James I the Conqueror (Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador, Occitan: Jacme lo Conquistaire; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was the King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. This is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century The following is a list of lords of Montpellier: William I of Montpellier 26 November 986 –1019 William II His long reign saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon on all sides: into Valencia to the south, Languedoc to the north, and the Balearic Islands to the east. The Crown of Aragon was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon. The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. Languedoc ( in French Lengadòc in Occitan) is a former Province of France, now continued in the modern-day ''régions'' of Languedoc-Roussillon The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean By a treaty with Louis IX of France, he wrested the county of Barcelona from nominal French suzerainty and integrated it into his crown. The Count of Barcelona was the major ruler in Catalonia from the 9th until the 17th century His part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Saint Ferdinand III (July 30 or August 5 1199 &ndash May 30, 1252) was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area
As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the Spanish kings. James compiled the Libre del Consulat de Mar,[1] which governed maritime trade and helped establish Catalan supremacy in the western Mediterranean. Consulate of the Sea, a celebrated collection of maritime customs and ordinances in the Catalan language, published at Barcelona in the latter He made Catalan the official language of his domains[2], sponsored Catalan literature and even wrote a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to Literature written in the Catalan language. The Libre dels feyts (modern Catalan Llibre dels fets, modern English Book of Deeds) is an autobiographical chronicles of the reign ( 1213 &ndash
Contents |
Early life and reign until majority
James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II and Mary, heiress of William VIII of Montpellier and Eudokia Komnene. Montpellier ( Occitan Montpelhièr) is a City in the south of France. Peter II of Aragon ( 1174 &ndash September 12 1213) surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II and count of Marie of Montpellier (adapted from Occitan: Maria de Montpelhièr) (1182 &ndash 18 April 1213) was the daughter of William VIII of Montpellier William VIII of Montpellier (died 1202 was Lord of Montpellier, the son of William VII. Eudokia Komnene or Eudocia Comnena ( Greek: Ευδοκία Κομνηνή Eudokia Komnēnē) (c As a child, James was a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusaders led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them. Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France For the city in Calabria Italy see Albi Italy. Albi is a commune in southern France. The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209&ndash1229 was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar Simon IV de Montfort Seigneur de Montfort-l'Amaury 5th Earl of Leicester (1160 &ndash June 25, 1218) also known as Simon de Montfort the elder, was Lord Leicester redirects here You may be looking for Lord Leycester, the name of several things in and around Warwick, United Kingdom Peter endeavoured to placate the northern crusaders by arranging a marriage between his son James and Simon's daughter. He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. At the Battle of Muret on September 12, 1213 the Crusading army of Simon IV de Montfort defeated the Aragonese and Catalan forces Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him. Pope Innocent III ( February 22, 1161 &ndash June 16, 1216) born Lotario de' Conti di Segni, was Pope from January James was handed over, at Carcassonne, in May or June 1214, to the papal legate Peter of Benevento. Carcassonne (Carcassona is a fortified French town in the Aude département, of which it is the Prefecture, A Papal Legate – from the Latin authentic Roman title Legatus – is a personal representative of the Pope to Foreign nations or to some part of the Catholic Peter of Benevento (died c1221 was an Italian Canon lawyer, Papal legate and Cardinal
James was then sent to Monzón, where he was entrusted to the care of William of Montredon, the head of the Knights Templar in Spain and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon, and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño. Monzón is a small town in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order Sancho (1161 &ndash 1223 was the Count of Cerdanya from 1168 Provence from 1181 to 1185 and Roussillon from 1185 Nunyó Sanç (Nuno Sanche (c1185&ndash1242 was a Catalan nobleman and statesman The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former [3]
In 1221, he was married to Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. Alfonso VIII ( 11 November 1155 &ndash 5 October 1214) called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Princess Eleanor of England and Aquitaine (later Leonora The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor [4]
Acquisition of Urgell
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition from a vassal yet. Guerau de Cabrera had occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax, the heiress of Ermengol VIII, who had died without sons in 1208. Urgell (Spanish Urgel) is one of the historical Catalan counties, bordering on the counties of Pallars and Cerdanya. Aurembiaix or Aurembiax (1196 &ndash 1231 was the Countess of Urgell from 1208 the last of her dynasty Ermengol or Armengol VIII (1158 &ndash 1208 known as el de Sant Hilari, was the Count of Urgell from 1184 to his death While Aurembiax' mother, Elvira, had made herself a protegée of James' father, on her death (1220), Guerao had occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.
James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida, probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses. Lleida (Standard Central Catalan ˈʎejðə or North-Western Catalan; Spanish Lérida, though officially referred as Lleida [5] She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief from him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal.
Relations with France and Navarre
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre, who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne. Sancho VII Sanches (or Sánchez, 1157 &ndash 7 April 1234) called the Strong ( el Fuerte in Spanish, Santxo Theobald I ( 30 May 1201 &ndash 8 July 1253) called the Troubadour, the Chansonnier, and the Posthumous, was James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this did occur, the Navarrese nobless instead elevated Theobald to the throne (1234), and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene. Pope Gregory IX, born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope from March 19, 1227 to August [6] In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.
James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees, to counterbalance the power of France north of the Loire. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés The Loire River (lwaʁ in French) is the longest River in France. As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East As in the case of Navarre, he was too wise to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil, signed in May 1258, he frankly withdrew from conflict with Louis IX of France and was content with the recognition of his position, and the surrender of antiquated and illusory French claims to the overlordship of Catalonia. The Treaty of Corbeil was an agreement signed on May 11, 1258, in Corbeil (today Corbeil-Essonnes, in the region of Île-de-France
Reconquista
After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the Mediterranean Sea, where he conquered the Balearic Islands (Majorca 1229; Minorca 1232; Ibiza 1235) and where Valencia capitulated 28 September 1238. The Kingdom of Navarre (Reino de Navarra Nafarroako Erresuma Royaume de Navarre originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. Minorca ( Catalan and Spanish: Menorca; from Latin Balearis Minor, later Minorica "minor island" is one of the Ibiza (Eivissa is an island located in the Mediterranean Sea about 80 km off the coast of Spain Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia, on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to determine the zones of their expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. The Treaty of Almizra (or Treaty of Almiçra) was the third of a series of three treaties between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile meant to determine the Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly-created Kingdom of Valencia. The Christian Kingdom of Valencia, located in the Eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile. Biar is a Valencian town located in the ''comarca'' of Alt Vinalopó, in the province of Alicante, Spain. La Vila Joiosa or Villajoyosa (in Spanish) is a Valencian coastal town and Municipality in the province of Alicante, Spain Busot is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Alacantí in the Valencian Community, Spain.
Crusade of 1269
The "khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan) Abaqa corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on Crusade. The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in Abaqa Khan (1234&ndash1282 also Abaga or Abagha Khan, was the second Mongol ruler (Il-khan of the Persian Ilkhanate The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents [7] James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan, who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269. Jayme Alaric de Perpignan was an ambassador sent by Pope Clement IV and James I of Aragon to the Mongol ruler Abaqa Khan in 1267 [8] Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from Crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Pope Clement IV ( Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, year ca 1195 &ndash November 29, 1268 in Viterbo) born Gui Faucoi Nonetheless, James, who was then campaigning in Murcia, made peace with Mohammed I ibn Nasr, the Sultan of Granada, and set about collecting funds for a Crusade. Murcia ( is the capital city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, located at the river Segura in south-eastern Spain. Mohammed I ibn Nasr (محمد ابن الأحمر was a Nasrid ruler of Granada in Iberia and founder of the last Muslim dynasty in Spain in 1238 The Nasrid dynasty or Banuu Nasri (بنو نصر was the last Arab and Muslim dynasty in Spain. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. Olivier lo Templier (fl 1269 was a Knight Templar and Troubadour probably from Catalonia. A storm, however, drove him off course and he landed at Aigues-Mortes. Aigues-Mortes is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. According the the continuator of William of Tyre, he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a Crusade. This article is about the Archbishop/historian from the 1100s I
James' bastard sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez, who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre, where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt, had broken his truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( Arabic ar الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the Christian kingdom For the history of the city see History of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force which had been in Galilee. "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, James' sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily, where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Charles I ( 21 March 1226 &ndash 7 January 1285) commonly called Charles of Anjou, was the King of Sicily by conquest
Patronage of art, learning, and literature
James built and consecrated the Cathedral of Lleida, which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles. The Cathedral of La Seu Vella of Lleida is the oldest cathedral in Lleida, Catalonia. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction [9]
James was a patron of the University of Montpellier, which owed much of its development to his impetus. The University of Montpellier (Université Montpellier was a French University in Montpellier in the Languedoc-Roussillon région [10] He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV, but it did not develop as splendidly. Studium Generale is the old name for a Medieval university which was registered as an institution of international excellence by the Holy Roman Empire. Pope Innocent IV, born Sinibaldo Fieschi was Pope from June 28, 1243 to December 7, 1254. [11] In 1263, James presided over a debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani, a prominent converso. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Nahmanides (1194 &ndash c 1270 was a Catalan Rabbi, philosopher, Physician, Kabbalist and biblical commentator. "Paul Christian" redirects here This was also a pen name of the 19th centurys occult author Jean Baptiste Pitois. Conversos ( Spanish and Portuguese for "a convert" from Latin conversus, "converted turned around" and its feminine form
James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers. "[12] James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life, Llibre dels fets in Catalan, which is the first self-chronicle of a Christian king. The Libre dels feyts (modern Catalan Llibre dels fets, modern English Book of Deeds) is an autobiographical chronicles of the reign ( 1213 &ndash As well as a fine example of autobiography the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy; examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order; the growth of national sentiment based on homeland, language, and culture; and medieval military tactics. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation
James also wrote the Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom. " The book contains proverbs from various authors going back as far as King Solomon and as close to his own time, such as Albert the Great. King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak, which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period. [13]
Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse. [14] In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade, many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon and Catalonia. The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209&ndash1229 was a 20-year military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar A troubadour ( IPA:, originally) was a composer and performer of Occitan Lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100&ndash1350 Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort, James brought the Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible. Saint Raymond of Peñafort, OP (c 1175 &ndash 1275 ( Sant Ramon de Penyafort, San Raimundo de Peñafort) was born in Vilafranca del Penedès The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin [15]
Succession
The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his sons legitimate and illegitimate. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez, who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason to his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter, the old king recorded his grim satisfaction. Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon
At the close of his life, James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James, the Kingdom of Majorca (including the Balearic Islands and the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya) and the Lordship of Montpellier. Violant of Hungary ( Esztergom, Kingdom of Hungary, c 1216 &ndash 1253 was Queen consort of James I of Aragon. James I the Conqueror ( Catalan: Jaume el Conqueridor, Aragonese: Chaime lo Conqueridor, Spanish: Jaime el Conquistador The Kingdom of Majorca was founded by James I of Aragon, also known as James The Conqueror. Roussillon ( French: Roussillon, ʀusiˈjɔ̃ Catalan: Rosselló, pronounced; Spanish: Rosellón, pronounced) is Cerdanya (Ceritania Cerdagne Cerdaña is a small region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain and which is historically one of the The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet, but he died at Valencia on 27 July. Alzira (its official and Valencian name in Spanish: Alcira) is a town and Municipality of 44440 people (2006 in eastern Spain The Monastery of Santa Maria de Poblet is a Cistercian monastery founded in 1151, located in the comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia
Marriages and children
James first married, in 1221, Eleanor, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonora of England. The House of Barcelona ( Casa d'Aragona in Italian history) was a medieval dynasty that ruled the County of Barcelona continuously from 878 and the Alfonso II (Aragon or Alfons I (Provence and Barcelona ( Huesca, 1157 &ndash Perpignan, 1196 called the Chaste or the Troubadour Peter II of Aragon ( 1174 &ndash September 12 1213) surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II and count of Alfonso II ( 1174- 1 Dec, 1209) was the second son of Alfonso II of Aragon and Sancha of Castile. Peter II of Aragon ( 1174 &ndash September 12 1213) surnamed the Catholic, was the king of Aragon (as Pedro II and count of Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon James II (Jaume (died 1311 was King of Majorca and Lord of Montpellier from 1243 until his death Not to be confused with Elizabeth of Aragon, Isabella of Aragon (Duchess of Milan and Isabella of Aragon Princess of Asturias. Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon Alfonso III (1265 &ndash 18 June 1291) called the Liberal ( el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank" from James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just Frederick II of Sicily may refer to Frederick III of Sicily, who technically was Frederick II but used Frederick III Frederick II Holy Roman Saint Elizabeth of Portugal also known as Elizabeth of Aragon (1271&ndash 4 July 1336) ( Elisabet in Catalan, Isabel in Alfonso III (1265 &ndash 18 June 1291) called the Liberal ( el Liberal) or the Free (also "the Frank" from James II ( 10 August 1267 in Valencia &ndash 2 November or 5 November 1327 in Barcelona) called the Just Alfonso IV, called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, Catalan: Alfons el Benigne) (1299 &ndash 24 January 1336 was the Alfonso IV, called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, Catalan: Alfons el Benigne) (1299 &ndash 24 January 1336 was the Peter IV (also known as Pedro or Pere 5 September 1319, Balaguer – 5 January 1387) called the Ceremonious ( el Ceremonioso Peter IV (also known as Pedro or Pere 5 September 1319, Balaguer – 5 January 1387) called the Ceremonious ( el Ceremonioso John I ( December 27, 1350 &ndash May 19, 1396) called by posterity the Hunter ( Juan el Cazador in Castilian Martin of Aragon (1356 &ndash 31 May 1410) called the Elder, the Humane, the Ecclesiastic, was the King of Aragon, Eleanor of Aragon ( 20 January 1358 &ndash 13 August 1382) was a daughter of King Peter IV of Aragon and his wife Eleanor of Ferdinand I (Ferran - Catalan (Medina del Campo Castile 27 November 1380 &ndash Igualada Catalonia 2 April 1416) called of Antequera John I ( December 27, 1350 &ndash May 19, 1396) called by posterity the Hunter ( Juan el Cazador in Castilian Yolande of Aragon, ( 11 August 1384, Saragosa, Aragon &ndash 14 November[[ 442]] was a daughter of John I of Aragon Martin of Aragon (1356 &ndash 31 May 1410) called the Elder, the Humane, the Ecclesiastic, was the King of Aragon, Alfonso VIII ( 11 November 1155 &ndash 5 October 1214) called the Noble or Él de las Navas, was the King For other Eleanors of England see Eleanor of England (disambiguation Princess Eleanor of England and Aquitaine (later Leonora Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:
- Alfonso (1229–1260), married Constance of Montcada, Countess of Bigorre
In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. County of Bigorre was a small Feudatory of the Duchy of Aquitaine in the ninth through fifteenth centuries Violant of Hungary ( Esztergom, Kingdom of Hungary, c 1216 &ndash 1253 was Queen consort of James I of Aragon. Andrew II the Jerosolimitan ( Hungarian: Jeruzsálemi II András/Endre, Croatian: Andrija I She bore him numerous children:
- Yolanda, also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married Alfonso X of Castile
- Constance (1239–1269), married Juan Manuel, Lord of Villena, son of Ferdinand III
- Peter (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
- James (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
- Ferdinand (1245–1250)
- Sancha (1246–1251)
- Isabella (1247–1271), married Philip III of France
- Mary (1248–1267), nun
- Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo (1250–1279)
- Eleanor (born 1251, died young)
James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure, but only by a private document, and left her when she developed leprosy. Violant or Violante of Aragon, also known as Yolanda of Aragon (1236 - 1301 Queen consort of Castile and León (1252-1284 Alfonso X (November 23 1221 Toledo Spain &ndash April 4 1284 Seville Spain) was a Spanish monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, Juan Manuel ( Carrion de los Condes, 1234 &ndash Peñafiel, December 25, 1283, sometimes called only Manuel) was the Peter the Great ( Catalan: Pere el Gran, Spanish: Pedro el Grande; 1239 &ndash 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon James II (Jaume (died 1311 was King of Majorca and Lord of Montpellier from 1243 until his death Not to be confused with Elizabeth of Aragon, Isabella of Aragon (Duchess of Milan and Isabella of Aragon Princess of Asturias. Philip the Bold Philip III ( 30 April 1245 &ndash 5 October 1285) called the Bold ( French: le Hardi) was
James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and a few bore him illegitimate sons. Jérica is a town in the Castellón province of Valencian Community, Spain. Ayerbe is a town in the Hoya de Huesca Comarca, in the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain.
By Blanca d'Antillón:
- Ferran Sanchis (or Fernando Sánchez; 1240–1275), baron of Castro
By Berenguela Fernández:
- Pedro Fernández, baron of Híjar
By Elvira Sarroca:
- Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), Archbishop of Huesca
Notes
References
- Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. London: Methuen, 1933.
External links
- Full online book The Chronicle Of James I Of Aragon
- The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon (available in PDF format)
- [1] James I of Aragon
- Medieval Sourcebook: e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms
- The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror - Robert I. Burns, S.J., ed.
- The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia - Robert Ignatius Burns, S.J.
- James I at Find-A-Grave
- The Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258
| Preceded by Peter II |
King of Aragon 1213-1276 |
Succeeded by Peter III |
| Count of Barcelona 1213-1276 |
||
| Preceded by New Creation |
King of Valencia 1238—1276 |
|
| King of Majorca 1231-1276 |
Succeeded by James II |
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| Preceded by Marie |
Lord of Montpellier 1219-1276 |
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