| James Franck | |
 James Franck (1882-1964)
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| Born | 26 August 1882 Hamburg, Germany |
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| Died | May 21, 1964 (aged 81) Göttingen, Germany |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Fields | Physics |
| Institutions | University of Berlin University of Göttingen Johns Hopkins University University of Chicago Duke University |
| Alma mater | University of Heidelberg University of Berlin |
| Doctoral advisor | Emil Gabriel Warburg |
| Doctoral students | Wilhelm Hanle Arthur R. von Hippel |
| Known for | Franck-Condon principle Franck-Hertz experiment |
| Notable awards |  Nobel Prize for Physics (1925) |
| Religious stance | Jewish |
James Franck (August 26, 1882 – May 21, 1964), born in Hamburg, was a German-born physicist and Nobel laureate. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Duke University is a private Research University located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Emil Gabriel Warburg ( 9 March, 1846 Altona - 28 July, 1931 Bayreuth) was a German physicist who during his career was professor Wilhelm Hanle ( January 13, 1901, Mannheim – April 29, 1993, Gießen) was a German experimental physicist Arthur Robert von Hippel ( November 19, 1898 &ndash December 31, 2003) was a German American materials scientist and The Franck - Condon principle is a rule in Spectroscopy and Quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of Vibronic transitions The Franck-Hertz experiment was a Physics experiment that provided support for the Bohr model of the atom, a precursor to Quantum mechanics. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature
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Education and Career
Franck completed his PhD in 1906 and received his venia legendi for physics in 1911, both at the University of Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of extraordinarius professor. Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by their own pursuit in certain European and Asian countries For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. After World War I, in which he served and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class, Franck became the Head of the Physics Division of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft for Physical Chemistry. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All For other meanings please see Iron Cross (disambiguation The Iron Cross ( was a Military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e In 1920, Franck became ordinarius professor of experimental physics and Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Göttingen. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. While at the university, he worked on quantum physics with Max Born, who was Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Max Born (11 December 1882 &ndash 5 January 1970 was a German Physicist and Mathematician who was instrumental in the development of Quantum
In 1925, Franck received the Nobel Prize in Physics, mostly for his work in 1912-1914 which included the Franck-Hertz experiment, an important confirmation of the Bohr model of the atom. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Franck-Hertz experiment was a Physics experiment that provided support for the Bohr model of the atom, a precursor to Quantum mechanics. In Atomic physics, the Bohr model created by Niels Bohr depicts the Atom as a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by Electrons History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny
In 1933, after the Nazis came to power, he left his post in Germany and continued his research in the United States, first at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and then, after a year in Denmark, in Chicago. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. This is where he became involved in the Manhattan Project during World War II; he was Director of the Chemistry Division of the Metallurgical Laboratory [1] at the University of Chicago. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Metallurgical Laboratory or "Met Lab" at the University of Chicago was part of the World War II –era Manhattan Project, created by the The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. He was also the chairman of the Committee on Political and Social Problems regarding the atomic bomb; the committee consisted of himself and other scientists at the Met Lab, including Donald J. Hughes, J. J. Nickson, Eugene Rabinowitch, Glenn T. Seaborg, J. James Joseph Nickson MD (1915-1985 was an American Physician and Radiation oncologist. Eugene Rabinowitch (1901-1973 was a Russian born American biophysicist who is best known for his work in relation to Nuclear weapons, especially as a co-author Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry C. Stearns and Leo Szilard. Leó Szilárd (Szilárd Leó February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was an Hungarian - American Physicist who The committee is most known for the compilation of the Franck Report, finished on June 11, 1945, which was a summary of the problems regarding the military application of the Atomic Bomb. The Franck Report of June 1945, named for James Franck, spoke about the impossibility to keep the U Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar
When Germany invaded Denmark in World War II, the Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy dissolved the gold Nobel Prizes of Max von Laue and James Franck in aqua regia to prevent the Nazis from stealing them. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Georg Karl von Hevesy ( August 1, 1885 &ndash July 5, 1966) was a Hungarian radiochemist and Nobel laureate recognised The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Max Theodor Felix von Laue ( October 9, 1879 &ndash April 24, 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution He placed the resulting solution on a shelf in his laboratory at the Niels Bohr Institute. The Niels Bohr Institute is part of the Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy Physics and Geophysics of the University of Copenhagen. After the war, he returned to find the solution undisturbed and precipitated the gold out of the acid. The Nobel Society then recast the Nobel Prizes using the original gold. Near the end of his life, Franck taught at Duke University, where his wife also taught. Duke University is a private Research University located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. [1]
Honours and awards
- 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics The award was shared with Gustav Ludwig Hertz, and it was for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of electrons on atoms. The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Gustav Ludwig Hertz ( July 22 1887, Hamburg &ndash October 30 1975, Berlin) was a German Experimental
- 1951 Max Planck Medaille der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
- 1953 Honorary citizen of Göttingen
- 1955 Rumford Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences - For his work on photosynthesis. The Max Planck medal is an award for extraordinary achievements in Theoretical physics. Not to be confused with the Rumford Prize In 1796, Benjamin Thompson known as Count Rumford, gave $5000 separately to the Royal
- 1964 Elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, for his contribution to the understanding of exchanges of energy in electron collisions, to the interpretation of molecular spectra, and to problems of photosynthesis. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660
See also
References
- ^ The Metallurgical Laboratory – known as the Met Lab – was one of four main sites working on the Manhattan Project. The Franck - Condon principle is a rule in Spectroscopy and Quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of Vibronic transitions The Franck-Hertz experiment was a Physics experiment that provided support for the Bohr model of the atom, a precursor to Quantum mechanics. The other three were Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Hanford Site. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL (previously known at various times as Site Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) is a Oak Ridge National Laboratory ( ORNL) is a multiprogram science and technology National laboratory managed for the United States Department of Energy by The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in south-central Washington operated by the United States government
- Kuhn, H. G. (1965). "James Franck, 1882-1964". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 11: 53-74.
- Shampo, M A; Kyle R A (Sep 1984). Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) James Franck and Gustav Hertz. JAMA 252 (11): 1426. JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general Medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American PMID 6381774.
- Rosenberg, Jerome L (2004). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The contributions of james franck to photosynthesis research: a tribute. Photosyn. Res. 80 (1-3): 71-6. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16328811.
External links
- http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1925/franck-bio.html biography, on the Nobel website
- Annotated bibliography for James Franck from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- James Franck Biography – American Philosophical Society (Bio appears after Sommerfeld's)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Franck, James |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | German Physicist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | August 26, 1882 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Hamburg, Germany |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 21, 1964 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Göttingen, Germany |
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