of Ireland 24 March 1603 – 27 March 1625
Scottish royalty
Preceded by James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran	Heir to the Scottish throne as heir apparent 19 June 1566 – 29 July 1567	Succeeded by James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
English royalty
Preceded by No designated heir under Elizabeth I of England. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. The designation Lord of the Isles (Triath nan Eilean or Rí Innse Gall now a Scottish title of nobility, emerged from a series of hybrid Viking / Gaelic The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during The designation King of Ireland (Rí na hÉireann and Queen (regnant of Ireland was used during three periods of Irish history. The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. James Hamilton Duke of Châtellerault and 2nd Earl of Arran (c List of heirs of Scotland details those people who have been either Heir apparent or Heir presumptive to the Kingdom of Scotland, according to the rules An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive James Hamilton Duke of Châtellerault and 2nd Earl of Arran (c The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during Potential heir was Mary I of Scotland	Potential Heir to the English and Irish Thrones by cognatic primogeniture 24 February 1587 – 24 March 1603	Succeeded by Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
Peerage of Scotland
Vacant Title last held by James Stewart	Duke of Rothesay 19 June 1566 – 29 July 1567	Vacant Title next held by Henry Stuart
Preceded by Lord Darnley	Duke of Albany 4th creation 19 June 1566 – 29 July 1567	Merged in the Crown

Persondata
NAME	James I of England
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	James VI of Scotland; James I of Ireland
SHORT DESCRIPTION	King of Scotland, England, and Ireland
DATE OF BIRTH	19 June 1566
PLACE OF BIRTH	Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland
DATE OF DEATH	27 March 1625
PLACE OF DEATH	Theobalds House, near Cheshunt, Hertfordshire

This is a list of the individuals who were at any given time considered the next in line to inherit the thrones of England Great Britain or the United Kingdom should the incumbent monarch Primogeniture is the Common law right of the Firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. The Peerage of Scotland is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. James Stewart Duke of Rothesay is a name and title shared by two short-lived heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of Scotland. For other people known as Henry Prince of Wales see Henry Prince of Wales. Henry Stuart 1st Duke of Albany ( 7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567) commonly known as Lord Darnley, was a King Consort Duke of Albany is a Peerage title that has occasionally been bestowed on the younger sons in the Scottish, and later the British Royal family, particularly Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Theobalds House (also known as Theobalds Palace) located in Theobalds Park just outside Cheshunt in the English county of Hertfordshire, was For the Australian village of the same name see Cheshunt Victoria Cheshunt (pronounced) is a town in the Broxbourne district of Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of

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