| James IV | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| King of Scots (more...) | |
| Reign | 11 June 1488–9 September 1513 |
| Coronation | 24 June 1488 |
| Predecessor | James III |
| Successor | James V |
| Issue | |
| James, Duke of Rothesay (infant) Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (infant) James V Alexander, Duke of Ross (infant) |
|
| Titles and styles | |
| His Grace The King The Duke of Rothesay |
|
| Royal house | House of Stewart |
| Father | James III |
| Mother | Margaret of Denmark |
| Born | 17 March 1473 Stirling Castle, Scotland |
| Died | 9 September 1513 (aged 40) Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland |
James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. The precise style of British Sovereigns has varied over the years Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place James III (c 1451/1452 &ndash 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488 James V (10 April 1512 &ndash 14 December 1542 was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death James Stewart Duke of Rothesay is a name and title shared by two short-lived heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of Scotland. Arthur Stewart Duke of Rothesay ( 20 October, 1509, Holyrood Palace - 14 July, 1510, Edinburgh Castle) was the second son James V (10 April 1512 &ndash 14 December 1542 was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death Alexander Stewart Duke of Ross ( 30 April, 1514, Stirling Castle &ndash 18 December, 1515, Stirling Castle was the fourth and last A royal house or royal dynasty is a familial designation or Family name of sorts used by Royalty. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of James III (c 1451/1452 &ndash 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488 For the queen consort of Norway historically known as her namesake see Margaret I of Denmark. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger For ships named after the castle see Stirling Castle (disambiguation Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in the county of Northumberland, in northern England on September 9, 1513, Northumberland is a county in the North East of England. The non-metropolitan county of Northumberland borders Cumbria to the west Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian The monarch of Scotland was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. He is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs of Scotland, but his reign ended with the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden Field. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in the county of Northumberland, in northern England on September 9, 1513,
Contents |
Early life
James IV was the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, probably born in Stirling Castle. James III (c 1451/1452 &ndash 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488 For the queen consort of Norway historically known as her namesake see Margaret I of Denmark. For ships named after the castle see Stirling Castle (disambiguation Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest As heir apparent to the Scottish crown he became Duke of Rothesay. An heir apparent is an Heir who (short of a fundamental change in the situation cannot be displaced from inheriting the term is used in contrast to Heir presumptive His father was not a popular king and faced two major rebellions during his reign. During the second rebellion the rebels set up the 15-year-old James as their nominal leader. His father was killed fighting the rebels at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, and James took the throne and was crowned at Scone on 24 June. The Battle of Sauchieburn was fought on June 11, 1488, at the side of Sauchie Burn a brook about two miles south of Stirling, Scotland. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place When he realised the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father, he decided to do penance for his sin. From that date on, he wore a heavy iron chain cilice around his waist, next to the skin, each Lent as penance. Lent, in some Christian denominations, is the forty-day-long liturgical season of fasting and prayer before Easter.
Reign
James IV quickly proved to be an effective ruler. He defeated another rebellion in 1489, took a direct interest in the administration of justice and finally brought the Lord of the Isles under control in 1493. The designation Lord of the Isles (Triath nan Eilean or Rí Innse Gall now a Scottish title of nobility, emerged from a series of hybrid Viking / Gaelic James was well educated and it was claimed that he was fluent in Scots, English, Scottish Gaelic, Latin, French, German, Italian, Flemish (Dutch), Spanish and Danish; he was the patron of the Scottish makar, or poet, William Dunbar, who is known for his song Lament for the Makaris, (which is often called after its refrain: timor mortis conturbat me — Latin for "the fear of Death frightens/confounds me. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the This article is about the Scottish poet for other people of this name see William Dunbar (disambiguation. I that in Heill wes and Gladnes, also known as The Lament for the Makaris, is a poem in the form of a Danse macabre by the Scottish poet William Dunbar ") an ubi sunt qui ante nos fuerent poem in which Dunbar laments past makars including Chaucer, and speaks of the general transitory nature of the "warld. "
He was a true Renaissance prince with an interest in practical and scientific matters. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere James granted the Edinburgh College of Surgeons a royal charter in 1506, turned Edinburgh Castle into one of Britain's foremost gun foundries, and welcomed the establishment of Scotland's first printing press in 1505. The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, traces its origins to 1505 when the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh was formally Edinburgh Castle is an ancient Stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image
James also loved ships and saw the importance in Scotland having a large navy. He acquired 38 ships for the Royal Scottish Navy, including the Margaret, and founded two new dockyards. The Royal Scots Navy (or Old Scots Navy) was the Navy of the Kingdom of Scotland from its foundation in the 11th century until its merger with England's The Margaret was a Scottish Warship in the 16th century. It was built at Leith around 1505 by order of King James Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships These can be Yachts military His finest creation was the carrack Michael or Great Michael, built at vast expense at Newhaven, and launched in 1511, she weighed 1,000 tons, was 240 feet (73 m) in length and was then the largest ship in Europe. A carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted Sailing ship developed in the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century by the Portuguese
Marriage
For a time, he supported Perkin Warbeck, the pretender to the English throne, and carried out a brief invasion of England on his behalf. Perkin Warbeck (1474 &ndash 23 November 1499) was a Pretender to the English throne during the reign of King Henry VII of England However, James recognized that peace between Scotland and England was in the interest of both countries, and so signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502) and married Henry VII's daughter Margaret Tudor, on 8 August 1503, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh. The Treaty of Perpetual Peace was signed by James IV of Scotland and Henry VII of England in 1502 Margaret Tudor ( 28 November, 1489 &ndash 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Holyrood Abbey is a ruined Augustinian Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow.
The union produced around six children[1]:
- James, Duke of Rothesay, who died at barely a year old
- An unnamed daughter, stillborn at Holyrood Palace on 15 July 1508
- Arthur, Duke of Rothesay, who died before his first birthday
- James V, the only one to reach adulthood
- A second stillborn daughter in November 1512 at Holyrood Palace
- Alexander, Duke of Ross, born posthumously, and died before his second birthday
Illegitimate children
James also had seven illegitimate children with four different mistresses:
- with Marion Boyd:
- Alexander, later Archbishop of St Andrews
- Catherine Stewart, who married James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton
- with Margaret Drummond:
- Margaret
- with Janet Kennedy:
- James, created Earl of Moray
- two children who died in infancy
- with Isabel Buchan, daughter of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan:
Later life
When war broke out between England and France as a result of the Italian Wars, James found himself in a difficult position as his obligations under the Auld Alliance with France conflicted with the treaty made with England in 1502. James Stewart Duke of Rothesay is a name and title shared by two short-lived heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of Scotland. The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Arthur Stewart Duke of Rothesay ( 20 October, 1509, Holyrood Palace - 14 July, 1510, Edinburgh Castle) was the second son James V (10 April 1512 &ndash 14 December 1542 was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death The Palace of Holyroodhouse, or informally Holyrood Palace, founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128, has served as the principal residence Alexander Stewart Duke of Ross ( 30 April, 1514, Stirling Castle &ndash 18 December, 1515, Stirling Castle was the fourth and last Marion Boyd (fl late 15th century) also known as Margot or Margaret, was a mistress of King James IV of Scotland. Alexander Stewart (c 1490 &ndash 1513 September 9) was an illegitimate son of King James IV of Scotland and the King's mistress Marion The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn James Douglas 3rd Earl of Morton (d 1553 was a grandson of James Douglas 1st Earl of Morton and Joan a daughter of James I of Scotland. Margaret Drummond (c 1475 &ndash 1502 was a daughter of John Drummond 1st Lord Drummond and a mistress of King James IV of Scotland. Janet Kennedy (c 1480 &ndash c 1545) the first daughter of John Kennedy 2nd Lord Kennedy, became a mistress of King James IV of Scotland James Stewart Earl of Moray (c 1499 - 1544 was the illegitimate son of James IV of Scotland and his mistress Janet Kennedy. title Earl of Moray (pronounced "Murry" has been created several times in the Peerage of Scotland. Sir James "Hearty James" Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan of the third creation (1442-1499 the second son of Sir James Stewart "the Black Knight of Lorne" Janet Stewart Lady Fleming (or Jane, Jenny, Joan, Jean, or Johanna; c This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Auld Alliance (Vieille Alliance auld-alliansen refers to a series of treaties offensive and defensive in nature between Scotland and France aimed specifically This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The new king of England, Henry VIII, attempted to invade France in 1513, and James reacted by declaring war on England. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Hoping to take advantage of Henry's absence, he led an invading army southward, only to be killed, with many of his nobles and common soldiers, at the disastrous Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai. The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in the county of Northumberland, in northern England on September 9, 1513, Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. A body, thought to be his, was recovered from the battlefield and taken to London for burial. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Because he was excommunicated, the embalmed body lay unburied for many years in the monastery of Sheen in Surrey, and was lost after the Reformation. Surrey is a county in the South East of England and is one of the Home Counties. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time James' bloodstained coat was sent to Henry VIII of England (then on campaign in France) by his queen Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Catherine of Aragon (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 also known as Catharine, Katherine or Katharine ( Castilian Infanta Catalina [2]
Rumours persisted that James had survived and had gone into exile, but there is no evidence to support them.
Legacy
James's decision to invade England is often seen as ill-considered. However it has been argued that it can be criticised only if Scotland was not entitled to pursue an independent foreign policy, and the military force was adequate for the task, but the Battle of Flodden was lost through poor generalship. Undoubtedly his death ushered in a period of prolonged instability in Scotland.
James IV is also significant in Scottish history as the last King of Scots who is known to have spoken Scottish Gaelic.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 11 June 1488–9 September 1513: His Grace The King
Ancestors
Notes
References
- James the Fourth, Norman MacDougall (the most recent biography, regarded as definitive). Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Norman Macdougall is a Scottish historian He was senior lecturer in Scottish history at the University of St
- King James IV of Scotland, R. L. Mackie (the most important previous biography).
- Ashley, Mike (2002). British Kings & Queens. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3.
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James IV of Scotland
Born: 17 March 1473 Died: 9 September 1513 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by James III |
King of Scots 11 June 1488–9 September 1513 |
Succeeded by James V |
| Preceded by John II |
Lord of the Isles 1493–1513 |
Succeeded by James V of Scotland |
| Scottish royalty | ||
| Preceded by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany |
Heir of Scotland as heir apparent 17 March 1473–11 June 1488 |
Succeeded by James Stewart, Duke of Ross |
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