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James Hartness
James Hartness
In office
1921 – 1923
Lieutenant Abram W. The Governor of Vermont is the Governor ( Chief executive, Head of government) of the U Here is a list of Lieutenant Governors of Vermont in chronological order As the independent Vermont Republic As the U Foote
Preceded by Percival W. Clement
Succeeded by Redfield Proctor, Jr.
Born September 3, 1861(1861-09-03)
Schenectady, New York
Died February 2, 1934 (aged 72)
Springfield, Vermont
Political party Republican
Spouse Lena Pond
Profession Inventor

James Hartness (September 3, 1861 - February 2, 1934) was an American inventor; a mechanical engineer; an entrepreneur who mentored other inventors to develop their machine tool products and create a thriving industrial center in southeastern Vermont; an amateur astronomer who fostered the construction of telescopes by amateurs in his town; an early aviator who built one of Vermont’s first airports; and Governor of Vermont from 1921 to 1923. Percival Wood Clement ( July 7, 1846 January 9, 1927) was a U Redfield Proctor Jr ( April 13, 1879 &ndash February 5, 1957) was a U Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing A machine tool is a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by Machining, which is the selective removal of metal Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena The Governor of Vermont is the Governor ( Chief executive, Head of government) of the U

Contents

Biographical

Hartness was born in Schenectady, New York, one of three sons. Schenectady (skəˈnɛktədi Θkahnéhtati in Tuscarora) is a City in Schenectady County, New York, United States His family moved to Cleveland, Ohio in 1863 where his father was a foreman in local machine shops and Hartness attended public school. Hartness worked up through the ranks in machine shops in Connecticut before moving to Springfield, Vermont, where he had a brilliant career as an innovator of machine tools. Springfield is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. He became one of the nation’s first aviators and became a one-term governor of the state of Vermont. He had two daughters, Anna and Helen. His daughter, Helen (Helen Hartness Flanders), was a noted folk song collector who married Ralph Flanders, a U.S. Senator from Vermont[1] Hartness died in Springfield in 1934. Helen Hartness Flanders ( May 19, 1890 &ndash May 23, 1972) a native of the U Traditional music is the term now used in the terminology of Grammy Awards for what used to be called " folk music " Ralph Edward Flanders (September 28 1880 – February 19 1970 was an American Mechanical engineer, Industrialist and Republican U The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. He is buried in the Summer Hill Cemetery in Springfield, not far from his mansion. The Hartness mansion is now (as of 2007) the "Hartness House", a bed-and-breakfast hotel and restaurant.

Engineering innovation and entrepreneurship

At age 16, Hartness began his career in machine shops. At age 21 he became a foreman in a bolt and nut plant in Winsted, Connecticut, moving in 1886 to Torrington, Connecticut to work as a tool-maker and foreman at the Union Hardware Company. Tool and die makers are highly skilled workers in the manufacturing industry. His lifetime achievement of more than 100 patents began here with patents of locks, roller skates and bicycle pedal mechanisms. He also worked briefly in 1888 for Pratt & Whitney in Hartford, Connecticut and Eaton, Cole and Burnham Co. Pratt & Whitney is an American Aircraft engine manufacturer of products widely used in both civil and military aircraft. in Bridgeport, Connecticut. [1]

Hartness 3x36 flat turret lathe with cross sliding head, equipped for bar work.
Hartness 3x36 flat turret lathe with cross sliding head, equipped for bar work. [2]

In 1889 he moved to Springfield, Vermont to become the superintendent at the struggling Jones and Lamson (J&L) Machine Company. Springfield is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. A trained machinist, Hartness had been known in his early career as an innovator and used this creative energy to revitalize the company. A machinist is a person who uses Machine tools to make or modify parts primarily Metal parts a process known as Machining. He invented the flat turret lathe, together with a greatly expanded array of accessory tools, which increased efficiency and productivity and was especially well adapted to the burgeoning automobile industry. The turret lathe is a form of metalworking lathe that is used for repetitive production of duplicate parts (which by the nature of their cutting process are usually interchangeable [3][1][4] The flat turret lathe improved upon earlier turret lathes via greater rigidity, allowing higher precision, higher speeds and feeds, and longer cuts. The phrase speeds and feeds refers to two separate velocities in Machine tool practice cutting speed and feed rate. All of these advantages allowed better parts to be made faster, and thus less expensively, which made the lathe highly desirable to manufacturers. Hartness arranged to receive a $100 royalty on each machine.

Hartness changed J&L’s business model from making a wide variety of machines to order to specializing in the manufacturing and improving of this one product. With rapid acceptance of this machine tool, orders reached 10 units per day from the manufacturing sector. As a result, Hartness reportedly received up to $1,000 per day in royalties. [5] He also introduced appealing and informative catalogues to market the new Jones and Lamson products. Hartness acquired a large interest in J&L. He became manager in 1896 and president in 1901 until his retirement in 1933. [3]

In 1915 Hartness reluctantly decided to engage in “war business,” heeding his brother John’s pleas from the London office of J&L. During World War I Hartness, as a representative of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), became Chairman of the National Screw-Thread Commission, the mission of which was to create international standards for the measurement and sizing of screw-threads. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

Bar work—Pieces made by a turret lathe from a long bar of stock
Bar work—Pieces made by a turret lathe from a long bar of stock[2]

Hartness discouraged modernizing of the Hartness Flat Turret Lathe. Nevertheless, it remained a very successful product until after Hartness's retirement, when a new J&L turret lathe model by John Lovely finally replaced it. [3]

Hartness’s interest in the measurement and standardization led to his invention of an optical device that allowed the profile of small parts to be illuminated and compared with their desired outline. Traditionally, mechanics used a mechanical gauge to assess whether screws were to specifications. Hartness employed his knowledge of optics and magnification to devise a much more practical optical method for measurement. [5] The Hartness Screw-Thread Comparator was his crowning achievement in the profitability of J&L. [3] Today optical comparators are a common form of equipment in many machine shops. An optical comparator (often simply called a comparator in context is a device that applies the principles of Optics to the Inspection of manufactured

Mentor of machine tool entrepreneurs

Hartness encouraged talented inventors in his employ at J&L to strike out on their own as entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur is a person who has possession over a company enterprise, or Venture, and assumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and the outcome These included three Springfield companies and one Windsor, Vermont company:

James Hartness with his most successful invention, the flat turret lathe, ca. 1920. Jones & Lamson publicity photo.
James Hartness with his most successful invention, the flat turret lathe, ca. 1920. Jones & Lamson publicity photo.

The companies started by these men helped make Springfield and Windsor a prosperous manufacturing region, thanks not to its access to raw materials or markets, but due to a pool of talented engineers and machinists.

His son-in-law, Ralph Flanders, reported that Hartness examined “some of the elements which go into making workmen both contented and productive” in his book The Human Factor in Works Management. [3] His Hartness Turret Lathe Manual starts with the statement:

“ Since the machine is only an implement, it cannot be considered a thing entirely apart from the man. In fact, the man is the greater part. The personal welfare of the operator must be considered. This is something more than the man’s relation to the machine. It includes an equally important phase—his relationship to other men and to his environment in general. [2] ”

In a sense Hartness was responding to the era's enthusiastic fervor for scientific management, which Hartness and many others felt did not adequately address the psychology of how to manage employees as human beings and maintain their respect.

Hartness was an active member of the following engineering, scientific, and arts societies:

His life achievements were recognized with honorary degrees from the University of Vermont (MA in 1910 and LLD in 1921) and Yale University (MA). SAE International (SAE is a professional organization for mobility engineering professionals in the Aerospace, Automotive, and commercial Vehicle industries The Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE is the British Engineering society concerned with Mechanical engineering The American Association for the Advancement of Science (or AAAS) is an organization that promotes cooperation between Scientists defends scientific freedom encourages Founded in 1866 The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a multidisciplinary professional institution dedicated to the entire global Aerospace The Aero Club of America issued the first pilot's licenses in the US The Franklin Institute awarded Hartness the Edward Longstreth Medal in 1921, recognizing his contributions to mechanical engineering. This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia For the Boston school see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology. [1] In the same year the American Philosophical Society awarded the John Scott Medal to Hartness for the flat turret lathe, citing its usefulness in making artillery. The American Philosophical Society is a discussion group founded in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin as an offshoot of his earlier club the Junto. [6]

Aviation

James Hartness with Charles Lindbergh at Springfield, Vermont's airport in July, 1927. Image courtesy of Springfield Art & Historical Society.
James Hartness with Charles Lindbergh at Springfield, Vermont's airport in July, 1927. Image courtesy of Springfield Art & Historical Society.

Hartness first flew in Germany in 1913 in a hydrogen-filled airship, designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin. Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" Ferdinand Adolf August Heinrich Graf von Zeppelin mostly called Count Zeppelin) ( July 8, 1838 – March 8, 1917) was a In 1914, Hartness learned to fly a 35-horsepower Wright Flyer near Garden City, New York. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Garden City New York is a village in central Nassau County, New York, in the USA, which was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney He obtained his pilot's license from the Aero Club of America. The Aero Club of America issued the first pilot's licenses in the US [7] He encouraged, and served as president of, the Vermont Aero Club. He donated the land for the Springfield Aerodrome to the state, establishing the first airfield in Vermont, now known as "Hartness State Airport".

After his trans-Atlantic flight, Charles Lindbergh toured the United States in the Spirit of St. Louis to promote aviation. He landed in Springfield on July 26, 1927 in his visit to Vermont and spoke at a large gathering at the airport. Hartness hosted Lindbergh at his home. [5]

Crowd attending celebration of Charles Lindbergh's arrival at Springfield, Vermont's airport in July, 1927. Image courtesy of Springfield Art & Historical Society.
Crowd attending celebration of Charles Lindbergh's arrival at Springfield, Vermont's airport in July, 1927. Image courtesy of Springfield Art & Historical Society.

Astronomy

Hartness's Equatorial-Plane Turret Telescope located at the Hartness Mansion in Springfield, Vermont, ca. 1912.
Hartness's Equatorial-Plane Turret Telescope located at the Hartness Mansion in Springfield, Vermont, ca. 1912.

Hartness’s interest in optics and astronomy led to his development of a telescope mount with the revolving dome on an equatorial plane. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. An equatorial mount is a mount that has one rotational axis parallel to the Earth's axis of rotation An additional feature of this telescope, which still stands at the former Hartness Mansion, was that the optics of the telescope passed through a lens in the wall of the dome. This allowed the observer to stay warm in winter. (Conventional telescopes were often contained within domes that opened an aperture for the telescope to gain exposure both to the sky and the ambient air. ) The success of this patent led to more telescope activities and commissions. [5] With Hartness's encouragement and financial support, Russell W. Porter initiated the Springfield Telescope Makers Club. Russell Williams Porter ( December 13, 1871 &ndash February 22, 1949) was an American amateur Astronomer and Explorer The club still celebrates their annual Stellafane gathering in Springfield. The Stellafane Convention is a gathering of amateur telescope makers and amateur astronomers ( Star party) every year in Springfield Vermont, [8]

Governor of Vermont

Hartness was a one-term governor of Vermont from 1921 to 1923. He campaigned on the issue of enticing Vermonters to stay in state rather than seek employment elsewhere. [1] He also promised an improved transportation system and more manufacturing to supplement the traditional agricultural economy. He won the election by a wider margin in the state than Warren Harding, who carried Vermont in the presidential race that year. [5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e “Springfield in Mourning as Last Rites are Held for James Hartness Inventor, Scientist and Ex-Governor”, Springfield (Vermont) Reporter, February 9 
  2. ^ a b c Hartness, James (1910). Hartness Turret Lathe Manual. Springfield, Vermont: Jones and Lamson Machine Company.  
  3. ^ a b c d e Flanders, Ralph (1961). Senator from Vermont. Boston: Little, Brown.  
  4. ^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), James Hartness: a Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best, New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 34-36, LCCN 37016470 
  5. ^ a b c d e Wicks, Frank (November 1999). Renaissance tool man. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  6. ^ “Honors awarded by philosophers, Governor Hartness wins the John Scott Medal for lathe used in artillery, another for Mme. Curie, Stewart Paton, in address, calls radicalism and bolshevism result of cowardice.”, New York Times, June 23, 1921, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=980CE2D7113FE432A25757C2A9629C946095D6CF> 
  7. ^ Roe, Joseph Wickham (1937), James Hartness: a Representative of the Machine Age at Its Best, New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 89-90, LCCN 37016470 
  8. ^ A Brief History of Stellafane Accessed online: September 2, 2007.

Hartness bibliography

Further reading

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