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For the Dad's Army character, see Private James Frazer. Dad’s Army is a British sitcom about the Home Guard in the Second World War. Private James Frazer is a fictional Home Guard platoon member and undertaker portrayed by John Laurie on the BBC television Sitcom

Sir James George Frazer (January 1, 1854, Glasgow, Scotland – May 7, 1941), was a Scottish social anthropologist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of Anthropology (the holistic study of humanity) as it developed in the United States. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Comparative religion is a field of Religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes myths rituals and concepts among the world's religions [1]

His most famous work, The Golden Bough (1890), documents and details similar magical and religious beliefs across the globe. The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion is a wide-ranging comparative study of Mythology and Religion, written by Scottish anthropologist Sir Frazer posited that human belief progressed through three stages: primitive magic, replaced by religion, in turn replaced by science.

Contents

Biography

He studied at the University of Glasgow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with honors in Classics (his dissertation would be published years later as The Growth of Plato's Ideal Theory) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life. The University of Glasgow (Oilthigh Ghlaschu was founded in 1451 in Glasgow, Scotland and along with its contemporary institutions the University of St Andrews Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece He went on from Trinity to study law at the Middle Temple and yet never practised. The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English Bar as Barristers He was four times elected to Trinity's Title Alpha Fellowship, and was associated with the college for most of his life, except for a year, 1907-1908, spent at the University of Liverpool. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The University of Liverpool is a University in the city of Liverpool, England. He was knighted in 1914 . He was, if not blind, then severely visually impaired from 1930 on. He and his wife, Lily, died within a few hours of each other. They are buried at the Ascension Parish Burial Ground in Cambridge, England. The Ascension Parish Burial Ground, formerly St Giles and St Peter's Parish is a Cemetery just off Huntingdon Road in the north-west of Cambridge, England The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

The study of myth and religion became his areas of expertise. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Except for Italy and Greece, Frazer was not widely traveled. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία His prime sources of data were ancient histories and questionnaires mailed to missionaries and Imperial officials all over the globe. Frazer's interest in social anthropology was aroused by reading E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (1871) and encouraged by his friend, the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, who was linking the Old Testament with early Hebrew folklore. Sir Edward Burnett Tylor ( October 2 1832 &ndash January 2 1917) was an English Anthropologist. William Robertson Smith ( 8 November, 1846 – 31 March, 1894) was a Scottish orientalist, Old Testament scholar

Frazer was far from being the first to study religions dispassionately, as a cultural phenomenon rather than from within theology. He was, though, the first to detail the relations between myths and rituals. In traditional societies myth and ritual are two central components of religious practice His theories of totemism were superseded by Claude Lévi-Strauss and his vision of the annual sacrifice of the Year King has not been borne out by field studies. A totem is any supposed entity that watches over or assists a group of people such as a family Clan or tribe ( Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Webster's Claude Lévi-Strauss (klod levi stʁos born 28 November 1908 is a French Anthropologist. His generation's choice of Darwinian evolution as a social paradigm, interpreted by Frazer as three rising stages of human progress -- magic giving rise to religion, then culminating in science -- has not proved valid. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution. The word paradigm ( Greek:παράδειγμα (paradigmacomposite from para- and the verb δείχνυμι "to show" as a whole -roughly- meaning "example" [2] Yet The Golden Bough, his study of ancient cults, rites, and myths, including their parallels with early Christianity, arguably his greatest work, is still rifled by modern mythographers for its detailed information. The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion is a wide-ranging comparative study of Mythology and Religion, written by Scottish anthropologist Sir Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Notably, The Golden Bough influenced René Girard; and led him to study anthropology to develop his mimesis theory of the scapegoat. René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon, France) is a world-renowned French Historian, Literary critic Mimesis ( μίμησις from μιμεîσθαι) is a critical and Philosophical term that carries a wide range of meanings including scapegoat was a Goat that was driven off into the wilderness as part of the ceremonies of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement in Judaism during the times The work's influence spilled well over the conventional bounds of academia, however; the symbolic cycle of life, death and rebirth which Frazer divined behind myths of all pedigrees captivated a whole generation of artists and poets. Perhaps the most notable product of this fascination is T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. The Waste Land ( 1922) is a highly influential 434-line modernist poem by T More recently it was an influence on the ending of Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now (a copy of The Golden Bough figures in one of the final shots of the film). Francis Ford "Frank" Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is a five-time Academy Award -winning American Film director,

The first edition, in two volumes, was published in 1890. The third edition was finished in 1915 and ran to twelve volumes, with a supplemental thirteenth volume added in 1936. He also published a single volume abridgement, largely compiled by his wife Lady Frazer, in 1922, with some controversial material removed from the text. [3]

Jane Ellen Harrison, a respected historian of Greek religion and a Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, gave Frazer's immensely popular work academic credibility, and it has retained the reputation of a middle-brow classic. Jane Ellen Harrison ( September 9, 1850 &ndash April 5, 1928) was a ground-breaking British classical scholar linguist Used colloquially as a Noun or Adjective, highbrow is synonymous with Intellectual; as an adjective it also means Elite [4]

Frazer's pioneering work[5] has come under criticism by more recent scholars, following a series of critical, even vituperative articles by Edmund Leach, one of which was selected as the lead article in Anthopology Today, vol. Sir Edmund Ronald Leach ( November 7, 1910 &ndash January 6, 1989) was a British social anthropologist. 1 (1985);[6] in part Frazer's Golden Bough was criticised for the breadth of comparisons drawn from widely separated cultures, and is often based on the abridged edition, which omits the supportive archaeological details. In a positive review of a work narrowly focusing on the cultus in the Hittite city of Nerik, J. This article discusses cult in the original and typically ancient sense of "religious practice" (cultus D. Hawkins remarked approvingly in 1973, "The whole work is very methodical and sticks closely to the fully quoted documentary evidence in a way that would have been unfamiliar to the late Sir James Frazer. "[7]

Selected works

See also

References

  1. ^ Mary Beard, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough" Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34. 2 (April 1992:203-224).
  2. ^ See social darwinism and human progress. Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Social progress is defined as the changing of society toward the ideal
  3. ^ For the history of The Golden Bough see R. Fraser, The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (London, 1990).
  4. ^ Some non-academioc factors in this middle-brow popularity are the main concern of Mary Beard, op. cit. below.
  5. ^ "For those who see Frazer's work as the start of anthropological study in its modern sense, the site and the cult of Nemi must hold a particular place: This colourful but minor backwater of Roman religion marks the source of the discipline of Social Anthropology", remarks Mary Beard, in noting the critical reassment of Frazer's work following Edmund Leach, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough" Comparative Studies in Society and History 34. Social anthropology is the branch of Anthropology that studies how currently living human beings behave in social groups Social anthropology is the branch of Anthropology that studies how currently living human beings behave in social groups Sir Edmund Ronald Leach ( November 7, 1910 &ndash January 6, 1989) was a British social anthropologist. 2 (April 1992:203-224), p. 204.
  6. ^ Leach, "Reflections on a visit to Nemi: did Frazer get it wrong?", Anthropolgy Today 1 (1985)
  7. ^ Hawkins, reviewing Volkert Haas, Der Kult von Nerik: ein Beitrag zur hethitischen Religionsgeschichte, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 36. 1 (1973:128).

External links

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