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For other uses, see James Garner (disambiguation). James Garner (born 1928 is a film and television star James Garner may also refer to James Bert Garner, American chemist and inventor
James Garner

James Garner in 1987
Born James Scott Bumgarner[1]
April 7, 1928 (1928-04-07) (age 80)
Norman, Oklahoma, USA
Spouse(s) Lois Clarke (1956-present)

James Garner (born April 7, 1928) is an American film and Emmy-award winning television actor. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Norman is the largest city in and the County seat of Cleveland County in the U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works

He has starred in several television series spanning a career of more than five decades. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U These included his roles as Bret Maverick, in the popular 1950s western-comedy series, Maverick; Jim Rockford, in the popular 1970s detective drama, The Rockford Files; and the father of Katey Sagal's character on 8 Simple Rules following the death of John Ritter. For a more comprehensive article about the character named Bret Maverick created by Roy Huggins and portrayed by James Garner, see Maverick (TV series. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Western is a fiction Genre seen in Film, Television, Radio, Literature, Painting and other Visual arts. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Maverick is a Comedy - western television series created by Roy Huggins that ran from September 22, 1957 to July 8 Jim Rockford is a Fictional character on the Television series The Rockford Files. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. The Rockford Files is an American Detective ( Private investigator) Television Drama that had its first run on the Katey Sagal (born Catherine Louise Sagal on January 19, 1954) is a Golden Globe -nominated American actress and 8 Simple Rules (Also known as 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter) was an American television Sitcom that originally Jonathan Southworth “John” Ritter ( September 17, 1948 &ndash September 11 He has starred in dozens of movies, including The Great Escape (1963) with Steve McQueen; Paddy Chayefsky's The Americanization of Emily (1964) and Blake Edwards' Victor/Victoria (1982), both with Julie Andrews; and Murphy's Romance (1985) with Sally Field, for which he received an Academy Award nomination. The Great Escape is a popular 1963 War film about the 250 Allied prisoners of war escaping from a German POW camp Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24 1930 – November 7 1980 was an American movie Actor, nicknamed "The King of Cool" Sidney Aaron Chayefski ( January 29, 1923 &ndash August 1, 1981) known as Paddy Chayefsky was an acclaimed dramatist who transitioned The Americanization of Emily is a 1964 American comedy-drama War film directed by Arthur Hiller and written by Paddy Blake Edwards (born July 26, 1922) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, Screenwriter, and producer ---- Victor/Victoria is a 1982 Musical comedy film which involves Transvestism and Sexual identity as central themes Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (born Julia Elizabeth Wells on October 1 1935) is an award-winning English Actress Murphy's Romance is a 1985 romance/comedy Film adapted by Harriet Frank Jr Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American two-time Academy Award -winning actress "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film.

Contents

Biography

Early life

Garner, the youngest of three children, was born as James Scott Bumgarner in Norman, Oklahoma, the son of Mildred Meek[2] and Weldon Warren Bumgarner, a carpet layer. Norman is the largest city in and the County seat of Cleveland County in the U [1] His mother, who was part Cherokee, died when he was four years old. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact [3] After their mother's death, Garner and his brothers were sent to live with relatives. Garner was reunited with his family in 1934, when Weldon remarried.

Garner grew to hate his stepmother, Wilma, who beat all three boys, but especially young James. When he was fourteen, Garner finally had enough of his 'wicked stepmother' and after a particularly heated battle, she left for good. James' brother Jack commented, "She was a damn no-good woman". [4] Garner admitted that his stepmother punished him by forcing him to wear a dress in public, and that he finally engaged in a physical fight with her, knocking her down and choking her to keep her from killing him in retaliation. This incident ended the marriage. [5]

Shortly after the breakup of the marriage, Weldon Bumgarner moved to Los Angeles while Garner and his brothers remained in Norman. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West After working at several jobs he disliked, at sixteen, Garner joined the United States Merchant Marine. Overview The merchant marine is a civilian auxiliary of the U He fared well in the work and with shipmates, but suffered from chronic seasickness. Seasickness is a form of Motion sickness characterized by a feeling of Nausea and in extreme cases vertigo experienced after spending time on a craft At seventeen, he joined his father in Los Angeles and enrolled at Hollywood High School, where he was voted the most popular student. This article is about Hollywood High school a secondary school

A high school gym teacher recommended him for a job modeling Jantzen bathing suits at this time. A model is a person who is posed or displayed for the purpose of Art, Fashion, or other products and Advertising. Jantzen Swimwear was founded in Portland Oregon in 1910 Jantzen’s “Red Diving Girl” logo is recognized worldwide [6] It paid well, $25 dollars an hour, but, in his first interview for the Archives of American Television,[7] he said he hated modeling, and soon quit and returned to Norman. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been There he played football and basketball, as well as competing on the track and golf teams, for Norman High School. [8]

Later, he joined the National Guard. For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. He served in the Army in the Korean War, where he received two Purple Hearts, one from shrapnel and one from friendly fire. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to those who have been wounded or killed while serving Shrapnel is the term originally applied to an anti-personnel artillery shell which carried a large number of individual bullets to the target and then ejected them forwards relying [6] Garner was a self described "scrounger" for his company in Korea (he would later use this experience for his character in the The Great Escape). [9]

In 1954, a friend, Paul Gregory, whom Garner had met while attending Hollywood High School, convinced Garner to take a non-speaking role in the Broadway production of The Caine Mutiny Court Martial, where he was able to study actor Henry Fonda night after night. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial is a two-act play by Herman Wouk, which he adapted from his own Novel, The Caine Mutiny. Henry Jaynes Fonda ( May 16, 1905 – August 12, 1982) was an American Academy Award -winning Film and Garner subsequently moved to television commercials and eventually to television roles. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced His first movie appearances were in The Girl He Left Behind and Toward the Unknown in 1956. Toward the Unknown is a 1956 movie about the dawn of supersonic flight filmed on location at Edwards Air Force Base.

He changed his last name from Bumgarner to Garner after the studio had credited him as "James Garner" without permission. He then legally changed it when his first child was born, as he decided she had too many names. [7] His brother Jack also had an acting career and changed his surname to Garner too. His other, non-actor brother, Charlie, retained the Bumgarner surname.

Acting career

Maverick

After forty supporting feature film roles, including Sayonara with Marlon Brando, Garner got his big break playing the role of professional gambler Bret Maverick in the comedy Western series Maverick from 1957 to 1960. Sayonara ( 1957) is a Film which tells the story of an American Air Force flier who was a fighter "Ace" during the Marlon Brando Jr (April 3 1924 – July 1 2004 was an Academy Award -winning American Actor, whose body of work spanned over half a century For a more comprehensive article about the character named Bret Maverick created by Roy Huggins and portrayed by James Garner, see Maverick (TV series. Maverick is a Comedy - western television series created by Roy Huggins that ran from September 22, 1957 to July 8 No one but Garner and series creator Roy Huggins thought the series could compete with The Ed Sullivan Show and The Steve Allen Show, but Maverick eventually made Garner a household name. Roy Huggins ( July 18, 1914 &ndash April 3, 2002) was a novelist and an influential writer/creator The Ed Sullivan Show was an American television Variety show that ran from June 20, 1948 to June 6, Steve Allen, born Stephen Valentine Patrick William Allen ( December 26 1921 – October 30 2000) was an American Various actors had recurring roles as Maverick foils, including Efrem Zimbalist, Jr as "Dandy Jim Buckley," Richard Long as "Gentleman Jack Darby," and Diane Brewster as "Samantha Crawford," while the series veered effortlessly from comedy to adventure and back again. Efrem Zimbalist Jr (born November 30 1918 is an American actor known for his starring roles in the television series 77 Sunset Strip and The F Richard Long is a name shared by the following individuals English political figures Richard Long (courtier (c Diane Brewster ( 11 March 1931 in Kansas City Missouri – 12 November 1991 in Studio City, California) The relationship with Huggins, the creator and original producer of Maverick, would later pay dividends for Garner.

Garner was the sole star of Maverick for the first seven episodes but production demands forced the studio, Warner Brothers, to create a Maverick brother, Bart, played by Jack Kelly. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Jack Kelly (born in Astoria Queens, New York, September 16, 1927 &mdash died November 7, 1992, in Huntington This allowed two production units to film different story lines and episodes simultaneously. The series also featured popular cross-over episodes featuring both Maverick brothers, including the famous "Shady Deal at Sunny Acres," upon which the first half of the 1975 movie The Sting appears to be based. Shady Deal at Sunny Acres, starring James Garner and Jack Kelly, remains the most famous and widely discussed episode of the Western Comedy The Sting is a 1973 Caper film set in September 1936 and revolving around a complicated plot by two professional grifters ( Paul Critics were postive about Garner and Kelly's chemistry, but Garner quit the series in the third season because of a dispute with Warner Brothers. The studio attempted to replace Garner's character with a Maverick cousin who had lived in Britain long enough to pick up an English accent, played by Roger Moore, but Moore quit the series due to a decline in script quality after only 15 episodes, saying that if he had had stories like Garner's early ones, he would have stayed. Sir Roger George Moore KBE (born 14 October 1927) is an English Actor. Warner Brothers also dressed Robert Colbert, a Garner look-alike, in Bret Maverick's outfit and called the character Brent, but Brent Maverick did not catch on with viewers and Colbert made only two episodes toward the end of the season, leaving the rest of the series run to Kelly (alternating with reruns of episodes with Garner). Robert Colbert (born July 26 1931 in Long Beach California) is an American actor most noted for his leading role portraying Dr This site serves as an adjunct due to article space constraints to Maverick, a page about the 1957 Western television series created by Roy Huggins

When Charlton Heston turned down the lead role of Darby's Rangers, Garner was selected and performed well in the role, with Warner Brothers subsequently giving him lead roles in other films such as Up Periscope and Cash McCall. Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4 1923 &ndash April 5 2008) was an American Actor of Darby's Rangers is a 1958 Warner Brothers Black and white War film starring James Garner as William Orlando Darby Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Up Periscope is a 1959 World War II drama starring James Garner as a Navy Frogman fighting the Japanese Cash McCall is a 1960 movie starring James Garner and Natalie Wood, based upon the novel of the same name by Cameron Hawley about

1960s

In the 1960s he starred in such films as The Thrill of It All and Move Over, Darling, both with Doris Day, Boys' Night Out with Kim Novak and Tony Randall, The Great Escape, The Americanization of Emily with Julie Andrews and James Coburn, The Art of Love with Dick Van Dyke and Elke Sommer, and Support Your Local Sheriff! with Joan Hackett, Walter Brennan, Harry Morgan, and Jack Elam. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Thrill of It All ( 1963) is a Romantic comedy film directed by Norman Jewison starring Doris Day, James Garner, Move Over Darling (aka Somethings Gotta Give) is a 1963 Remake of the 1940 Screwball comedy My Favorite Doris Mary Anne von Kappelhoff (born April 3, 1922) is an American Singer, actress, and animal welfare advocate known as Boys' Night Out is an American Comedy film released in 1962, starring Kim Novak, James Garner, and Tony Randall, and directed Kim Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American actress, who was one of her nation's most popular movie stars in the late 1950s Tony Randall ( February 26, 1920 &ndash May 17, 2004) was an American comic and Actor. The Great Escape is a popular 1963 War film about the 250 Allied prisoners of war escaping from a German POW camp The Americanization of Emily is a 1964 American comedy-drama War film directed by Arthur Hiller and written by Paddy Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (born Julia Elizabeth Wells on October 1 1935) is an award-winning English Actress James Harrison Coburn Jr ( 31 August &ndash 18 November) was an American film and television actor known for his charisma and natural charm The Art of Love ( 1965) is a comedy Film starring James Garner, Dick Van Dyke, Elke Sommer, and Angie Richard Wayne “Dick” Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American Actor, Presenter and Entertainer, with a Elke Sommer (born 5 November, 1940) born Elke Schletz, is a German -born actress, Entertainer, and Artist. Support Your Local Sheriff! is a 1968 American comic Western film which parodies the often-filmed scenerio of an iconoclastic new arrival who tames Joan Hackett ( March 1, 1934 – October 8, 1983) was an American actress who appeared on stage in films and on television Walter Brennan ( July 25 1894 – September 21 1974) was a three-time Academy Award winning American Actor. Harry Morgan (born Harry Bratsburg on April 10, 1915 in Detroit Michigan) is an Emmy -winning American television Jack Elam ( November 13 1920 &mdash October 20 2003) was an American film actor best known for his numerous roles as villains

The racing film Grand Prix, directed by John Frankenheimer, left Garner with a fascination for car racing. Grand Prix is an action film released in 1966. It was directed by John Frankenheimer with music by Maurice Jarre. John Michael Frankenheimer ( February 19, 1930 &ndash July 6, 2002) was an American Film director. Unlike Paul Newman and Steve McQueen, Garner was not as successful in his real-life racing exploits. Paul Leonard Newman (January 26 1925 &ndash September 26 2008 was an Academy Award Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24 1930 – November 7 1980 was an American movie Actor, nicknamed "The King of Cool" The Americanization of Emily, a literate anti-war D-Day comedy, featured a script by Paddy Chayefsky and has remained Garner's favorite of all his work. The Americanization of Emily is a 1964 American comedy-drama War film directed by Arthur Hiller and written by Paddy Sidney Aaron Chayefski ( January 29, 1923 &ndash August 1, 1981) known as Paddy Chayefsky was an acclaimed dramatist who transitioned [10][11] In The Great Escape, Garner played the second lead for the only time during the decade, supporting fellow ex-TV series cowboy Steve McQueen. The Great Escape is a popular 1963 War film about the 250 Allied prisoners of war escaping from a German POW camp Terrence Steven "Steve" McQueen (March 24 1930 – November 7 1980 was an American movie Actor, nicknamed "The King of Cool"

In 1969, Garner joined a long list of actors to play Raymond Chandler's Phillip Marlowe, in Marlowe. Raymond Thornton Chandler ( July 23, 1888 &ndash March 26, 1959) was an American Author of crime stories and novels Marlowe ( 1969) is a Neo-noir drama film directed by Paul Bogart. Chandler had written the character while visualizing Cary Grant in the role, but Grant never took the part himself. Dick Powell, Humphrey Bogart, Robert Mitchum, and even Elliot Gould all took turns at it, but it was Garner's version that featured Bruce Lee dropping by his office to smash everything into pieces in one of the first displays of Kung Fu techniques in popular media. Richard Ewing "Dick" Powell ( November 14, 1904 – January 2, 1963) was an American Singer, Actor, Robert Charles Durman Mitchum ( August 6, 1917 &ndash July 1, 1997) was an Academy Award nominated American film Elliott Gould (born August 29, 1938) is an Academy Award -nominated American actor Bruce Lee ( November 27 1940 – July 20 1973 was an American-born Martial artist, Philosopher, instructor, Martial arts actor and the Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymous with Chinese Martial arts.

1970s

In 1971, Garner returned to television in an offbeat western called Nichols. Nichols (also known as James Garner as Nichols) was a Western Television series starring James Garner broadcast in the The motorcycle-riding character was killed in what became the final episode of the single-season series. Garner was re-cast as the character's more normal twin brother, in the hopes of creating a more popular series with few cast changes. The network changed the show's title to James Garner as Nichols during its second month in a vain attempt to rally the sagging ratings. According to Garner's videotaped Archive of American Television interview, Garner had Nichols killed in the last episode so that a sequel could never be filmed. The Archive of American Television is a division of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation that films interviews with notable people from all aspects of the

The Rockford Files

In the 1970s, Roy Huggins had an idea to redo Maverick, but this time as a modern-day private detective. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Roy Huggins ( July 18, 1914 &ndash April 3, 2002) was a novelist and an influential writer/creator Huggins teamed with co-creator Stephen J. Cannell, and the pair tapped Garner to attempt to rekindle the success of Maverick, eventually recycling many of the plots from the original series. Stephen Joseph Cannell, (born February 5, 1941; ˈkænəl rhymes with "channel" is an American Television producer, Writer Starting with the 1974 season, Garner appeared as private investigator Jim Rockford in The Rockford Files. A private investigator or private detective (often shortened to PI or private eye) is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake The Rockford Files is an American Detective ( Private investigator) Television Drama that had its first run on the He appeared for six seasons, for which he received an Emmy Award for Best Actor in 1977. Veteran character actor Noah Beery, Jr. played Rockford's father, Joseph "Rocky" Rockford, while Gretchen Corbett portrayed Rockford's lawyer and sometime lover until she left the series over a salary dispute with the studio. Noah Lindsey Beery ( August 10, 1913 – November 1, 1994) known professionally as Noah Beery Jr Gretchen Corbett is an American actress most noted for the role of "Beth Davenport" on the television series The Rockford Files from 1974 to 1978 Garner also invited yet another familiar actor Joe Santos, who played Rockford's friend in the Los Angeles Police Department, Detective Dennis Becker. Joe Santos (born June 9, 1931) is an American Film and Television Actor. Rounding out the cast was character actor and friend of Garner's who had previously co-starred with him on Nichols, Stuart Margolin, playing Jim's ex-cell mate and less-than-trustworthy friend 'Angel' Martin. Stuart Margolin (born January 31 1940 in Davenport Iowa) is an American Film and Television Actor and In the first episode of Season Six, Paradise Cove, Mariette Hartley guest-starred as Court Auditor Althea Morgan. Mary Loretta "Mariette" Hartley (born June 21, 1940) is an American character actress. Critics noted that The Rockford Files took iconoclasm to new heights, by portraying almost everyone in authority as mean-spirited, wrong-headed, or plain stupid.

Garner himself ultimately ended the run of the show, despite consistently high ratings, because of the high physical toll on his body. [12] Appearing in nearly every scene of the series, doing many of his own stunts — including one that injured his back — was wearing him out. [12] A knee injury from his National Guard days worsened in the wake of the continuous jumping and rolling, and he was hospitalized with a bleeding ulcer in 1979. [12]

Garner later appeared with Rockford Files co-star Hartley in a series of Polaroid Camera commercials. For the Polaroid instant camera see Instant camera. For the company see Polaroid Corporation.

Margolin said of his longtime colleague that despite Garner's health problems in the later years of The Rockford Files, he would often work long shifts, unusual for a starring actor, staying to do off-camera lines with other actors, doing his own stunts despite his knee problems. [12] When Garner made The Rockford Files TV movies, he said that 22 people (with the exception of series' co-star Beery, who died late in 1994) came out of retirement, and he was very happy that the entire family was back together again. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic [12]

In July 1983, Garner filed suit against Universal Studios for $16. Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 million in connection with his on-going dispute from The Rockford Files. The suit charged Universal with, "breach of contract; failure to deal in good faith and fairly; and fraud and deceit. It was eventually settled out of court in 1989. As part of the agreement Garner could not disclose the amount of the settlement. [4][13]

Garner sued Universal again in 1998 for $2. 2 over syndication royalties. In this suit he charges the studio with "deceiving him and suppressing info about syndication". He was supposed to receive $25,000 per episode that ran in syndication, but Universal charged him "distribution fee". He also felt that the studio did not bid the show out to the highest bidder for the episode reruns. [13]

Later career

Garner returned to his earlier TV role in 1981 in the revival series Bret Maverick, but NBC unexpectedly canceled the show after only one season despite reasonably good ratings. For a more comprehensive article about the character named Bret Maverick created by Roy Huggins and portrayed by James Garner, see Maverick (TV series. Critics noted that most of the scripts did not measure up to the first series, though Garner's performance as a 53-year-old Bret Maverick was almost universally applauded. Jack Kelly (Bart Maverick) was slated to become a series regular had the series been picked up for another season, and he appeared in the last scene of the final episode in a surprise guest role. Jack Kelly (born in Astoria Queens, New York, September 16, 1927 &mdash died November 7, 1992, in Huntington

During the 1980s, Garner played dramatic roles in a number of TV movies, from Heartsounds (with Mary Tyler Moore) to Promise (starring Piper Laurie) and My Name is Bill W.. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Heartsounds is a Autobiographical book written by Martha Weinman Lear (former staff writer and editor for The New York Times Magazine) and first Mary Tyler Moore (born December 29, 1936) is an Academy Award -nominated and seven-time Emmy Award -winning American actress A promise (also called troth) is a Psychological contract indicating a transaction between two persons whereby the first person undertakes in the future Piper Laurie (born January 22, 1932) is an American actress of stage and screen noted for her role in the television series Twin Peaks My Name Is Bill W is a 1989 CBS Television movie directed by Daniel Petrie, starring James Woods and James Garner He was nominated for his first Oscar award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the movie Murphy's Romance, opposite Sally Field. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. An award is something given to a person or a group of people to recognize Excellence in a certain field a certificate of excellence Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize Murphy's Romance is a 1985 romance/comedy Film adapted by Harriet Frank Jr Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American two-time Academy Award -winning actress Field had to fight the studio to have Garner cast, since he was regarded as a TV actor by then despite having co-starred in the box office hit Victor/Victoria opposite Julie Andrews three years earlier. ---- Victor/Victoria is a 1982 Musical comedy film which involves Transvestism and Sexual identity as central themes Dame Julie Elizabeth Andrews, DBE (born Julia Elizabeth Wells on October 1 1935) is an award-winning English Actress In A&E's biography of Garner, Field reported that her on-screen kiss with Garner was the best cinematic kiss she had ever experienced. In 1988, Garner underwent quintuple heart bypass surgery. Coronary artery bypass surgery, also coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery is a surgical procedure Though he rapidly recovered, the doctors insisted that he stop smoking. In 1993, he played the lead in another well-received TV-movie, Barbarians at the Gate, and went on to reprise his role as Jim Rockford in eight The Rockford Files made-for-TV movies, beginning the following year. Barbarians at the Gate The Fall of RJR Nabisco is a 1990 book about the Leveraged buyout (LBO of RJR Nabisco, by investigative journalists The Rockford Files is an American Detective ( Private investigator) Television Drama that had its first run on the The frenetic opening theme song from the original series was rerecorded and slowed to a mournfully funereal pace, and practically everyone in the original cast of recurring characters returned for the new episodes except Beery, who had died in the interim. For the second half of the 80s, Garner appeared in several the North American market of Mazda television commercials as an on screen spokesman. ( is a Japanese automotive manufacturer based in Hiroshima, Japan.

In 1991, Garner starred in Man of the People, a television series about a con man chosen to fill an empty seat on a city council, with Kate Mulgrew and Corinne Bohrer. Katherine Kiernan "Kate" Mulgrew (born April 29 1955 is a American Actress, most famous for her roles as Mary Ryan on Ryan's Hope Corinne Bohrer (born October 18 1958 in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina) is an American movie and television actress Despite reasonably fair ratings, the show was canceled after only 10 episodes. Garner played Wyatt Earp in two very different movies shot 21 years apart, Hour of the Gun in 1967 and Sunset in 1988. Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp ( March 19, 1848 &ndash January 13, 1929) was an American farmer Teamster, sometime buffalo Hour of the Gun is 1967 Western Film about Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday, their 1881 battles against Ike Clanton Sunset is a 1988 western film released by TriStar Pictures. Written and directed by Blake Edwards, the movie stars Bruce Willis The first film was a realistic depiction of the OK Corral shootout and its aftermath, while the second centered around a fictional relationship between Earp and silent movie cowboy star Tom Mix. The Gunfight at the OK Corral was a gunfight that happened at about 3 p Thomas Edwin Mix (born Thomas Hezikiah Mix; January 6, 1880 &ndash October 12, 1940) was an American film Actor The film featured Bruce Willis as Mix in only his second movie role. Walter Bruce Willis (March 19 1955 is an American actor and Singer-songwriter. Although Willis was billed over Garner, the film actually gave more screen time and more emphasis to Earp. Malcolm McDowell played a villainous silent comedian. Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943 is an English Actor.

In 1994, Garner played Marshal Zane Cooper in a movie version of Maverick, with Mel Gibson as Bret Maverick (in the end it is revealed that Garner's character is the father of Gibson's Maverick) and Jodie Foster as a gambling lass with a fake southern accent. Maverick is an Academy Award nominated 1994 Comedy Western movie, based on the 1950s television series Maverick, created Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson, AO (born January 3 1956 Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster (born November 19 1962 is a two-time Academy Award, BAFTA, and Golden Globe -award winning American In 1995, he played lead character Woodrow Call, an ex-lawman, in the TV miseries sequel to Lonesome Dove, Streets of Laredo, based on Larry McMurtry's book. Lonesome Dove, written by Larry McMurtry, is a Pulitzer Prize -winning western novel and the first published book of the Lonesome Dove Streets of Laredo is a novel by Larry McMurtry. Although it was published second it is chronologically last in the Lonesome Dove series. Larry Jeff McMurtry (born June 3, 1936) is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Essayist and Bookseller.

In 1996, Garner and Jack Lemmon teamed up in My Fellow Americans, playing two former presidents, both framed for scandalous activity in their days in the White House. John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (February 8 1925 &ndash June 27 2001 was an American Actor known principally for his comedic roles My Fellow Americans is a 1996 comedy film starring Jack Lemmon and James Garner as feuding ex-presidents In addition to a major recurring role during the last part of the run of TV series Chicago Hope, Garner also starred in a couple of short-lived series, the animated God, the Devil and Bob and First Monday, in which he played a Supreme Court justice. Chicago Hope is an American Emmy Award -winning CBS Medical drama series created by David E God the Devil and Bob is a short-lived Animated television series that was broadcast on NBC in March 2000. First Monday is a short-lived US television Drama centered on the U

In 2000, after an operation to replace both knees, Garner appeared with Clint Eastwood (who had played a villain in the original Maverick series) in the movie Space Cowboys, also featuring Tommy Lee Jones and Donald Sutherland. Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr (born May 31 1930 is a four-time Academy Award winning American Actor and Filmmaker. Space Cowboys is a 2000 comedy / science fiction / adventure by Clint Eastwood and starring Eastwood Tommy Lee Jones Tommy Lee Jones (born September 15, 1946) is an Academy Award - Golden Globe - Screen Actors Guild - and Emmy Award -winning Donald McNicol Sutherland OC (born July 17, 1935) is a Canadian Actor with a film career spanning over 50 years During a mass appearance by the cast on television's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Leno ran a brief clip from Garner and Eastwood's lengthy saloon fistfight during Eastwood's Maverick appearance over forty years earlier. The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is an Emmy Award -winning American late-night Talk show currently hosted by Jay Leno, on In 2002, following the death of James Coburn, Garner took over Coburn's role as TV commercial voiceover for Chevrolet's "Like a Rock" advertising campaign. James Harrison Coburn Jr ( 31 August &ndash 18 November) was an American film and television actor known for his charisma and natural charm Garner continued to voice the commercials until the end of the campaign. Upon the death of John Ritter in 2003, Garner joined the cast of 8 Simple Rules as Grandpa Egan (Cate's father). Jonathan Southworth “John” Ritter ( September 17, 1948 &ndash September 11 8 Simple Rules (Also known as 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter) was an American television Sitcom that originally Originally intended to be a one-shot guest role, he stayed with the series until its end in 2005.

In 2004, Garner starred in the movie version of Nicholas Spark's The Notebook alongside Gena Rowlands as his wife (played in flashbacks by Rachel McAdams), directed by Nick Cassavetes, Rowlands' son. This article is about the author For the other person named Nicholas Sparks see Nicholas Sparks (politician. The Notebook is a 1996 American Romantic novel by Nicholas Sparks that was later adapted into a popular Romance film Gena Rowlands (born June 19 1930) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated four-time Emmy Award -and two-time Golden Globe Award Rachel Anne McAdams (born November 17 1978, often reported as October 7 1976) is a multiple Teen Choice Award and MTV Movie Award Nicholas David Rowland Cassavetes (born May 21, 1959) is an American actor writer and director

Awards

For his contribution to the film and television industry, Garner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard). The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a Sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood Los Angeles California, USA, that In 1990, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Hall of Great Western Performers is a Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City Oklahoma, U The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum is a Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the US state of Oklahoma. In February 2005 he received the Screen Actor's Guild's Lifetime Achievement Award. The Screen Actors Guild ( SAG) is an American labor union representing over 120000 Film and television principal performers and background When actor Morgan Freeman won an award that Garner had also been nominated for, Freeman led the audience in a sing-along of the original Maverick theme song, written by David Buttolph and Paul Francis Webster. Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr (born June 1 1937 is an Academy Award -winning American actor Film director and Narrator. David Buttolph (born James David Buttolph Jr August 3, 1902 – January 1, 1983) was a film composer who scored over 300 movies in his career Paul Francis Webster ( December 20, 1907 – March 18, 1984) was an American lyricist who won three Academy Awards

Personal life

Marriage & Family

Unlike many celebrities, Garner has been married only once. He met Lois Clarke, at an Adlai Stevenson for president rally in 1956. This is about the mid-20th-century politician and diplomat for other American politicians so named see Adlai Stevenson (disambiguation. They married 14 days later on August 17, 1956. "We went to dinner every night for 14 nights. I was just absolutely nuts about her. I spent $77 on our honeymoon, and it about broke me. "[6][14] According to Garner, "Marriage is like the Army; everyone complains, but you'd be surprised at the large number of people who re-enlist. "

Garner has two daughters; Kimberly, a stepdaughter, from Clarke's first marriage, and their daughter Greta 'Gigi' Garner. Greta Garner is a book author, song writer and licensed private investigator. [15]

Health issues

Wounded during the Korean War, with two Purple Hearts, his knees would become chronic problems during the filming of The Rockford Files in the 1970s, with "six or seven knee operations during that time". In 2000 he had both knees surgically replaced. [6]

On April 22, 1988, Garner had quintuple bypass heart surgery. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) [16]

Garner underwent surgery on May 11, 2008 following a mild stroke on May 9. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain [17] His prognosis was reported to be "very positive". [17]

Racing

Garner was an owner of the "American International Racers" (AIR) auto racing team from 1967 through 1969. Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, motor racing or car racing) is a Motorsport involving Racing Cars It The team fielded cars at Le Mans, Daytona, and Sebring endurance races, but is best known for Garner's celebrity status raising publicity in early off-road motor-sports events. The 24 Hours of Le Mans ( 24 Heures du Mans) is a sports car endurance race held annually since near the town of Le Mans, Sarthe, The Rolex 24 at Daytona (frequently referred to by its historical title the 24 Hours of Daytona) is a 24-hour sports car Endurance race held annually at [18] Garner signed a three-year sponsorship contract with American Motors Corporation (AMC). American Motors Corporation (AMC was an American automobile company formed on January 14 1954 by the merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation [19] His shops prepared ten 1969 SC/Ramblers for the Baja 500 race. The Rambler American was an automobile manufactured by the American Motors Corporation (AMC between 1958 and 1969 [20] Garner did not drive in this event because of a film commitment in Spain that year. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Nevertheless, seven of his cars finished the grueling race, taking three of the top five places in the sedan class. [21] Garner also drove the pace car at the Indianapolis 500 race in 1975, 1977, and 1985 (see: list of Indianapolis 500 pace cars). In Motorsport, a safety car or pace car is a car which limits the speed of competing cars on a racetrack in the case of a caution period such The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, often shortened to Indianapolis 500 or Indy 500, and historically known simply as "The 500" is an American The Indianapolis 500 auto race has used a Pace car every year since 1911.

Golf

Garner was an avid golfer for many years. Along with his brother Jack, he played in high school. [8] Jack even attempted a professional golfing career after a brief stint in the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball farm system. [22] He took it up again in the late 1950s to see if he could beat Jack. [6] James was a regular for years at Pebble Beach Pro-Am. [22] In February 1990 at the AT&T Golf Tournament he won the Most Valuable Amateur Trophy. [3]

University of Oklahoma

James Garner is a supporter of the University of Oklahoma, often returning to Norman for school functions. University of Oklahoma, abbreviated OU, is a Coeducational public Research university located in the U Norman is the largest city in and the County seat of Cleveland County in the U He could frequently be seen on the sidelines or in the press box at Oklahoma Sooners football games. Garner received an honorary Doctor of Human Letters degree at OU in 1995. [23] In 2003, to endow the James Garner Chair in the School of Drama, he donated $500,000, half of a pledged $1 million dollars, for the first endowed position at the drama school. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [23][24] Tom H. Orr, the Director for the School of Drama (Acting/Camera Acting) and the Artistic Director University Theatre, currently holds the James Garner Chair at the university. [25][26] On April 21, 2006, a ten-foot tall bronze statue of Garner as Bret Maverick was unveiled in Garner's hometown of Norman, Oklahoma, with Garner present at the ceremony. For a more comprehensive article about the character named Bret Maverick created by Roy Huggins and portrayed by James Garner, see Maverick (TV series. Norman is the largest city in and the County seat of Cleveland County in the U

Politics

Garner is a strong Democratic Party supporter, contributing over $7,500 to Democrats running for Federal office the past seven years, including Dennis Kucinich (for Congress in 2002), Richard Gephardt, John Kerry, Barbara Boxer, and various Democratic committees and groups. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Dennis John Kucinich (kuˈsɪnɪtʃ (born October 8[[ 946]] is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and was a candidate for Richard Andrew "Dick" Gephardt (born January 31, 1941) is a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator Barbara Levy Boxer (born 11 November 1940 is an American Democratic Politician and the current junior U Since 1982 Garner has given at least $29,000 to Federal campaigns, and over $24,000 of that has been to the Democrats. [27] For his role in the 1985 CBS miniseries Space, the character's party affiliation was changed from a Republican (as in the book) to reflect Garner's personal views. Prior to the entry of ex-San Francisco Mayor (later U. S. Senator) Dianne Feinstein, there was an effort by party leaders to persuade James Garner to seek the 1990 Democratic nomination for Governor of California. Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein (ˈfаɪnˌstаɪn (born June 22, 1933) is the senior U The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses

Filmography

See also

References

  1. ^ a b The surname is spelled "Bumgarner" as confirmed by Garner in an interview at Archive of American Television Interview with James Garner Part 1 of 6
  2. ^ Mildred Meek - at Genealogy. Toward the Unknown is a 1956 movie about the dawn of supersonic flight filmed on location at Edwards Air Force Base. The Girl He Left Behind is a 1956 romance movie starring Tab Hunter and Natalie Wood. Shoot-Out at Medicine Bend is a 1957 western movie starring Randolph Scott and featuring James Craig, Angie Dickinson, and James Garner Sayonara ( 1957) is a Film which tells the story of an American Air Force flier who was a fighter "Ace" during the Darby's Rangers is a 1958 Warner Brothers Black and white War film starring James Garner as William Orlando Darby Up Periscope is a 1959 World War II drama starring James Garner as a Navy Frogman fighting the Japanese Alias Jesse James ( 1959) is a Bob Hope western comedy movie that featured a number of movie and television frontiersmen ( James Garner as Cash McCall is a 1960 movie starring James Garner and Natalie Wood, based upon the novel of the same name by Cameron Hawley about The Children's Hour is a 1961 film adaptation of the play of the same name written by Lillian Hellman. Boys' Night Out is an American Comedy film released in 1962, starring Kim Novak, James Garner, and Tony Randall, and directed The Great Escape is a popular 1963 War film about the 250 Allied prisoners of war escaping from a German POW camp The Thrill of It All ( 1963) is a Romantic comedy film directed by Norman Jewison starring Doris Day, James Garner, The Wheeler Dealers (released as Separate Beds in the UK is a 1963 Comedy film starring James Garner and Lee Move Over Darling (aka Somethings Gotta Give) is a 1963 Remake of the 1940 Screwball comedy My Favorite The Americanization of Emily is a 1964 American comedy-drama War film directed by Arthur Hiller and written by Paddy 36 Hours is a 1965 Suspense film, based on a short story by Roald Dahl, starring James Garner, Eva Marie Saint and Rod Taylor The Art of Love ( 1965) is a comedy Film starring James Garner, Dick Van Dyke, Elke Sommer, and Angie A Man Could Get Killed is a 1966 adventure comedy film shot on location around the Mediterranean and starring James Garner, Melina Mercouri Duel at Diablo is a 1966 western film starring James Garner and Sidney Poitier. Mister Buddwing is a ( 1966) American film about a well-dressed man ( James Garner) who finds himself on a bench in Central Park with no idea of Grand Prix is an action film released in 1966. It was directed by John Frankenheimer with music by Maurice Jarre. Hour of the Gun is 1967 Western Film about Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday, their 1881 battles against Ike Clanton How Sweet It Is! is a 1968 comedy movie starring James Garner and Debbie Reynolds, with a supporting cast including Terry-Thomas and Paul The Pink Jungle is a 1968 movie thriller about an adventurous fashion photographer ( James Garner) searching for a diamond mine in the South American Support Your Local Sheriff! is a 1968 American comic Western film which parodies the often-filmed scenerio of an iconoclastic new arrival who tames Marlowe ( 1969) is a Neo-noir drama film directed by Paul Bogart. A Man Called Sledge is a 1970 Spaghetti western starring James Garner in an extremely offbeat role as a grimly evil thief and featuring Support Your Local Gunfighter is a 1971 comic western film starring James Garner and Suzanne Pleshette. Skin Game is a 1971 movie Comedy starring James Garner and Louis Gossett Jr They Only Kill Their Masters is a 1972 mystery movie (released by MGM) starring James Garner and Katharine Ross, with a supporting cast featuring One Little Indian is a 1973 western Walt Disney movie starring James Garner and Vera Miles. The Castaway Cowboy is a 1974 adventure film starring James Garner, Vera Miles, and Robert Culp. HealtH (also known as Health and HEALTH) is a 1980 film directed by Robert Altman. The Fan is a 1981 thriller about a psychotic fan starring Lauren Bacall, Michael Biehn, James Garner and Maureen Stapleton ---- Victor/Victoria is a 1982 Musical comedy film which involves Transvestism and Sexual identity as central themes Heartsounds is a Autobiographical book written by Martha Weinman Lear (former staff writer and editor for The New York Times Magazine) and first Tank is a 1984 comedy, drama, and Action movie starring James Garner, Shirley Jones, and C Murphy's Romance is a 1985 romance/comedy Film adapted by Harriet Frank Jr Sunset is a 1988 western film released by TriStar Pictures. Written and directed by Blake Edwards, the movie stars Bruce Willis The Distinguished Gentleman ( 1992) is a Comedy starring Eddie Murphy. Fire in the Sky is a 1993 Science fiction film, directed by Robert Lieberman, and written by Travis Walton Barbarians at the Gate The Fall of RJR Nabisco is a 1990 book about the Leveraged buyout (LBO of RJR Nabisco, by investigative journalists Maverick is an Academy Award nominated 1994 Comedy Western movie, based on the 1950s television series Maverick, created Streets of Laredo is a novel by Larry McMurtry. Although it was published second it is chronologically last in the Lonesome Dove series. My Fellow Americans is a 1996 comedy film starring Jack Lemmon and James Garner as feuding ex-presidents Twilight was a 1998 thriller / Neo-noir Film directed by Robert Benton. The Last Debate is a 2000 political Film based on the book by and co-written by the Journalist and Writer Jim Lehrer. Space Cowboys is a 2000 comedy / science fiction / adventure by Clint Eastwood and starring Eastwood Tommy Lee Jones Atlantis The Lost Empire is the 40th Disney Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood is a 2002 Film directed by Callie Khouri. The Land Before Time X The Great Longneck Migration (known Internationally as The Land Before Time X The Great Migration) is the tenth film The Notebook is a 1996 American Romantic novel by Nicholas Sparks that was later adapted into a popular Romance film The Ultimate Gift is a film based on author Jim Stovall 's bestselling Novel released on March 9, 2007 in 816 theaters Terra is a 2008 computer animated Science fiction film about a peaceful alien planet which faces destruction from colonization by the displaced Maverick is a Comedy - western television series created by Roy Huggins that ran from September 22, 1957 to July 8 This site serves as an adjunct due to article space constraints to Maverick, a page about the 1957 Western television series created by Roy Huggins The Rockford Files is an American Detective ( Private investigator) Television Drama that had its first run on the com
  3. ^ a b James Garner biography. ABC. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. com.
  4. ^ a b Strait, Raymond . James Garner. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press. 1985. ISBN 0312439679
  5. ^ Grobel, Lawrence. The Art of the Interview. New York: Three Rivers Press. 2004, p. 161. ISBN 1400050715
  6. ^ a b c d e Cunneff, Tom. - "Jim Dandy". - People. People (full name People Weekly) is a weekly American Magazine of Celebrity and human interest stories, published - February 07, 2005. - Retrieved: 2008-05-30
  7. ^ a b James Garner interview at Archive of American Television - (c/o Google Video) - March 17, 1999
  8. ^ a b "Proud to be an OKIE". The Archive of American Television is a division of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation that films interviews with notable people from all aspects of the - Tulsa World. The Tulsa World is the daily Newspaper for the city of Tulsa Oklahoma, and is the second-most widely circulated newspaper in the state after - 7/15/2007
  9. ^ Rubin, Steve. - Documentary: Return to 'The Great Escape. - MGM Home Entertainment. - 1993.
  10. ^ Interview with Paul Fischer: "Lowly Brother Amidst The Sisterhood". - Film Monthly. - June 3, 2002. - Retrieved: 2008-06-02
  11. ^ Murray, Rebecca. - Press Release: "James Garner Honored with the Screen Actors Guild's Life Achievement Award". - Screen Actors Guild. The Screen Actors Guild ( SAG) is an American labor union representing over 120000 Film and television principal performers and background - Jan 29 2005. - Retrieved: 2008-06-02
  12. ^ a b c d e "James Garner: Hollywood Maverick". - Biography. Biography is a Documentary television series. Originally produced by CBS in 1962 and hosted by Mike Wallace, the A&E Network - October 2, 2000.
  13. ^ a b Garner files 'Files' suit. - Reuters. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson - (c/o Variety). Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman - September 14, 1998. - Retrieved: 2008-06-01
  14. ^ James Garner biography. - IMDb
  15. ^ James Garner. - The Fifth Choir
  16. ^ "Garner OK after Heart Bypass Operation". - Chicago Sun-Times. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. - April 24, 1988
  17. ^ a b Gorman, Steve. "James Garner undergoes surgery after stroke". Reuters. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson May 14, 2008. Retrieved: 2008-05-14
  18. ^ James Garner: 1978 inductee - Off-Road Hall Of Fame
  19. ^ Foster, Pat. Maverick's Movin' Machine: James Garner's Racing SC/Rambler" - Hemmings Muscle Machines magazine - (c/o Rambler Rogue Registry)
  20. ^ "1969 Rambler Americans in Baja" - at ArcticBoy's Baja Scramble Pictures
  21. ^ "Like Bounding Gazelles" - Motor Trend - (c/o JavelinAMX. Motor Trend is one of the oldest Automobile magazines still publishing. com) - August 1969
  22. ^ a b Montgomery, Ed. "Maverick coming home" - The Norman Transcript - (c/o Weatherford Democrat) - April 06, 2006
  23. ^ a b "Favorite son returns for '89er Days" - The Norman Transcript - March 30, 2006
  24. ^ "Garner will choose movie for Norman celebration" - The Norman Transcript - March 12, 2006
  25. ^ Tom Huston Orr - School of Drama - College of Fine Arts - University of Oklahoma
  26. ^ Professors - School of Drama - College of Fine Arts - University of Oklahoma
  27. ^ James Garner's Federal campaign contributions. Newsmeat. com.

External links

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